Water Flow In Pipes

CVEN 212
Spring 2021
Riyadh Al-Raoush, PhD, PE
 Pipe Flow

 Full water flow in closed conduits of circular cross

sections.
V=Q
A

 Where:
 V= mean velocity
 Q= discharge
 A= cross-sectional area
 Reynold’s Number
 NR= Re = DV  Critical Re= 2000
υ
 υ=μ  Re < 2000 : Laminar Flow
ρ
 Where:  Re > 2000 : Turbulent
 N = R = Reynold’s
R e
Flow
No.
 D= pipe diameter  Re = 2000 : Critical
 V= mean velocity Condition
(Transition)
 υ= kinematic viscosity
 μ= absolute viscosity
 ρ= fluid density
Reynold’s Apparatus
 Water Flow In Pipes

 Water loses energy as it flows through a pipe due

to:
 Friction against pipe walls
 Viscous dissipation due to lateral actions
 Forces In Pipe Flow

 For incompressible and steady state flows:

A1V1 = A2V2 = Q
 Principle of Conservation of
Momentum
 Control volume between section 1-1 and 2-2
ΣF= ρQ (V2-V1)

 ΣFx= P1A1 - P2A2 – Fx + Wx

 ΣFx= ρQ (Vx2-Vx1)
 ΣFy= ρQ (Vy2-Vy1)
 ΣFz= ρQ (Vz2-Vz1)
 Principle of Conservation of
Momentum
 In general:

ΣF= ρQ (V2-V1)

˙
 Energy Head in Pipe Flow

 Forms of Energy:
 Kinetic Energy
 Potential Energy
 Pressure Energy
 Bernoulli Equation

V12 + P1 + h1 = V22 + P2 + h2
2g γ 2g γ

 Where:
 Kinetic Head = V2
2g

 Pressure Head = p
γ

 Elevation Head = h
 Energy Equation

V12 + P1 + h1 = V22 + P2 + h2 + hL1-2

2g γ 2g γ

 Head Loss: hL
 Energy Loss:
 Major Loss, hf (friction loss)
 Minor Loss, all other types of losses
 Major Loss:
Friction Loss
Darcy-Weisbach Equation:
hf = f L V2
D 2g
 Where:
 hf = Head Loss due to friction
 f = friction factor
 L = pipe length
 D = pipe diameter
 V = mean velocity
 Friction Loss

 For friction factor:

Re = Nr = VDν

 For laminar pipe flow:

f = ρVD
64 μ
= 64
Re
 Roughness Height, 


Roughness Height: 
 Relative Roughness =D
 Where:
 D = pipe diameter
Roughness Height, 
 Laminar Sublayer, δ

 Laminar Sublayer = δ

 If δ > 1.7e the pipe behaves as:

Hydraulically smooth pipe

1 = 2 log Re√f
√f 2.51
 Laminar Sublayer, δ

 If δ < 0.08e  If 1.7e > δ > 0.08e

Hydraulically
rough pipe e
1 = -2 logD + 2.51
√f
1 = 2 log 3.7 D
√f e
 Moody Diagram

 Moody diagram of friction factors for pipe

flow:
 4-zones:
 Laminar flow zone: f, linear function of Re
 Transition zone: values are uncertain: Laminar or
turbulent
 Critical zone: f, function of Re and (e, Є)
 Fully turbulence: f, depends on e/D only
Moody Diagram
 Empirical Formulas for Friction
Head Loss
 Hazen-Williams Formula:

V = 1.318 CHW Rh0.63 S0.54 (English Units)

V = 0.85 CHW Rh0.63 S0.54 (S.I. Units)

 Where:
 V = mean velocity
 C
HW = Hazen-Williams Coefficient
 S = slope of EGL ; S= h /L (head loss/ length)
f
 R = hydraulic radius
h
 R = A ; For circular pipes- R = D
h h
P 4
Empirical Formulas for Friction
Head Loss
 Empirical Formulas for Friction
Head Loss
 Manning Formula:
V = 1.49 Rh2/3 S1/2 (English Units)
n
V= 1 Rh2/3 S1/2 (S.I. Units)
n
 Where:
 n = Manning’s coefficient
 Rh = Hydraulic radius
 S = Slope
Empirical Formulas for Friction
Head Loss
 Minor Losses

 Head loss due to contraction: (hc)

 Sudden Contraction
 Minor Losses

 Vena Contracta = takes place between “C” and

“D”
hc = kc V22
2g
 Minor Losses

 Confusor
hc = kc V22
2g
 Minor Losses

 Pipe Entrance:
he = kc V2
e 2g
 Minor Losses

 Head loss due to

enlargement: (hE)
 Sudden enlargement-

hE = V1 -V2 2
2g
 Minor Losses

 Pipe diffusor:
hE = kE V12- V22
2g
 Minor Losses

 Discharge head loss:

hd = V2
2g
 Minor Losses

 Head loss due to pipe bends: (hb)

hb = kb V2
2g
 Minor Losses

 Head loss through

valves: (hv)

hv = kv V2

2g