Tutorial-2

A.C. Fundamentals same circuit for the same period of time is called
1) Give 4 advantages of AC over DC
Ans. Advantages to A.C. over D.C.
 Ac is easy to generate than DC.
 It is cheaper to generate ac than DC.
 The AC generators have higher efficiency
than DC.
 The loss of energy during transmission is
less for ac than DC.
 The ac can be easily converted into dc
using rectifier.
 Ac can be easily stepped up and stepped
down using transformer.
2) Define 1)Instantaneous value 2) Time
period 3) Frequency 4) Amplitude
Ans: 1)Instantaneous value : The value of
the alternating quantity at a particular instant of
time is called as the instantaneous value.
2) Time period: The Time taken by an
AC quantity to complete one cycle is called as a
time period it is denoted by capital T and is
measured in seconds.
3) Frequency: The number cycles
completed per second by the AC quantity is
called as frequency. Denoted by F and measured
in Hertz.
T=1/f or f=1/ T
4)Amplitude: The magnitude of an AC
quntity achieved exactly at 90o is called as the
amplitude of an AC quantity.
It also refered as the maximum value of
an AC quantity.
3) Define 1) RMS value 2) Average value
Ans: 1) RMS Value: The value of d.c. quantity
which produces same amount of heat as
produced by alternating quantity through the
as RMS value.
Vrms = 0.707 Vm
And Irms = 0.707 Im
2) Average value: The average of all the
instantaneous values of an alternating voltage
and currents over one complete cycle is
called Average Value.
Vav = 0.637 Vm
And Iav = 0.637 Im
4) Define 1) Peak factor and 2) Form factor
Ans: 1) Peak factor (Kp): The ratio of
Maximum value to the RMS value is called as
peak factor.
Peak factor = Vm / Vrms
= (Vm / 0.707 . Vm ) = 1.414
Kp= 1.414
2) Form factor (Kf): The ratio of RMS value to
the Average value is called as form factor.
Form factor = ( RMS value / AVG value)
Kf = (0.707 * Max value) / (0.637* Max value)
= 1.11
5) Explain the concept of Phase angle and
phase difference.
Ans:Phase angle:
Phase difference: The difference between the
phase angles of two ac quantity is called phase
difference.There can be three cases
1) In phase quantity or zero phase
difference
2) Lagging phase difference
 3) Leading phase difference

In phase quantity or zero phase difference: If

two ac quantities having same frequency attains
their zero value and maximum value
simultaneously are said to be in phase with each
other.

Curent lags behind voltage by an angle ᶲ,

expressed as
v = Vm Sin (wt)

i = Im Sin (wt - ᶲ)
6) Explain the concept of lagging and
leading phase difference.
7) Draw the circuit diagram, phasor and
Ans: waveform of purely resistive circuit
connected top ac supply. Also write the
Lagging phase difference: The quantity equations of Voltage and current.
which attains it’s all instantaneous values
(magnitudes) later than the other quantity, Ans: Circuit diagram, waveform and
then that quantity is said to be a lagging phasor diagram.
quantity.

For a pure resistive circuit, equation of voltage

and current are
Curent lags behind voltage by an angle ᶲ, v = Vm sin ωt,
expressed as
i= Im sinωt
v = Vm Sin (wt)

i = Im Sin (wt - ᶲ)
8) Draw the circuit diagram, phasor and
Leading phase difference:The quantity
waveform of purely inductive circuit
which attains it’s all instantaneous values
connected to an ac supply. Also write the
(magnitudes) earlier than the other quantity,
equations of Voltage and current.
then that quantity is said to be a leading
quantity.
Ans:
 Circuit Diagram: Waveform: In Purely Capacitive AC circuit, current (i)
leads an applied voltage (v) by an angle Π/2
radians or 900, expressed as

V = Vm Sin ωt ,
0
I = Im Sin (ωt+90 )

10.Define Impedance, Inductive reactance

and capacitive reactance.
Ans:
Phasor Diagram: Impedance: It is defined as the total opposition
offered by all the components together to the
flow of alternating current.It is represented by
Z.
Impedance for Series R-L AC circuit,

In Purely inductive AC circuit, current (i) lags

behind an applied voltage (v) by an angle Π/2 Where, XL = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
radians or 900, expressed as Impedance for Series R-C AC circuit,

v = Vm Sin ωt

i = Im Sin (ωt-900)
Where, Xc = 1 / (2𝜋𝑓𝐶 )
9) Draw the circuit diagram, phasor and Inductive reactance: It is the opposition offered
waveform of purely inductive circuit by an inductor to the current flowing through it.Its
connected to ac supply. Also write the unit is ohms.
equations of Voltage and current.
Ans: XL = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 Ohms

Capacitive reactance: It is the opposition

offered by capacitor to the current flowing through
it. Its unit is ohms.

Xc = 1 / (2𝜋𝑓𝐶 ) Ohms

10) Explain the concept of power factor and its

significance

Ans: The cosine of phase angle between current

and voltage in an AC circuit is called as Power
factor.
P.F. = Cos ϕ
If current lags with respect to voltage, then
power factor is lagging power factor.

If current is in phase with voltage or phase

difference between voltage and current is zero,
then power factor is unity.
If current leads with respect to voltage, then Waveform:
power factor is leading power factor.

Significance of power factor:

The power factor of circuit gives the ability of a
circuit to convert its apparent power into true
power.
Greater the power factor, greater is the
capability of a circuit to utilize its apparent
power or to convert apparent power into true
power that is useful power. Voltage triangle

12. Draw circuit diagram of R-L series circuit

& its equations of voltage and current.Also
draw the phasor diagram and its waveform.
Ans:When current I flow through R and XL
there is voltage drop across the two elements
connected in series represented by VR and VL.

From voltage triangle.

V = √ VR2+ VL2

Impedance Triangle:

Equation of Voltage and Current

Since, V = Vmsinωt and
I = Imsin(ωt - ϕ)
Phasor diagram:

and ϕ = tan -1 (XL/R)

Base of triangle represents opposition offered by

In case of pure resistive circuit, the phase angle
between voltage and current is zero and in case of
pure inductive circuit, phase angle is 90° but when
we combine both resistance and inductor, the phase
angle of a series RL circuit is between 0o to 90o.
Above phasor diagram indicates that the current i
lags behind an applied voltage by an angle ϕ which
lies between 0 & 900(neither 0 nor 90).
resistor, R. Perpendicular represents opposition
offered by inductor, XL. Hypotenuse represents total
opposition offered by circuit, Z. ϕ represents phase
difference.
13) Draw circuit diagram of R-C series circuit
& its equation of voltage & current. Also draw
the phasor diagram & its waveform.
Ans:
R-C series circuit
When current I flow through R and XC, there is
voltage drop across the two elements connected
in series represented by VR and VC.
 From voltage triangle.

V = √ V R2 + V C2

Impedance Triangle

Z = √R2 + XL2

VR = I*R ………..(Where phase difference

between VR and I is zero)
VC = I*XC ………(Where phase difference
between VL and I is 90o, VC lags I)
Phasor diagram
14. What are the different types of Power in AC
circuit.
Ans:
Types of powers in AC circuit
1. Active power
2. Reactive power
3. Apparent power

I leads with respect to V by ϕ angle 90oor less than Active Power(P):

it.
Equation of Voltage and Current The power consumed in resistive part of the circuit is
Since, v = Vm Sin(ωt) and i = Im Sin(ωt + ϕ) called as active power. It is also called True power
or actual power, represented by P. Its unit is watt.
Waveform
P = VR×I =I2×R = V I Cos ϕ

Reactive Power(Q):

The power consumed ininductive or capacitivepart

of the circuit is called as reactive power, represented
by Q. Its unit is VAR (Volt Ampere Reactive).

Q = VL×I = I2 ×XL = VI Sin ϕ OR Q = VC×I

= I2× XC = VI Sin ϕ

Voltage triangle: Apparent Power(S):

The product of rms value of voltage (V) and current

(I) is called as apparent power. It is also called as
applied power, represented by S. Its unit is VA (Volt
Ampere).

S = V×I = I2 × Z
15. Compare active and reactive power

Ans:

Active Power Reactive Power

Power is actually Power is consumed by
consumed by the circuit the circuit in one half
cycle and in another half
cycle it is given back to
the supply
Power is consumed by Power is consumed by
resistive part of the reactive (inductive or
circuit capacitive) part of the
circuit
Unit is watts or Unit is Volt Ampere
kilowatts Reactive (VAR) or kilo
Volt Ampere Reactive
(kVAR)
It is represented by P , It is represented by
which is base of power Q,which is the
triangle perpendicular of power
triangle
P = VR×I = I2×R for series RL ckt: P =
= VI cos ϕ VL×I = I2×XL = VI sin ϕ
for series RC ckt: P =
VC×I = I2×XC = VI sin
ϕ