FLUID MECHANICS II

Dynamics of Viscous Fluid Flow in

Closed Pipe: Darcy-Weisbach equation for
flow in pipes. Major and minor losses in pipe
lines.

Dr. Eng. Ahmed Abdelhakam

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Steady Flow Through Pipes
➢ Laminar Flow:
flow in layers
Re<2000 (pipe flow)
➢ Turbulent Flow:
flow layers mixing with each
other
Re >4000 (pipe flow)

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Steady Flow Through Pipes
➢ Reynold’s Number(R or Re): It is ratio of inertial forces (Fi) to
viscous forces (Fv) of flowing fluid
Velocity
Mass.  Volume .Velocity Where ;
Re =
Fi
= Time = Time V is avg. velocity of flow inpipe
Fv Shear Stress. Area Shear Stress. Area ν is kinematic viscosity
=
 Q.V =  AV .V =  AV .V = VL = VL L is characteristic/representative
 .A  du .A  V .A   linear dimension of pipe. It is
dy L diameter of pipe (circular conduits)
VD = VD or hydraulic radius (non-circular
Re = conduits).
 
➢ For laminar flow: Re<=2000
Values of critical
➢ For transitional flow: 2000<Re<4000 Reynolds no.
➢ For Turbulent flow: Re>= 4000

Note: For non-circular section, we need to use hydraulic radius (Rh) instead
3 of diameter (D) for the linear dimension (L).
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Steady Flow Through Pipes
➢ Hydraulic Radius (Rh ) or Hydraulic Area A
Rh = =
Diameter: It is the ratio of area of flow wetted perimeter P
to wetted perimeter of a channel or pipe

For Circular Pipe For Rectangular pipe

Rh = A = (( / 4 )D )= D
2 B
A BD
P D 4 Rh = =
P B +2D
D = 4Rh

R h=
VD
=
4VRh By replacing D with Rh, Reynolds’ numberformulae
 can be used for non-circular sections as well.

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Note:hydraulic Radius gives us indication for most economical section. More
the Rh more economical will be thesection.
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Head Loss in Pipes
Total Head Loss=Major Losses+ Minor Losses

➢ Major Loss: Due to pipe friction

➢ Minor Loss: Due to pipe fittings, bents and valves etc

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Head Loss in Pipes due to Friction
The head loss due to friction in a
given length of pipe is proportional
to mean velocity of flow (V) as long
as the flow in laminar. i.e.,
H f V

But with increasing velocity, as the

flow become turbulent the head
loss also varies and become
proportion toVn

H f V n
Where n ranges from 1.75 to 2
Log-log plot for flow in uniform pipe
(n=2.0 for rough wall pipe; n=1.75 for
smooth wall pipe
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Frictional Head Loss in Conduits of Constant
Cross-Section
➢ Consider stead flow in a conduit of uniform cross-section A.The pressure
at section 1 & 2 are P1 & P2 respectively.The distance between the section
is L. For equilibrium in stead flow,
 F = ma = 0
P= perimeter of conduit
 o = Avg. shear stress
between pipe boundary
and liquid

 z2 − z 1 
  = sin 
 L 
Figure: Schematic diagram of conduit

P1A −W sin  − o PL − P2 A = 0

 z2 − z1 
P1A − P2 A − AL   − oPL = 0
7  L 
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Frictional Head Loss in Conduits of Constant
cross-section

 z −z 
P1A − P2 A − AL  2 1  − oPL = 0 Remember !! For pipe flow
 L 
P1 v2 2 P v2
Dividing the equation by A + z1 + = + z
1
2 + +h
2
 2g 
L
2g
 PL
− − (z2 − z1 )− o
P1 P2
=0
  A For stead flow in pipe of
uniform diameter v1=v2

Therefore, head loss due to friction hfcan

be written as

This is general equation and can be applied to any shape conduit having
either Laminar or turbulent flow.
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Determining Shear Stress
➢ For smooth-walled pipes/conduits, the average shear stress at the
wall is
 o = f (Rh , ,  ,V ,)
➢ Using Rayleigh's Theorem of dimensional analysis, the above relation
can be written as;
 o = k (Rha . b . c .V n )

➢ Rewriting above equation in terms of dimension (FLT), we get

 o = force / area = F 2
L
Rh = length = L
V = L /T
 = M / L3 = (F / a)/ L3 = FT 2 / L4
 = N.s / m2 = FTL−2
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Determining Shear Stress

➢ According to dimensional homogeneity, the dimension must be equal on

either side of the equation, i.e.,

Solving three equations, we get

a = n − 2;b = 2 − n;c = n −1

➢ Substituting values back in above equation

Setting k(Re ) = C f / 2 we get

n−2
➢

V2
o = C f  Where, Cf is coefficient of friction
2
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Determining Shear Stress
➢ Now substituting the equation of avg. shear stress in equation of head loss,
C f V 2 L C fV 2 L
hf = =
2Rh 2gRh

➢ For circular pipe flows, Rh=D/4

4C fV 2 L L V2 LV2
hf = = 4C f =f
2g 4D D 2g D 2g

➢ Where, f is a friction factor.i.e., f = 4C f = f (Re)

➢ The above equation is known as pipe friction equation and as Darcy-

Weisbach equation.
➢ It is used for calculation of pipe-friction head loss for circular pipes
flowing full (laminar or turbulent)
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Friction Factor for Laminar and
Turbulent Flows in Circular Pipes
➢ Smooth and Rough Pipe
➢ Mathematically; e  v
Smooth pipe
➢ Smooth Pipe
e  v
e  v Rough pipe
Turbulent flow near boundary
➢ Rough Pipe
e 14v
e= Roughness height
➢ Transitional mode v = Thickness of viscous sub-layer

v  e  14v 14.14 14.14D

v = =
V f Re f

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 Friction Factor for Laminar and Turbulent Flows in
Circular Pipes
64
For laminar flow Re  2000 f=
Re

For turbulent flow Re  4000

Von-karman Eq. for fully rough flow
From Nikuradse experiments 1 3.7
= 2 log
1 Re f for smooth f e /D
= 2 log
f 2.51 pipe flow
Colebrook Eq. for turbulent flow in all pipes
Colebrook Eq. for smooth pipeflow
1 Re
= 1.8 log e/ D
1 2.51 
f 6.9 = −2log +
 3.7 Re f 
f  
Blacius Eq. for smooth pipe flow
3000  Re  105
Halaand Eq. For turbulent flow in all pipes
y
1/ 7
0.316 u
= 
f =   e / D 1.11 6.9 
Re 0.25 u max  ro  1
= −1.8log + 
f   3.7  Re 
Seventh-root law  

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Friction Factor for Laminar and Turbulent Flows
in Circular Pipes
The Moody chart or Moody diagram is a graph in non- dimensional
form that relates the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, Reynolds number and
relative roughness for fully developed flow in acircular pipe.
The Moody chart is universally valid for all steady, fully developed,
incompressible pipe flows.

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Friction Factor for Laminar and Turbulent Flows
in Circular Pipes
For laminar flow For non-laminar flow
1  e/ D 2.51 
64 = −2log +  Colebrook eq.
f = f 
 3.7 Re f 

Re

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Friction Factor for Laminar and
Turbulent Flows in Circular Pipes
The friction factor can be determined by its Reynolds number (Re) and the
Relative roughness (e/D) of the Pipe.( where: e = absolute roughness and D
= diameter of pipe)

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Problem Types
➢ Type 1: Determine f and hf,
➢ Type 2: Determine Q
➢ Type 3: Determine D

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Problem
➢ Find friction factor for the following pipe
➢ e=0.002 ft
➢ D=1ft
➢ Kinematic Viscosity,ν=14.1x10-6ft2/s
➢ Velocity of flow,V=0.141ft/s

➢ Solution:
➢ e/D=0.002/1=0.002
➢ R=VD/ ν =1x0.141/(14.1x10-6)=10000
1 e/D 2.51 
= −2 log + 
f  3.7 Re f 
➢ From Moody’s Diagram; f=0.034  
f =

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Problem-Type 1

➢ Pipe dia= 3 inch & L=100m

➢ Re=50,000 ʋ=1.059x10-5ft2/s

➢ (a): Laminar flow:

➢ f=64/Re=64/50,000=0.00128

VD V (3 /12)
Re =  50000 =  V = 2.12 ft / s
 1.059 10 −5

fLV 2 0.00128(100)(2.122 )
H Lf = = = 0.0357 ft
2gD 2(32.2)(3/12)

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Problem-Type 1

➢ Pipe dia= 3 inch & L=100m

➢ Re=50,000 ʋ=1.059x10-5ft2/s

➢ (b): Turbulent flow in smooth pipe: i.e.: e=0

 e/ D   
1
= −2 log +
2.51  = −2 log 0 + 2.51 
f  3.7 Re f   3.7 50000 f 
   
f = 0.0209

fLV 2 0.0209(100)(2.122 )
H Lf = = = 0.582 ft
2gD 2(32.2)(3/12)

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Problem-Type 1

➢ Pipe dia= 3 inch & L=100m

➢ Re=50,000 ʋ=1.059x10-5ft2/s

➢ (c): Turbulent flow in rough pipe: i.e.: e/D=0.05

 e/ D   
1
= −2 log +
2.51  = −2 log 0.05 + 2.51 
f  3.7 Re f   3.7 50000 f 
   
f = 0.0720

fLV 2 0.0720(100)(2.122 )
H Lf = = = 2.01ft
2gD 2(32.2)(3 /12)

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 Problem-Type 1

hL=?

L = 1000m; D = 0.25m; e = 0.0005m

Q = 0.051m3 / s;  = 1.30610−6 m 2 / s

( )
R = VD / = (1.0390.25)/ 1.30610−6 = 2 105
e / D = 0.0005 / 0.25 = 0.002
From Moody's Diagram
f =0.0245
fLV 2
hL = = 5.39m
2gD
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 Problem-Type 2

hL = fLV 2 / 2gD

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Problem-Type 2
For laminar flow For non-laminar flow
1  e/ D 2.51 
64 = −2log +  Colebrook eq.
f = f 
 3.7 Re f 

Re

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Problem-Type 3

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Problem

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Problem

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Problem

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MINOR LOSSES
➢ Each type of loss can be quantified using a loss coefficient (K).
Losses are proportional to velocity of flow and geometry of device.

V2
H m=K
2g

➢ Where, Hm is minor loss and K is minor loss coefficient.The value of

K is typically provided for various types/devices

➢ NOTE: If L > 1000D minor losses become significantly less

than that of major losses and hence can be neglected.

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Minor Losses
➢ These can be categorized as
➢ 1. Head loss due to contraction in pipe
➢ 1.1 Sudden Contraction
➢ 1.2 Gradual Contraction
➢ 2. Entrance loss
➢ 3. Head loss due to enlargement of pipe
➢ 3.1 Sudden Enlargement
➢ 3.2 Gradual Enlargement
➢ 4. Exit loss
➢ 5. Head loss due to pipe fittings
➢ 6. Head loss due to bends and elbows

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Minor Losses
➢ Head loss due to contraction of pipe (Sudden contraction)
➢ A sudden contraction (Figure) in pipe usually causes a marked drop
in pressure in the pipe because of both the increase in velocity and
the loss of energy of turbulence.
Head loss due to sudden contraction is

V2 2
Hm = Kc
2g

Where, kc is sudden contraction

coefficient and it value depends
up ratio of D2/D1 and velocity
(V2) in smaller pipe

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Minor Losses
➢ Head loss due to enlargement of pipe (Gradual Contraction)
➢ Head loss from pipe contraction may be greatly reduced by
introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a confusor as shown
Figure.
Head loss due to gradual
contraction is

V2 2
H m = Kc '
2g

Where, kc’is gradual contraction

coefficient and it value depends
up ratio of D2/D1 and velocity
(V2) in smaller pipe

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Minor Losses
➢ Entrance loss
➢ The general equation for an entrance head loss is also expressed in
terms of velocity head of the pipe: V2
H m = Ke
2g
➢ The approximate values for the entrance loss coefficient (Ke)
for different entrance conditions are given below

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Minor Losses
➢ head loss due to enlargement of pipe (Sudden Enlargement)
➢ The behavior of the energy grade line and the hydraulic grade line in
the vicinity of asudden pipe expansion is shown in Figure

The magnitude of the head

loss may be expressed as

Hm =
(
V 1 −V2 )
2

2g

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Minor Losses
➢ head loss due to enlargement of pipe (Gradual Enlargement)
➢ The head loss resulting from pipe expansions may be greatly
reduced by introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a diffusor

The magnitude of the head

loss may be expressed as

The values of Ke’vary with the diffuser angle (α).

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Minor Losses
➢ Exit Loss
➢ A submerged pipe discharging into a large reservoir (Figure ) is a
special case of head loss from expansion.

Exit (discharge) head loss is

expressed as

where the exit (discharge) loss

coefficient Kd=1.0.

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Minor Losses
➢ Head loss due to fittings valves
➢ Fittings are installed in pipelines to control flow.As with other losses in
pipes, the head loss through fittings may also be expressed in terms of
velocity head in the pipe: V2
Hm = K f
2g

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Minor Losses
➢ Head loss due to bends
➢ The head loss produced at a bend was found to be dependent of the
ratio the radius of curvature of the bend (R) to the diameter of the
pipe (D).The loss of head due to a bend may be expressed in terms
of the velocity head as

V2
H m = Kb
2g
➢ For smooth pipe bend of 900, the values of Kb for various values of
R/D are listed in following table.

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Minor Losses

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 Numerical Problems

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 Numerical Problems

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 Thank you
Questions….

Feel free to contact:

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