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RKH SIR
PHYSICS...

ISBN 978-93-5311-758-0
 Part One S t t
 V1 2  V2 2
**Physical Fundamentals of Mechanics** 2 2 2
1.1 KINEMATICS. S
t2 
V1  V2
1.1
Method : 1 (Relative approach) S S
Mean velocity = 
V t1  t 2 S / 2 S

Motor Boat V0 V1  V2
raft
2V0 ( V1  V2 )
Mean velocity = Ans
V V1  V2  2V0
1.3 Method : 1 (Graphical Approach)
tan  = 

V = Relative speed of motor boat w.r.t. river

which is constant
Observer on raft see that speed of motor boat
w.r.t. river is constant because duty of motot
boat w.r.t. river is constant. Hence if motor boat
take 1 hrs in down stream journey then to
reach again at raft motor boat will take 1 hrs in
upstream journey because river is in rest w.r.t.
Average Velocity
motorboat.
Hence total time in complete journey = 2 hrs. Displacement Area of trapzium
Motion of raft : = 
Time Total time
u = speed of river=speed of raft.
Then 2u = 6  u = 3 km/hr. Ans 1   – t 
(t  )   tan 
Method : 2 (With frame of ground) 2  2 
V
1 hr

1   – t 
(  t  )  
t1
2  2 
V 

6km
4
Motion of raft : u (1 + t1) = 6 ----------(i) t   1 – Ans

Motion of motor boat :
(v + u) × 1 – (v – u) t1 = 6 Method : 2 (Analytical)
v – vt1 + ut1 +u= 6 Total displacement
v – vt1 + u (1 + t1) = 6 2 2
from (i) 1   – t    – t  1   – t 
S     t    
v – vt1 + 6 = 6 2  2   2  2  2 
t1 = 1 hrs.
put t1 = 1 hr in (i) : Time taken = t
u (1 + 1) = 6  u = 3 km/hr 2 2
Ans 1   – t    – t  1   – t 
  t     
S 2 2   2  2  2 
1.2 :   
Total distance travel by point is S.  
Then time taken in first journey is t1 :
4
t   1 – Ans
S 
t1  2
V0
Time taken in second journey is t2 :

Page - 1
1.4 (a)
v1
S A v2
2m
r1
B

r2
t
20s
Particle B will be collide with A if velocity of B
2 with respect A is directed toward observer A
Average velocity =  0.1m / s  10cm / s hence relative velocity should be antiparrallel
20 to relative position.
Ans.
(b) Velocity will be maximum when slope of Then VB – A || rA – B
S (t) curve will be maximum and it is seen in
straight part approximately.
VˆB – A  rˆB – A

S V2 – V1 r –r
Then  2 1 Ans.
1.4 | V2 – V1 | | r2 – r1 |

0.4 1.6
Method - 1(Coordinate approach)
t In Irodov, by mistake at place of north-east,
10 14
south-east is written. Suppose east direction is
x axis and north direction is y axis.

1 .4 – 0 .4
V m/s = 0.25m/s= 25 cm/sAns.
14 – 10
(c) Instanteneous velocity may be equal to
mean velocity when slope of line joining final
and intial point will be same as slope at point
on curve. From curve t0 = 16 s Ans.

S
1.4
VS – E  30 i ;
VW – E   15 cos 60 iˆ  15 sin 60 ˆj
t VW – S  VW – E – VS – E
16s
approx
 ( 15 cos 60 – 30)iˆ  15sin 60 ˆj
1.5
Velocity of B with respect to A : | VW – E | ( 15 cos 60 – 30) 2  (15sin 60) 2
V B – A  V2 – V1  40km / hr
Position of B with respect to A : 15sin 60
tan  , 
rB – A  rB – rA  r2 – r1 | 15cos 60  30 |
’ = 19º Ans.
A
VB–A Method - 2(Vector addition Method)
We know VW – S  VW – E – VS – E

| VW –S | VW2–E VS2–E –2VW –EVS –E cos(180  60)

 40km / hr

Page - 2
 1.8 Boat A :
15 sin 60
tan  '  ’ = 19º Ans.
30  15 cos 60 d
1.7 d
Swimmer : 1

Time to reach again at same point by boat A.

d d
tA  
V W V –W
Also given V = W
d d
Time to cross the river is t then tA  
W W W – W
d Where V = Speed of boat w.r.t. river
t ..........(i)
2.5 cos  W = Speed of water w.r.t. earth.

2 4 Boat B :
From figure : sin   
2 .5 5
3
cos  
5 W
d
d V
Put in (i) : t  .........(ii)
1 .5
Time to reach again at same point by boat B.
Swimmer :2
2d
tB 
V 2 –W 2
Also given V = W
2d
tB 
W 2 – W 2

d d
Using trigonometry : x = d tan 1 , 
t A W  W W – W 
Time to reach at destination point: Now  
tB 2d  2 –1
t = t1 + t2.........(iii)
 2W 2 – W 2
d
t1 = Time to cross the river =
2 .5 tA 
  1 .8 s
x d tan 1 tB 2 – 1
t2 = Time to walk on bank = 
u u
2 4 1.9 :
Also tan 1   .......(iv) Method : 1(Analytical Approach)
2. 5 5
Put values of times and tan 1 in (iii)

d d 4
t   .......(v)
2 .5 u 5
d d 4d
from (ii) and (v) :  
1.5 2.5 5u d
u = 3 km/hr Ans. Time to cross the river : t
| Vmr | cos 

Page - 3
 1.10
d
Then drift (x) = (Vm–r sin  – Vr–E)
Vmr cos 
Since Vm–r < Vr–E. Hence this in not possible
that drift will be zero. We should have to
minimize drift as because drift is function of x.
dx
At maximum value of drift 0
d
( Vr –E )d
d sec 2  – sec  tan   0 Relative acceleration of particle (1) and w.r.t.
Vmr (2) = g – g = 0.
Relative velocity of particle (1) w.r.t. (2)
Vm –r 1
sin    v12  V02  V02  2V0 cos(90  )
Vr – E 2
 = 30º = V0 2(1  sin )
Angle made by boat with flow velocity of water Where 90 –  is angle between two velocity
= 30º + 90º = 120º Ans. does not change w.r.t. time because relative
acceleration is zero.
Then
Method : 2 (Vector addition graph method) Distance between two particle at time t is
= V0 t 2(1  sin ) = 22m Ans.

1.11
Method : 1 (Vector application)
Initial velocity in y direction of both particle are
zero.
Vm – E  Vm – r  Vr – E Hence  will taken any
Hence vertical velocity of both particles at time t
value between (0 – 180º) hence we can draw a will be same then:
semi circle of radius of length | Vm – r | . Vy = u + at
Vy = gt
Then there are some resulants as shown
Velocity of particle (1) at time t: V1  3iˆ  gtjˆ
C2
Velocity of particle (2) at time t: V2  4iˆ  g t ˆj
C3 C1
C4 Since V1  V2  V1  V2  0
– 12 + g2 t2 = 0
A vr–E B
t= 0.12 s
Hence initial relative velocity=(4 – (–3)) =7
Distance between particles
V r t = 7  0.12  2.5 m Ans.

Method:2 (Graphical application)

Since V1  V2      90
And resultant is given by C1, C2, C3 and C4,
....... Cn. But for minimum drift resultant must   90  
be tangent at semicrircle. Then
tan   tan(90   )
Vmr 1 tan   cot 
cos  
Vr E 2
 = 60º tan  tan   1 ......(i)
Then  = 180º – 60º = 120º Ans.

Page - 4
 1 4m/s
x(+)
2

+ y

Again position at t = 3 dt and so on ........

gt
tan  
3
gt
tan  
4
Put in (i) Since at any time all particle travel same
distance then at each moment of time,all
 gt   gt  particle will be at equilateral tringle. Then by
 3  4  =1
   symmetry you can say that all particle will be
t = 0.12 met at centriod of tringle then path of each
Initial relative velocity=(4 – (–3)) =7 particle will as :
Distance between particles
B
V r t = 7  0.12  2.5 m Ans.
1.12:
Method : 1 (Vector application)
0
30 P
A'
0
30

A C

Suppose at any instant of time, distance b/w

particle A and centriod P is r.

Since particle A heading to particle B and B to

C and C to A.
Now position of all particle at t = dt is as figure.

3 P
a/
0
A 30
a/2

Then line joing particle A and P make 30º

dr
angle with side of equilateral tringe then
dt
Again position of all particle at t = 2 dt is as will always constant and equal to v cos 30º
figure. then

Page - 5
 1.13:
dr
– = V cos 30o
dt
y x
(–)ive sin because r is dicreasing function.
Finally r = 0 while initial r = a/ 3 then B u
x
V r
0 t 
dr A

a

V cos30
 dt
0
3

2a
t 
3V
Suppose at time t, distance b/w A and B is r.
a a
AP= sec 30o = Ans. Then rate of decrement of r is :
2 3
 dr
Method : 2 (Relative approach) = –v + u cos 
dt
Let distance between A and B at time t is r then.
At any instant of time, rate of decreasement of 0 t
distance b/w two particle A and B will be con- 
dr   (v  ucos )dt
0
stant as shown in figure.
t
– l = –vt + u
 cos  dt ........(i)
0

t
Since
 cosdt is not known then to find this
0

integration,we use rate of decrement of distance

between both in direction of x. Suppose it is x
then
dx
  V cos  + u
dt

0 t
0
dx =  (Vcos  u)dt
0

t
0 = ut - V  cos  dt
0

t ut
 cos  dt  V
0

Put this value in (i) :

dr 3V
Then = – (V + V cos 60o) = –  ut 
dt 2 – l = –vt + u  
V
0 dt
2dr

 3V   dt t=
V
Ans.
a 0
V  u2
2

3a 1.14 :
t= Ans. With frame of train :
V
With frame of train, train appear in rest then dis-
tance between two event is equal to l.
W

B A

Page - 6
With frame of earth : 1.15
When event (1) will happen.
Velocity of train is u1 = u + at = wt.
Since event (2) will be happen after time  then. shaft
Distance travelled by headlight (A) in time 
Distance travelled by headlight (B) in time  a = 1.2 m/s2

1 2
=u1 t1 + a t1
2

1 2
= wt ( )  w 2.7m
2

  X
= w  t  
 2 
(a) For observer inside lift at t = 2s. velocity of
event 1
bolt = 0
B A
Acceleration of bolt w.r.t. lift = 10 + 1.2 = 11.2
event 2
Then assume t time is taken by bolt to reach at
B A
floor.
1 2
s= at
w (t+/2) 2
1
Then distance betweentwo events is 2.7 = × 11.2 t2 t = 0.7 s Ans
2
  (b) Velocity of bolt w.r.t. ground at t = 2 sec.
=   w  t   = 0.24 km. Ans
 2
V = 1.2 × 2 = 2.4 m/s.
Displacement(S) of bolt in next 0.7 sec
event 1
1 2
B A S= ut + at
2
event 2
B A 1
S = 2.4 (0.7) - × 10 (.7)2  -0.7 m Ans
2
w (t+/2) Distance travelled by bolt:

It we want that both event will be happen at same

point then event 2 should be at position of head H
light B. 2.4m/s
Assume velocity of reference frame is v.
Distance travelled by headlight (B) in time  0.7m
1 2
(u  wt )  w = l
2
2.4  2.4
 
  w  t  
H= 2g
= 0.288.
 2
u  Distance travelled = 2 ×0.288 + 0.7  1.3 m

Ans.
0.24km
u= = 4 m/s Ans.
60

Page - 7
1.16 Time to reach at minimum distance
Method : 1 (Relative velocity)
AM AB  BM
t= = =
V12  V22 V12  V22

1 sec   CM tan  V11  V2  2


V12  V22 V12  V22

V11  V2  2
t= Ans.
V12  V22

Method : 2 (Velocity of approach)

V2
1
B

90- V2t
1
A A 
V1t V1 O

1 - V1t 2

At shortest distance velocity of approach will

be zero.
V1 cos - V2 sin = 0
V1 cos = V2 sin 
V1
tan = V
2

In triangle A’B’ O :
V2 t   2 V
tan  =  1
Second figure is graph of relative velocity of 1 1  V1t V2
w.r.t. 2 From figure V22 t - l2 V2 = l1 V1 - V21 t
V2 V1 1 V1   2 V2
tan = cos = t= Ans
V1 V12  V22 V12  V22

y V V2
tan  =  2 y = 1 Shortest distance between two
1 V1 V1
(1  V1t)2  (V2 t   2 )2
1 V2
BC =  2  Put the value of t then
V1
|  2 V1  1V2 |
Shortest distance between two Shortest distance = Ans
V12  V22
 1 V2  V1
CM = BC cos =   2  
 V 2 2
1  V1  V2

Shortest distance between two

|  2 V1  1V2 |
CM= Ans
V12  V22

Page - 8
 Method : 3 (Using formulas)
 n
 - sec 2   sec  × tan  = 0
Shortest distance between two= |Vˆr r | ...(1) V V
 sec  = n tan 
Relative velocity of 1 w.r.t. 2 : Vr = V1 iˆ  V 2 ˆj
1
sin  = .
n
V iˆ  V2 ˆj
Unit relative velocity: Vˆr  1 Then distance BC = l tan 
V12  V22

BC = Ans.
 2
n 1
Relative position of 1 w.r.t. 2 : r  l1iˆ  l2 ˆj
Method: 2 (Refration of light method)
Put in (1)
We know that light travel via that path in which
Shortest distance between two=
time will be less.
 V iˆ  V ˆj 
 1 2
   l1iˆ  l2 ˆj  = |  2 V1  1V2 | medium (1)
 V1  V22
2
 V12  V22 i
B C

Ans. 
 medium (2)
Vˆr  r
Time to reach at minimum distance= 
Vr

 V 1 iˆ  V 2 ˆj 
     l iˆ  l ˆj 
2 2  1 2  Using law of refration
V1  V 2
sini speed in medium (1)
= V 1 2  V 22 sin
=
speed in medium (2)

sin 90 V
= V
sin  n
V11  V2  2
t= Ans. 1
V12  V22 sin  =

1.17
Method : 1(Analytical Approach) 
length BC = l tan = Ans.
2
m n 1
m -  tan   tan  C 1.18
A B
 


Suppose intial distance of person from point C

is m and at ponit B, particle turn in his way 1. 18
Time to reach at point D :
m   tan   sec 
T=  .
V V /n
Since T is function of  then for minimum
time T: Acceleration graph:
dT In time interval 0-1 sec ........Slope is constant
=0 hence acceleration will be constant and to
d
2
slope of curve 1 m / s .

Page - 9
 In time interval 1-3 sec ........Slope is zero (c)
2
hence acceleration will be 0 m / s .
In time interval 3-6 sec ........Slope is constant
hence acceleration will be constant and to
2
slope of curve -1 m / s . B A
In time interval 7 sec onward ........Slope is R
Time taken = 
2
zero hence acceleration will be 0 m / s .

Displacement(x) graph:
In time interval 0-1 sec ........Acceleration is
We know 2 20 2
2
1 m / s displacement curve has concavity
upward. 2  2  ..............(i)
In time interval 1-3 sec ........Acceleration is
1 2
2 = t
0 m / s displacement curve has straightline. 2
In time interval 3-6 sec ........Acceleration is
1 2
2
-1 m / s hence displacement curve has  
2
concavity downward.
In time interval 7 sec onward ........velocity is 2
 ..........(ii)
zero hence curve be straightline. 2
Distanc(S) graph: from (i) and (ii)
In time interval 0-1 sec ........Acceleration is
 2 
2
1 m / s distance curve has concavity upward. 2  2 2  
 
In time interval 1-3 sec ........Acceleration is
2
0 m / s distance curve has straightline. 2

In time interval 3-6 sec ........Acceleration is 
2
-1 m / s hence distance curve has concavity  2  2R
V = RW = R  = 
upward becuase it is increasing function.   
In time interval 7 sec onward ........velocity is
Average acceleration
zero hence curve be straightline.
2R
0 2R
= Vf  Vc   = 2 Ans.
  
1.20
It is one dimension motion because direction of
 
position vector r is same as constant vector a .
   
r  a t(1  t)  a t   t 2 a

 dr  
(a) V  = a  2t a
dt

 dv 
aac   2 a Ans.
dt
1.19 (b) At initial position time t = 0
(a) Mean velocity in irodov is misprint and it is 
r 0
R At final position at time t
mean speed then mean speed = Ans.

V 0
2R 
(b) Mean velocity = Ans. a t(1  t)  0

1
t Ans.


Page - 10
  42 
A B = 10  4    24cm Ans.
 2  5 
Initial at returning point B velocity will be equal
to zero so that particle will be turn back at time t. Distance travelled in 9 sec:

1 t=
0= a (1  2t) t A
2
B
Then position B is at distance r then C

 1  1  a
r  a  1   2   4  .
 2   
When t <  v  v = ive

Distance travelled in up and down journey is: When t >  v= ive

Since particle changes its direction hence we will
a a a calculate both up and down journey for distance
  Ans.
4 4 2 calculation.
1.21 Up journey distance travelled to time t  
(a)
  
V=V0(1-t/) AB=x=V0   1 
 2 
x t  t
0
dx  V
0
0 1 
  
dt Down journey distance travelled after time
t   will be BC
 t2   t 
x  V0  t   AC= V0 t  1 
 2 
   2 

Afer putting valuesof time x =0.24, 0 and -4.0 m

     t 
Ans. BC=AB-AC=  V0   1  2   V0 t  1  2  
(b)     
Put x=  10 , V 0 =10and  in eqaution Total distance travelled = AB + BC

 t2          t 
x  V0  t   = V0   1   +  V0  1  2   V0 t  1  2  
 2   2      
 
V0  V0   t 
=   V0 t  1 
 t2  2 2  2  
10 10t 
 25 
  t 

Distance travelled = V0 - V0 t  1 
t= 1.1, 9 and 11 s Ans.  2  
(c) (This irodov ans given is not right)
Here we see that velocity will change direction Ans.
when it velocity will be zero. 1.22
V=V0(1-t/)=0 (a)
t = = 5sec 1
v   x  ax 2 ...........(1)
Distance travelled in 4 sec: Differentiate w.r.t. time for acceleration:
Since t=4 <  =5
dv 1  12 dx 1  1
Velocity will be one direction and then displace- a=  x  x 2 v
ment and distance will be equal. dt 2 dt 2
Put value of v from(1)
 t2   t    12 12 1 2
x  V0  t    1  V0t Ans. a x x   Ans.
 2   2  2 2
 
Since acceleration is constant; velocity will be :
V = u + at
1 2
V   t Ans.
2

Page - 11
 (b) (b)

1 2  dr
S  ut  at v = a ˆi  2bt ˆj .........(1)
2 dt
1  2  2
S  t 
2  2  v  a ˆi  2bt ˆj
 Ans.
v  a2  2b2 t 2
2 s
t
 
 dv
a  2b ˆj
S S dt
Mean velocity <V> = t 
2 S 
a  2b ˆj
1 
<V>=  s Ans. a  2b Ans.
2
(c)
1.23 Since direction of acceleration is toward y
Calculation of time
direction then angle made by velocity vector with
w =– a v y axis is known as angle b/w two vectors then.
( i ve sign is used to show deacceleration)
a
dv tan   Ans.
 a v 2bt
dt
 
0 t0 s at ˆi  bt 2 ˆj
dv (d) Vmean  

v0
v 
  a dt
0
t t

 a ˆi  bt ˆj
1
2V0 2

t0  Ans. Vmean  a2  b2 t 2 Ans
a
Calculation of distance 1.25
= a v (a)
x =a t
dv
v  a v
dx x
=t -------(1)
a
0 x0
1
v 2 dv y = at (1   t ) .......(2)

v0
  a dx
0 Put value of t in equation(2)

2V0 2
3
x x
x0  Ans. y  a (1 )
3a a a
2
1.24 x
(a)  x
a

r  at ˆi  bt 2 ˆj Ans.
Compare this equation with (b)
 Position vector is
r  x ˆi  y ˆj

r  atiˆ  at (1   t ) ˆj
x  at
For velocity
y  bt 2

dr
Eliminating t from above two coordinate  aiˆ  a(1  2 t ) ˆj
dt
2
x
y  b   Ans. 
a  dr
 a 1  (1  2 t )2 Ans.
dt

Page - 12
 w w
For acceleration b then  u2
2u2 cos2  2bcos2 

dv
  2 a  ˆj w
dt u
2b cos2 

dr 1
 a 1  (1  2 t )2 Put value of cos   in above eq.
dt 1  a2
(c)
w
cos   vˆ.aˆ u=
2b

1  a2  Ans.

  Method:2(Diffrentiation method)
cos    vˆ.aˆ
4 y = ax - bx2
Differentiate w.r.t. time
t  1 Ans. Vy = dy  a dx  b2x dx
dt dt dt
OR
Vy  aVx  b2xVx .........................(i)
a
 tan   At x = 0
4 a  2a t
Vy = a Vx
- a - 2a t Diff erentiate equation (i) w.r.t. time:
t  1 Ans. dVy dVx dV
ay  a  2bx x  2bVx2
1.26 dt dx dt
(a)
x = a sin wt ay = a ax - 2bx ax - 2b Vx2
dx At x = 0
vx   a  c o s  t -------(i) Given ax = 0 and ay = w
dt
y = a (1 - cos wt) w=| -2b Vx2 

vy 
dy
 a  sin  t ---------(i) w = 2b Vx2 ..........................(ii)
dt Speed at origin will be :
Squaring of both equations then add w
Vx2 
2
v  v  v  a 2 2b
x y
Vy = a Vx
Since velocity is constant in magnitude
Distance travelled in time is = (aw) Ans. w a2 w
V= Vx2  Vy2  
 dx ˆ dy ˆ 2b 2b
Equation of circle of radius a. v  i j
dt dt
w
(b) V=
2b

1  a2  Ans.
Since motion is uniform circular motion.
Hence only radial acceleration is present
then angle b/w velocity vector and acceleration
 1.28
will be Ans. (a)
2 g
V
0

1.27
Method:(Comparing trajectory equation)
y = ax - bx2 
Compare with equation of trajectory
  1
2 s  u t  a t2
wx 2
y  x tan  
2u2 cos2 
1
tan   a then cos  
1  a2

Page - 13
   1
s  V0 t  gt 2 Ans. V02 sin 2
2 R =
(b) g

 s When H = R
v 
t
2
V02 sin2  V0 sin 2
  1  
 v   v 0  gt ............(1) Ans. 2g g
2
V 2
V02 sin2  2V0 sin  cos 
-g
 =
2g g
90-

 = tan-1 (4)= 760 Ans.

(c)
we know x = (v 0 coss ) t
2usin  x
T= t
g
V0 cos 
 
 v 0 .g
usin= 1 2
g
y = (v 0 sin ) t - gt ........(1)
From (1) 2
   Put value of t in equation (1)
  g  v 0 .g 
 v   v0   
2 g  2
 x  1  x 
  y = v 0sin     g 
    v0 .g  v 0 cos   2  v 0 cos  
  v   v0  g 2 Ans.
g
1.29 gx 2
y = x tan  Ans.
2u2 cos2 
y
(d)

V0sin  Vn
V0

x
V0cos 

0
(a) S = 0 in y direction in time period 

1 2 
0 = (V0 sin ) T - gT
2

2V0 sin  V2
T = g
Ans. Radius of curvature =
normal acceleration
(c) At maximum height final velocity in y direc-
V02
tion will be zero At projection point R0 =
gcos 
Vy2  u2y  2aH
At maximum height
02 = (V0 sin )2 -2g H A
V0 cos 
V 2 sin2  V0
H = 0 Ans. g
2g

Range(R) = V0cos  T
V02 cos2 
RA  Ans.
 2V0 sin   g
= V0cos  
g

 

Page - 14
1.30 Time to collide with incline

2uy 2 2gh cos  2 2h

V T= = =
gcos  gcos  g

w
 Length MO = (velocity in MO direction) x T
wn
g
=  2gh cos  sin   2gh sin  cos   T 
w= g sin  and wn = g cos  2 2h

= 2 2gh cos  sin    g
Here is first dicreasing and then increasing.
Projection of total acceleration on velocity vec- = 8hcos  sin 
 
tor will be (-)ive then W y = w1.v  gsin  Range(OC)=(MO)/cos

MO  8h cos sin  
=  
cos   cos  
R = 8h sin  Ans.

Method:2(Equation of kinematics)
Time to collide with incline

2uy 2 2gh cos  2 2h

T= = =
gcos  gcos  g

Write displacement eqaution in direction of in-

cline.

1
1.31 Method:1(Analytical) S  ut  at 2
2
2
2 2h 1  2 2h 
S  ( 2 gh sin  )  ( g sin  )  
g 2  g 
R = 8h sin  Ans.
1.32.
u2 sin2
We know R =
g

(240)2 sin2 
5.1× 103 =
g
= 32.5o.

m/s
240

5.1 × 103 m
Also we know that range will be same for
= 90 - 31.5 = 59.5o
Then time of flight will be
2u sin 
T1 = g

Page - 15
 From (i) , (ii), (iii) and (iv) :
2  240 sin 31.5
T1 = = 24.3s = 0.41 min Ans.
10 2V0  sin(1  2 ) 
t   
2  240 sin59.5 g  cos 1  cos 2  = 11s Ans.
T2 = = 42.3s = 0.69 min Ans.
10 1.34
1.33 (a)
Method : 1(Using trajectory equation)
y
v0
/s = v 0
250 m v0

vx = ay
/s =
250 m y
60o
45o = 2 0 x

When particle will be at height y, angle made by

1 = 600 ; 2 = 450
particle with horizontal will be 
For both particles collision, x and y co-ordinate
must be same then V0
Particle (i) tan  = ay
gx 2
y = x tan 1  ........(i) Since velocity in y direction is constant,time to
2V02 cos2 1 reach at hight y :
Particle (ii)
y
gx 2 t = V ......(1)
y = x tan 2  .......(ii) 0
2V02 cos2 2
y= V0 t ............(2)
Equating both (i) and (ii)
dx
gx 2 gt Also = ay
xtan 1  = x tan 2  dt
2V02 cos 2 1 2V02 cos 2 2
From equation(2)

dx
2V02 sin(1  2 )cos 1 cos 2 = a [V0 t]
x= ........(ii) dt
g cos2 1  cos2 2
x t
x
Timefor particle (i) : t1 = V cos  0
dx  aV0  t dt
0
0 1

x
Time for particle (ii) :t2 = V cos a V0 t 2
0 2 x=
2
 1
x 1  From equation(1)
t  t1  t 2     ....(iv)
V0
 cos 1 cos 2 
2
Put value of x on (iv) : aV  y 
x 0  
2  V0 
2V0  sin(1  2 ) 
t =   = 11s Ans.
g  cos 1  cos 2 
 a  2
x =  2V  y Ans.
Method : 2(Equation of motion)  0

Particle (1) :
x = V0 cos 1 (t + t) ........(i) (b)
ay = 0
1
y = V0 sin 1 (t + t) – g (t + t)2 ......(ii) d Vx
2
ax= ...........(3)
Particle (2) : dt
x = V0 cos 2 (t) ...........(iii)
1 2 dx
y = V0 sin 2 (t) – gt .........(iv) Also we know Vx = = ay
2 dt

Page - 16
 Put in (3)
anet = ab
a dy
ax  = aVy = aV0 Also we know
dt
anet = aV0 Ans. A
tan  =
bx
Tangential acceleration = a
a
=aV0cos
an= ab
a  (bx)2
2
2
aV0 (ay) a y

a = Ans.
V02  (ay) 2
1  (ay / V0 )2 V 2 (a2  b2 x 2 )3/2
R= 
an a2b
Radial acceleration or normal acceleration :
3/2
aV0 2
an = a V0 sin = Ans. a   xb 
2 R = 1     Ans
 ay  b  a  
1   
 V0 
1.36
1.35 Method : 1 (Work - Energy Theorem)
Since horizantal velocity is constant and equal
to a then  ds
x = at ....................(1)  a 
Vy = xb x
Vy = (a t) b 0
dy
= (a t) b
dt
y t Tangential acceleration is giv en by:
 0
dy  ab  t dt
0
  
| w  | a.   a cos 

ab t 2
y= ds V
2 
a
Put value of t from equation(1)
2
ab  x   b  2
y=  
2 a
 y = x
 2a 
Ans
(b) Suppose at time t particle at posetion A and in
small time dt particle displace by ds.
y = Vy Work done by force
bx
v
dw = F1ds=  m w ds=(ma cosds
 a = vx
= ma (ds cos )
an
anet
 dw   ma (ds cos )
x
W =ma  (ds cos )  ma ( ds cos ) .....(1)
ax = 0
( ds cos ) =x because it is summation of dis-
dVy
dx
ay = b = ab placement in x direction.
dt dt
W = max
anet = ab Using work energy theorem
Then normal acceleration
1
an = anet cos W = 2 mV2

Page - 17
 1 V 2 a2 t 2 a2 4 nR
max  mV2   = 4na
2 R R R a
V= 2ax Ans. ar = 4na
Tangential acceleration
Method : 2 (Kinematics) dv
at = a
Tangential acceleration is giv en by: dt
  
| w  | a.   a cos  Total acceleration= ar2  a2t  a2  (4na)2
We know that tangential acceleration is rate of
change of speed then. Total acceleration = a 1  (4n)2 = 0.8 m/s2
d| v | Ans.
= a cos 
dt 1.38
(a)
v dv
= a cos 
ds
v dv = a (ds) cos  ar
at
x
v x
 0
v dv  0 
a (ds) cos = adx
0
R
Given
at = ar
at t = 0
v2 u = V0
= ax
2
At any time t
v = 2a x Ans.
V2
at = ar =
R
1.37
Since a is rate of change of speed then.
v
dv V 2
 
dt R
V t
dt
R
  V  2 dV  R
V0 0

() sign because V is decreasing

Angle travel by particle is then V t

V 1 
= 2n V0 R
Speed of particle
v = Rw = at .................(1) V0
 V  Ans.
at d Vt
 1 0
w= R
R dt
(b)
2 n t
at 2
  d   R dt anet = a2t  ar2 = at
0 0
v2 dv
at =  v
at 2 R ds
2n =
2R
v2
4 nR – v dv = dtt
t2   R
a Where ds = distance travel by particle in time dt.
Radial acceleration V S
dv ds
ar =
V2 
V0

v
 R
0
R
From (1) and(2)

Page - 18
 V S dv ds 2
n  Then V = V0 eS/R  a2 a v
V0 R 2v
dt dt
v2 V 2 e2S/R
at = = 0 dv a2
  at
R R dt 2

V2 V 2 2e 2S/R V2 a2s
anet = 2 0 ar = 
R R R R
Ans.
ar 2S
tan    Ans.
1.39 at R
Method : 1
1.40
at
 y
ar
t
in w
as
=
x

va s
Squaring both side
(a)  = a sin wt
v2  a 2 s
Compare this equation with v 2 = u2 + 2ace S
d
1 2 V= = a w cos wt
u=0, a
ace = dt
2
Hence motion is constant magnitude tangential Tangential acceleration = -a w2 sin wt
acceleration.
At any time t at = - aw2 sin wt
1 2 V2 a2s
at = a ar = 
2 R R V 2 a2 w 2 cos2 wt
Since we know that velocity vector and tangen- ar  
R R
tial acceleration is parallel then.

anet  a2t  ar2

at

 a2
anet = aw2 sin2 wt  cos4 wt .....(i)
R2
Now at  = 0 t=0

ar a2 w 2
anet = Ans.
R

a2 s  3
At  =  a t ,
ar 2S 2w 2w
tan =  R2  Ans.
at a R anet = aw2 Ans.
2 (b)
For minimum value of acceleration,differentiate
Method : 2 equation(i)
2 2
v a s danet
Differentiate this equation w.r.t time : 0
dt

Page - 19
 a2 y
2wsin wt cos wt  4w cos3 wt sin wt  0
R2

R x
cos wt =
2a
Put in equation ...... (i) y = ax2
Differentiate equation w.r.t. time
2
 R  a2 R 4 dy dx
amin= aw 2 1     2  2ax
 2a  R 4a 4 dt dt
Vy = 2ax Vx
2
R  Again differentiate w.r.t. time
=aw2 1   Ans.
 2a  ay = 2ax ax + 2aVx2

2
At x = 0, Vy = 0 Then Vx = v
 R  ay = 2aV2
 m  a 1  
 2a  Normal acceleration=2aV2

2
V2 V2
R R = 
  a 1 Ans. an 2av 2
2a2
1
R = Ans.
1.41 2a
Method :1(Formula based)

3
  dy  2  2

1    
 dx  
R 
d2y
dx 2
Speed of particle when distance is S
V2 =2aS ............(i)
Since w = a = a=const. y = ax2
Differentiate equation w.r.t. x
1 2
S= at
2 dy
 2ax
2S dx
t2 =
a Again differentiate equation w.r.t. x
2
 2S  4bS2 d2y
Then wn = b     2a
 a  a2 dx 2
Radius of curvature: Put values in radius of curvature formula

V 2 2aSa2 a3 3
R=
wn

4bS2
 R 
2bS
Ans.
R
 1   2ax 
2
 2

Net acceleration: 2a

w= a2T  w n2
Put x=0
2
 4bS2  1
a2   2  R= Ans.
w=  a Ans. 2a
 

1.42
(a) Method :1(Conceptual) Page - 20
(b)
Method :1(Conceptual) 3
  dy  2  2

1    
 dx  
R 
d2y
dx 2

V0
x2 y2
 1
a2 b2
x2 y2 Differentiate equation w.r.t. x
2
 2
1
a b 2 x 2 y dy
Differentiate equation w.r.t. time
  0 .....................(1)
a 2 b 2 dx
2x Vx 2y Vy
 0
a 2
b2 Again differentiate w.r.t. x

Again differentiate w.r.t. time : 2

2 2 y d 2 y 2  dy 
     0 .................(2)
2x a x 2Vx2 2yay 2Vy2 a 2 b 2 dx 2 b 2  dx 
   0
a2 a2 b2 b2 At x=0 , y=b from (1) and (2)
At x = 0 and y = b
dy d2y  b
=0 , =
2Vx2 2bay 2Vy2 dx dx 2 a 2
  0
a2 b2 b2 Put values in radius of curvature formula
As shown in figure
3
Vy = 0 and Vx = V0

2V02 2a y R
 1   0
2
 2


a2
 0 b b Ans.
a2 b
a2
b
ay = V02 1.43
a2

b
Normal acceleration= V02
a2 A

b V
an = V02  2
a2 O P

V02
Radius of curvature : R =
an

V02 Given that

R = b V2 Angular velocity of point A w.r.t. point O
0
a2
d
= w = constant
dt
a2
R= Ans. Angular velocity of point A w.r.t. point P
b
Method :1(Formula based) d(2 ) d
2 = 2w = constant
dt dt

Page - 21
 Since angular velocity of point A w.r.t. point P is w = at
constnat then. 1
Wp = 2W and velocity will be perpendicular = wt
2
to position of A w.r.t. P Since particle taken n turn in its journey.
V = R WP = 2RW Ans. =2 n
1
W P = constant 2= wt ..............(ii)
2
dWP (I)  V
0 From : 
dt (II) 2 W
Tangential acceleration= 0 2v
Radial acceleration = R W P2 = 4 RW 2 W = Ans.

anet =4 RW 2
Direction is toward the centre. Ans. 1.46
= at - bt3
1.44 d
w= = a - 3bt2
dt
at
when body is in rest then
ar w=0
0 =a - 3bt2

a
t
3b
in= 0
a  a a  2a 
final= t (a – bt2) =  a b  =
 = at 2
3b  3b  3b  3 
d
= w = 2at a  2a 
dt
3b  3 
dw  final  in 2a
  = 2a W avg = = a = Ans.
dt t 3
3b
Tangential acceleration
at = R = 2aR
Radial acceleration Also
ar = RW 2 = R (2at)2 = 4 a2t2 R W in = a
 a 
v = RW = R 2at W final = a - 3b   =0
 3b 
v
2aR = ..................(i) Wfinal  Win a
t
avg= = = 3ab Ans.
Now t a
3b
anet = a2t  ar2 = 2aR 1  (2at 2 )2
From (i) dw
= = -6bt
v dt
anet = 1 (2at2 )2 = 0.7 m/s Ans.
t a
1.45 = - 6b
3b
Since acceleration is constant. = 2 3ab Ans.
1 2
= at 1.47
2
V = at Given that
= = at
Vt To find tangential acceleration : (at)
= ................ (i)
2 at = R= Rat
Angular acceleration is constant then To find radial acceleration : (ar)
1 2
 t
2

Page - 22
 ar = Rw2
3
dw  2W0 2 W
 = W avg = <W> =   0
t  1  3
dt 2W0 2 
3k 
w t  k 
0
dw    dt
0
 
Ans.
at 2
t

0 
w = at dt 
2 1.49
(a)
R a2 t 4 Given that
ar =
4 W = W 0 – a ................ (i)
At t = 0
 = 0
at W = W0
d
 Also  W0  a
dt
 d t
0 W0  a
  dt
0
ar
ar 
tan   1
at n (W0  a)  t
a 0
R a2 t 4 W0  a
tan  =  n = – at
4Ra t W0

4 W0
t = 3 tan  = 7s Ans. = (1 - e–at) Ans.
a a
(b)
1.48 Put value of  in equation (i) :
Given that
 W0 
W = W0 – a  (1  eat ) 
 W  a 
 = Angular acceleration W = W 0 eat Ans.
 = k W
Where k = constant 1.50
dW
-W =k W
d
(–) ive because W is decreasing.
0 
1
 W 2dw   k d 
W0 0

3
2W0 2
  ................(i)
3k
 = Angular displacement.
Also  = k W Given that
 = cos 
– dW = k W dtt
dW
0 1 t  = W  0 cos 
 W 2 dw   k dt  d
w0 0

w 
1
2W 0 2
= t ..................(ii)
0
W dw  0 0
cos  d
k
Average angular velocity :

Page - 23
 W2 y
0 sin 
2
yw = RW O
V
W   20 sin  Ans. (x,y)
x
P
1.51
(a)

y
VO – P = Rw = yw
A VP = u + at = Wt

Velocity of point O = 0
V yw Wt=0
x
Then yw = Wt
wy
t =
B W

2
1 2 1  wy 
Now x = at = W  
2 2 W
y
1 w 2 y2
P (x,y) x = Ans.
yt V 2 W

O
x 1.52
(a)

Instanteneous axis of rotation is passing through

that point which velocity is zero always. If we ob-
serve carefully it point must be at line joining AB.
Then. at time t :
VP -0 = RW = Rt = yt

Position of cente at time t:

x = vt ........................(i)
Net velocity of point P as instanteneous centre
Since there is no slipping at ground.
of rotation will be zero: Vo = 0
VP = 0 Vc = RW where Vo = velocity of contact point.
v ty=0
v = ty Acceleration of point A :

v a A E  a AC  aC  E .................(1)
t = y put in (i)
V2
2
a A C  R 
v R
x = v y
aC  E  0
Put in equation(1)
v2
y= Ans. V2
x
a A E  R 2  Ans.
R
(b)

Page - 24
 (b)
A wt

wt
x

Velocity of point A w.r.t. centre C :

w
VA–C = R  =R t =Rt =w t
To find distance, we have to find speed of a par- R
ticle of rim at a tme t VA – E = VA–C +VA=2 w t Ans.
 = wt
VP = v 2  v 2  2v v cos(   )
For Point B :
= 2 v sin  = 2V sin (wt)/2
VP = 2V sin (wt)/2  A
Time to one complets journey = 2/w
Again from (2) y
VP=2 v sin wt/2 C wt
B
ds
= 2 v sin wt/2 
dt x
wt
s 2 / w wt
0
ds  2v 
0
sin
2
dt
VB –C = R  = wt (– j)
8v VC = wt i
S= = 8R Ans. VB–E = VB –C+VC= wt ( i – j)
w
VB –B = wt 2 Ans.
1.53
For Point O :

R B C wt
W
C


wt 0
O

Acceleration of point C : VO –C = – wt i
ac = w VC–E = wt i
Velocity of point C at time t :
VO –E = VO –C+VC–E=0 Ans.
VC = u + at = wt
Angular acceleration of ball:
(b)
aC w Acceleration Calculations :
  
R R
Angular velocity of ball at time t : For Point A:
w = w0 + t =t
(a) A
at
Acceleration Calculations y
ar
For Point A :
C

aC–E = wi .........(i)
aA–C = at i – ar j

Page - 25
 Where at = tangential acceleration Velocity of point A = 2v

v 2 (wt)2 w 2 t 2 v2
ar = radial acceleration. =   Acceleration of point A =
R R R R

w 2t 2
aA–C = wi – j ............(ii)
R
A 2V
Adding (i) + (ii) equations:

w 2t 2 V B v
aA–E = 2wi – j
R
v
2
 wt 2 
aA–E = 2w 1   Ans.
 2R 
 

For Point B: A
2V
y
2
v R

C R
B

x (speed)2
Radius of curvature =
 normal acceleration
aCE  wi ........(i)
For point A:
  v2 
aB C  (R )jˆ    ˆi (2V)2
R RA=  4R Ans.
 
V2 / R
 w 2 t2 ˆ For point B:
aB C  wjˆ  i .......... (ii)
R
Adding (i) + (ii) equations: v2
Acceleration of point B =
R
  w 2 t2 
aB   w 
  ˆi  wjˆ Velocity of point B = v 2
 R 

2
 wt2 
aB  w 1 1
 2R  Ans.
2
  v R
B V
For Point O:
 450
aCE  wi ........(i)
V 2
V
v 2  x

aOC  w ˆi    ˆj (ii) an
R 

v 2 (wt)2 w 2 t 2 Normal acceleration of point B:

 
R R R v2
v2
Adding (i) + (ii) equations: an = cos 45o = 2R
R
 w 2 t2
aOE  ĵ
R (V 2)2
RB=  2 2R Ans.
w 2t 2 v2
aOE  Ans.
R 2R
1.54

Page - 26
1.55*
Method :1 (axis is rotating)
Relative angular velocity calculation

w10  w1ˆi

w 20  w 2 ˆj

w12  w1ˆi  w 2 ˆj

w12  w12  w 22 Ans.

Relative angular acceleration calculation


w1C  w1 cos  ˆi  w1 sin  kˆ

w C 0  w 2 ˆj

w10  w1 cos  ˆi  w1 sin  kˆ  w 2 ˆj ......(2)

| w10 | w12  w 22

 Relative angular acceleration calculation

 dw 1 2 d ˆi dj
1 2   w1  w2 .......(1)
dt dt dt

d ˆi
Direction of is toward Z axis and then this
dt
rate of change of direction of x axis.

Here x axis is directly attached with obsever then

y
y axis j
1 unit
di
d
z i
passing 1 unit


 dw10  d  ˆ  d  ˆ
| d ˆi | 1 d    w1 sin    i  w 1 cos   k
dt  dt   dt 
| diˆ | d
 = w2
dt dt
d
= w2
d ˆi dt
  w 2kˆ
dt 
 = – w1 w2 sin  î + w1 w2 cos  k̂
But because with frame of this it is observed 
that direction of axis does not rotating then |  | = w1 w2 Ans.
1.56
djˆ 
=0 w  at ˆi  b t 2 ˆj
dt
From(1)  dw 
   aiˆ  2b t ˆj
1 2   w1w 2 kˆ dt
(a)
1 2  w1 w 2 Ans.
2
 b 
Method : 2 (axis is not rotating) | w |  at 1   t  Ans.
Relative angular velocity calculation a 
(b)
  2b t 
2
| |  a 1  
 a 

Page - 27
  
w.  w cos  diˆ
  But for :
w.  dt
cos  
w

a 2 t  2b 2 t 3 y axis
cos  
a 2 t 2  b 2 t 4 a 2  4b 2 t 2
17o Ans. j
y axis
1.57* di
Method :1 (axis is rotating) d
i
Angular velocity of cone calculation
z
y

| diˆ | d

 M
x d ˆi d
0  R   wMO
dt dt
v P

We see carefully then x axis is rotating while y d ˆi V

  tan  kˆ
direction is not rotating. dt R
Angular velocity of disc with respect to centre
M is :   V  V 
      tan kˆ
 V  R  R 
WDM  ˆi .......(i)
R
 V2
Angular velocity of centre M w.r.t. origin.    2 tan  kˆ
R

 V ˆ  V2
WMO  j |  | 2 tan  Ans.
OM R
OM = R cot 
 Method : 2 (axis is not rotating)
V
WMO  tan  ˆj Angular velocity calculation
R
Since angular velocity is vector quantity it y
follow vector addition law
  
WDO  WDM  WMO
0 x
 V
WD O  [iˆ  tan  ˆj] ..........(1) 
 D
R M
V
 V V z
| WD O |  1  tan2   Ans. V
R R cos  w0 =
R
Angular acceleration calculation
Angular acceleration () is Angular velocity of disc w.r.t. M :
 dw  V V
 WDM  cos  ˆi  sin  ˆj
dt R R
From equation(1) Angular velocity of M w.r.t. O :
 V
 V  diˆ djˆ  WMO  ˆj  V tan  ˆj
    tan   R cot  R
R  dt dt 
Angular velocity of disc w.r.t. O :
Since y direction is constant   
WDO  WDM  WMO
djˆ
0  V V V
dt WDO  cos  ˆi  sin  j  tan  ˆj ......(1)
R R R
Page - 28
   d  d  ˆ
   W0 sin  ( ˆi) ˆ
2 2 2
V  V  V   W0 cos    k  0 j
| WMO |  cos     sin     tan   dt  dt 
R  R  R 
= W00 t sin  ˆi  W00 t cos  kˆ  0 ˆj
 V
| WMO | Ans. 
R cos  |  |  w 02 20 t 2  20
Angular acceleration calculation 
 |  |0 1  w 02 t 2 Ans.
 dw DO
DO  Method :2 (axis is rotating)
dt
Angular velocity of cone calculation
 V  d  V  d 
DO  sin    ˆi  cos    ˆj  0 .....(2)
R  dt  R  dt 

d
is angular velocity of M w.r.t. 0 :
dt
d V
 tan 
dt R
Here we take line AB along x direction
 V 2 V2 
aDO  2 sin  tan  ˆi  2 cos  tan  ˆj WP  A  w 0 ˆi  0 t ˆj ................(1)
R R

 V2  2 t 2
| DO | 2 tan  Ans. | WP  A |  w 0 1  0 2 Ans.
R w0

1.58 *  dw P  A d ˆi dˆj
   w0  0 t   0 ˆj
Method : 1 (axis is not rotating) dt dt dt
Angular velocity calculation
djˆ
Here =0
dt

d ˆi
But = 0 t kˆ
dt

d ˆi d
Then = k̂
dt dt

d ˆi
= 0 t kˆ
dt

  w 0 0 t kˆ  0 ˆj
At time t line AB rotate by  angle then
 
WP  w 0 cos  ˆi  w 0 sin  kˆ  0 t ˆj ....(1) 
|  |  0 1 w02t2  Ans.

W P  w 02 cos 2   w 02 sin 2    02 t 2

2
  t
WP  w 0 1   0  Ans.
 w0 

Angular acceleration calculation

d
 0t
dt

 dWP  A

dt

Page - 29
1.2 The Fundamentals Equation of 1.61
Dynamcis (a)

1.59

Where F is force due to air which

will be constant then before mass blast Net Pulling force on system
F = m1 g sin  + m2 g sin  – k1 m1 g cos  – k2
mg – F= mw ............ (1)
m2 g cos 
When m mass is taken then
Then common acceleration a is :
F- (m– m) g = (m – m) w .........(i) gsin  (m1  m2 )  gcos  (k1m1  k 2m2 )
a
Adding equations (i) and (ii) m1  m2
2mw ...........(i)
m = g  w Ans. F. B. D of m1 :

1.60
a

m1 m2

km2g
km1g
m0

m0g N = Normal force between two blocks.

m2 g sin + N – k1 m1 g cos = m1 a ...........(ii)
Net pulling force on system Put value of (a) in (ii) :
F=m0g – k m1 g – k m2g (k1  k2 )m1m2gcos 
F=ma N= Ans.
m1  m2
m0g – k m1 g – k m2g = (m + m2 + m0) a
 m0  k(m1  m2  (b)
a=  g Ans. For minimum value of acceleration will be zero
 m1  m2  m0  and friction force will at maximum value then
[gsin  (m1  m2  gcos (k1m1  k 2m2 )]
Tension in string attached with m2. 0=
F.B.D. of m2 : m1  m2
a k1 m1  k 2m2
tan   Ans.
T
m2 m1  m2

k m2 g

T – k m2 g = m2 a.......................(1)
Put value of a in (1) then
(1  k)m0
T= m2 g Ans.
m0  m1  m2

Page - 30
1.62 1.63
Upward Journey : (a) Starts coming down

m2g > m1 g sin + f max

m2g > m1 g sin + k m1 g cos 
m2
m1
> sin  + k cos  Ans.

(b) Starts going up

m1 g sin > m2 g + k m1 g cos 
m2
We know displacement equation as sin > m + k cos 
1
1 2 m2
S = ut + at
2 < sin – k cos  Ans.
m1
Also we know V=u+at then u=V–at
Put in above equation then (c) At rest
Friction will be static hence ratio should be
1 2 between calculated above value:
S=Vt – at
2
m2
Where V = final velocity in above equation sin – k cos < m < sin  + k cos  Ans.
1
Suppose time for upward journey is t then 1.64
Vf = 0 , S=, a=g sin  + g cos 

s
1 co
g
= (g sin  + g cos ) t2.....................(i) m
1

k
2 = m2
f
ax

=
m

Downward journey : m1 m2 Given

m1
k
We know displacement equation as


m2g
n
si
g


1
m

1 2
S = ut + at
2
u = initial velocity=0 m/s To find tendency of sliding of block m2
S=, a=g sin  – g cos  Pulling force in clockwise sense
F1=m2 g = m1g = 2/3 m1 g  0.66 m1g
1 Pulling force in anti clockwise sense
= (g sin  – g cos ) (t)2 ............... (ii)
2 F2=m1 g sin  = m1 g sin 30o = m1 g/2  0.5 m1g
(i) Since m2 g=0.66 m1g > m1 g sin 0.5 m1g
Divide both equations as (ii) Block m2 has tendency to move down ward

 gsin   gcos   1 Net pulling force

1   2 F = m2g – m1 g sin – k m1 g cos
 gsin   gcos   
Acceleration of system
 2  1  m2 g  m1 gsin   k m1 g cos 
 2 tan  a=
   1  Ans. m1  m2
 
g   sin   k cos  
a= Ans.
 1

Page - 31
1.65 w
(a)
Before no sliding between m1 and m2:
From F.B.D. of System : w2
fr = k m2g m2 F = at
m1 w1
Acceleration of both block will be same w1 = w2
F at
w1 = w2 = w =  t
m1  m2 m1  m2 t0
Friction between m1 and m2 will be static then
1.66
F.B.D of block :

m1at
fr = m1 [w1] = m  m
1 2
For no sliding this required friction should be less
than maximum value of static friction
m1at
fr = m  m < k m2 g
1 2

k m2 g (m1  m2 )
t<
am1

at
w1 = w2 = m  m Ans.
1 2

(m1  m2 )
If t > k m2 g
a m1
Sleeping between two block will be start then
F.B.D. of m2 : ma = mg sin – k mg cos 
m2 F = at a = g sin – kg cos 
km2g Time to reach at bottom after starting with rest:
w2
1 2
at  km2 g s = ut + at
w2 = Ans. 2
m2
1
F.B.D. on m1 : sec = (gsin   kg cos  )t 2
k m 2g 2
m1 2 sec 
t2 
km2 g g(sin   k cos  )
w1 = m1
Ans.
2
t2 
g[sin  cos   k cos2 ]
k m2 g(m1  m2 )
Assume t0 = 2
a m1 t .......(i)
g[sin  cos   k cos2 ]
t <t0 :
Slope of w2 =Slope of w1 To minimise t
t > t0 : ( sin cos – k cos2 ) will be maximum
Slope of w2 >Slope of w1 because acceleration Assume
of block (2) will be more than (1) x = sin cos – k cos2 )
dx
Now 0
d
cos2 –sin2  2 k cos sin = 0

Page - 32
 1 mg(sin   k cos )
cos 2 = – k sin 2 tan 2= – Ans. . Tmin  Ans.
k 1  k2
o
Put value of k : = 49
1.68
Put value of in equation (i) :
at
2  2.10 =
tmin   1.0s. F
10[sin49o cos49o – 0.14cos2 49]

Ans. m =0

1.67 (a)
At time t1 of breaking off the plane vertical

component of F must be equal to weight mg.
F sin  = mg
a t1 sin =mg

mg
t1 
a sin 
Motion equation of block :
a1 = Accelration of block
F cos  = m a1
F.B.D. of block : a1 = at cos   dv
m dt

V t1
mdV

0
acos  
 t dt
0

mV t12
a cos 
=
2
mV 1 m2 g2
=
a cos  2 a2 sin2 

mg2 cos 
V= Ans.
2a sin2 
N +T sin = mg cos  (b)
N = mg cos – T sin 
V t
fr = kN=k (mg cos – T sin ) m dV
At just sliding condition: 
0
acos  
 t dt
0
T cos = mg sin + fr
T cos = mg sin + k (mg cos – T sin ) mV t2
mg sin   kmgcos  =
a cos  2
T= cos   k sin 
at 2c os 
For Tmin ,y=cos + k sin  should be maxi- v
mum.
2m
Maximum value of cos + k sin  = 1 k2 dx at 2 c os 

dt 2m
dy
For this value 0 mg
dx x
t1 
a sin 
aco s 
0 dx  2m  t 2 dt
-sin  + k cos =0 0

tan   k Ans.

Page - 33
 m 2 g 3 cos  1
x = (3w + kg) t2
Ans. 2
6a 2 sin 3 
2
t= Ans.
3w  kg
1.69 Method : 2 (Equation on system)
3
On system,tension will be internal force then
g/
=
m k2mg – k mg = – 2 mw + ma
F
a = 2w + kg
 Acceleration of 2 m w.r.t. m
m a2m - m = a2m  am
Angle made by force vector a2m - m=w+a
aS =w+2w + kg = 3w + kg
Motion equation of block Suppose in time t both blocks will be met then
mg 1 2
cos = m a1 S at
3 2
1
g = (3w + kg) t2
a1 = cos  2
3
Where a is acceleration of block of mass m 2
t= Ans.
3w  kg
g
a1 = cos as 1.71
3
Method :1 (Observer inside lift)
v s
g
 v dv  3  cos as ds
0 0
shaft
v 2 v g sinas s
 
2 0 3 a 0 2T

v 2 g sinas w0
  T
2 3 a T
T
m1
2g sinas m2
v Ans.
3 a
m1g
1.70 m2g
Method :1(Equation of motion blocks)

a
2m w m For observer inside elevator
k2mg T T k mg
k k Net pulling force along with pseudo force
a1car 
Motion of mass 2 m Total mass of system
T - k2mg = 2mw
T = 2 mw + 2 kmg..................(1) m2 g  m2 w 0  m1g  m1w 0
Motion of motor a1-car=
m1  m2
T - kmg = ma 
Adding both equations
(m2  m1 )(g  w 0 )
2 mw + 2 k mg - k mg = ma a1-car=
a = 2 w +kg m1  m2
Acceleration of 2 m w.r.t. m But ans in irodov is given in vector form
a2m - m = a2m  am
 
a2m - m=w+a (m2  m1)(g  w0 )
a1- car =
=w+2w + kg = 3w + kg m1  m2
Suppose in time t both blocks will be met then
 
1 (m1  m 2 )(g  w 0 )
S  at 2 a1- car = Ans.
2 m1  m 2

Page - 34
 Force equation on block m2
Acceleration of m1 w.r.t. shaft or ground T – m2 g = m2 w2 ......................(2)
a1-shaft = a1-car +acar
Constraint relation between accelerations
 
(m1  m 2 )(g  w 0 ) 
= + w0 w 2  w1
m1  m 2 w0  ..................(3)
2
  From above three equations
(m 1  m 2 ) g  2m 2 w 0
a1-shaft = Ans.
m1  m 2 (m 2  m 1 ) g  2m 2 w 0
w1 =
Since tension is real force then from all frame it m1  m 2
will be same
(m 2  m 1 ) g  2m 2 w 0
Force equation on block m1 a1-shaft =
m1  m 2
T – m1 g – m1 w 0 = m1 a1-car
But ans in irodov is given in vector form
(m  m1 )(g  w 0 )  
T – m1 g – m1 w 0 = m1 2 (m 1  m 2 ) g  2m 2 w 0
m1  m2 a1-shaft = Ans.
m1  m 2
2m1m2 (g  w 0 ) Acceleration of block m1 w.r.t. car
T=
m1  m2 a1-car = w1  w 0

(m 2  m 1 ) g  2m 2 w 0
Forced applied by pulley on ceiling =  w0
m1  m 2
4m1m2 (g  w 0 )
2T =
m1  m2 (m2  m1 )(g  w 0 )
a1-car=
Forced applied by pulley on ceiling as vector m1  m2
form : But ans in irodov is given in vector form
4m1m2   4m1m2    
-2T =  m  m (g  w0 ) = (g  w 0 ) (m2  m1)(g  w0 )
1 2 m1  m2 a1- car =
m1  m2
Ans.
 
Method :2 (Observer on ground) (m1  m 2 )(g  w 0 )
a1- car = Ans.
m1  m 2
1.72

a/2
T

  T/2
sin a
g
m 2 m
mg

Motion of body (2)

mg - T/2 =  ma
2mg - T = 2ma ..............(i)
Motion of body on incline plane
T - mg sin = m a/2 ...............(ii)
From (1) and (ii)

Force equation on block m1

T – m1 g = m1 w 1 ......................(1)

Page - 35
 Relative acceleration of m w.r.t. M
2g 2  sin  
a Ans. ar  a1+a2
 4  1
Since length of rod is  then

1.73 1
= (a +a ) t2.........(iii).
2 1 2

From (i), (ii) and (iii)

2mm 
fr = Ans.
(M  m)t 2
Method :1 (Equation on each mass)

Equation of motion of m0

 a  a2 
T = m0  1  .......(i)
 2 
Motion equation M
Equation of motion of m1
Mg – fr = M a1 .............. (i)
m1g  T/2 = m1 a1 .......(ii)
Motion equation of m
Equation of motion of m2
fr - mg = ma2 .....................(ii)
m2g  T/2 = m2a2 .......(iii) Relative acceleration of m w.r.t. M
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
ar  a1+a2
4m1m2  m0 (m1  m2 ).g Since length of rod is  then
a1 = Ans.
4m1m2  m0 (m1  m2 )
1
1.74 = (a +a ) t2.........(iii).
2 1 2
Method :1 (Equation on system)
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
2mm 
fr = Ans.
(M  m)t 2

Friction will act as internal force then

Motion equation on system
Mg – mg = M a1 + m a2 .... (i)
Motion equation of m
fr - mg = ma2 .....................(ii)

Page - 36
1.75 Motion equation of (2)
T – mg = ma ............ (i)
Motion equation of (1)
mg – 2T = m a/2...............(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
2g(  2)
a=
 4
When body (1) travel h distance then in same
time body (2) travel 2h distance in upward
direction using constraint relation as accelera-
tion.
String will be slack when body(1) travell h
distance and strike on ground.
Now velocity of body (2) just before string slack.
V2 = 2a (2h)..................(iii)
After that body(2) will be as projectile motion in
air and continue moving in air in upward direc-
tion untill final velocity becomes zero.
Suppose body (2) travel x distance in projectile
Motion equation m motion then
mg  T = m a1 ................(i) V2 = 2gx (iv)
Motion equation  m From (iii) and (iv)
2ah
a1 x=
g
.
2T   mg = m .......(ii)
2 Total hight travell from ground
2g(2  ) 2ah 6h
From (i) and (ii) a1 = H= h  Ans.
 4 g  4

Relative acceleration of  m w.r.t. m

1.77
F.B.D. of wedge
a1 3a 3  2g(2  ) 3g(2  )
ar   a1  1 = =
2 2 2 4  4

1 2 1 3g(2  ) 2
l ar t = t
2 2  4

N sin  = m a2 ...........(i)

2   4  l F.B.D. of rod
t Ans.
3g (2   )
1.76

mg - N cos  = m a1 .............(ii)
For constraint relation

Page - 37
 T  N  Ma1 .................(iii)

Using constraint relation

X1  X 2  X 3  const
 a1 +0+a2=0
a1 = a2......................(iv)
a2 sin  = a1 cos .........(iii) From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
From (i), (ii) and (iii):
mg g
g a1 = 
a1 = 2m  M  km M
1   cot 2  2k 
m
g Net acceleration of block of mass m
a2 = Ans.
tan    cot 
a  a12  a 22  a1 2
1.78
g 2
F. B. D. of m a
M Ans.
2k
m
1.79
F.B.D of bodies on frame of wedge:

In y direction
mg – KN – T = m a2 ............ (i)
In x direction
N = m a1 ............................ (ii)
F. B. D. of wedge

Since system is stationary on frame of wedge

hence :
mg = kma + ma + kmg
In x direction

Page - 38
 Since no force on system in horizontal direction
g(1  k)
a= Ans. then
1 k 0 = ma1 + m [a1 – a2 cos ]...............(1)
F.B.D. of bar w.r.t. wedge
1.80
F.B.D. of block (2) with frame of wedge:

Equation along incline from frame of incline

m2 a1 cos + m2 gsin = m2 a2 ...............(ii)
From (1) and (2)
m2 g sin  cos  g sin  cos 
a1  2

m1  m2 sin  m1
 sin2  Ans.
m2
Method : 2 (Equation on block w.r.t. wedge)
F.B.D. of bar

At maximum acceleration w block will have

tendency to slip up the incline then
fr1 will be maximum and direction on block will be
With frame of wedge, bar has zero acceleration
down the incline.
perpendicular to incline then
fr1 = kN=k [mg cos + mw sin ]...............(1)
Equation along incline
Since block is under rest with frame of wedge,
N + m2 a1 sin = m2 g cos ..............(i)
then equilibrium equation of block along incline. F.B.D. of wedge
fr1+ mg sin = mw cos 
From equation (1)
k (mg cos + mw sin ) + mg sin = mw cos 
g(1  k cot  )
w= Ans.
cot   k

1.81.
Method : 1 (Equation on system w.r.t. ground)

Equation along x direction

N sin = m1 a1 ................(ii)
from (i) and (ii)
m2 g sin  cos  g sin  cos 
a1  2

m1  m2 sin  m1
 sin2  Ans.
m2
F.B.D. of System

a2 = acceleration of bar w.r.t. incline.

Page - 39
1.82
mgsin 
a1  a2 
2m 1  cos    M
Ans.
1.83
(a) With constant velocity v

Using constraint relation

x  x  const. We know average force is equal to:

1 2 
 P
a a  0 Favg 
1 2 t
a  a ...........(1) Suppose particle is initially at point A then its
1 2 intial momentum is
F.B.D. of System 
Pi  mviˆ
After quarter circle it will be at point B then its
final momentum will be

Pf  mvjˆ
Change in momentum
  
P  Pf  P  mvjˆ  mviˆ
Time taken in journey is t then

R
t  2
v
a2 = acceleration of block w.r.t. incline. Average force will be
Since force T on system in horizontal direction
then 
 P mvjˆ  mviˆ 2mv 2 ˆ ˆ
T  Ma1  m(a1  a2 cos  )..........(2) Favg 
t



R
j i  
F.B.D. of block w.r.t. wedge R
2
v
 2mv 2 2
Favg 
R
 ˆj  iˆ   2 2Rmv Ans.

(b) With constant tangential acceleration

Time taken in journey is t.
Equation along incline from frame of incline
ma1 cos + mgsin   T= ma2 ...............(3)
From (1),(2)and(3)

We know average force is equal to:


 P
Favg 
t
Suppose particle start from point A then its

Page - 40
 intial momentum is
 mv 2
N= ............(i)
Pi  0 iˆ R
Put value of m, V and R
After quarter circle it will be at point B then its
N = 1.5 kN Ans.
final momentum will be
 At point C
Pf  mvjˆ  mw tjˆ
Change in momentum mg
  
P  Pf  P  mw tjˆ
N
Average force will be


 P mw tjˆ
Favg    mw ˆj
t t

Favg  mw ˆj  mw Ans. N + mg = mv 2/R
N = mv 2/R – mg ..........(ii)
1.84 Put value of V, m, R in (ii)
N = 0.7 kN Ans.
C
v --- 1.85
v

B
m
R
 T
A

360  1000
v = 360 km/hr = = 100 m/s 
3600 v
mg
Apparent weight is reading of normal reac-
tion now
(a)
At point A
Tangential acceleration (at)
mg sin  = m at
at = g sin ...............(1)
Radial acceleration (ar)
N
v 2 v2
ar  
R l
Energy conservation
mg
1
mv 2 mg  cos  = mv 2
N – mg = 2
R
v= 2g cos 
mv 2
N = mg +
R v2
ar =  2g cos  ............(2)
70[100] 2 70  100  100 
= 70g   70g 
500 500
= 70 g + 140 g = 210 g = 2100 N= 2.1 kN anet = a2t  a2r  g sin2   4 cos2 
Ans.
At point B
anet = g 1  3 cos2  Ans.

Force equation in radial direction at this instant

N
mv 2
T - mg cos =

T - mg cos  = 2mg cos 
T = 3 mg cos  Ans.

Page - 41
 (b)


n
 y dir

v mg


v Since ball swings in vertical position then at
extreme position
Only tangential acceleration is prerent
Component of velocity in y direction At extreme position
v y = v sin  at = g sin 
vy = 2g  cos sin  Lowest Position only radial acceleration is
prerent
v = 2 g  cos sin2 
2
y At lowest position
For vy maximum v2y will be maximum Using energy conservation
Then x = 2 g  cos sin2  will be maximum
1
dx mg [   cos ]  mv 2
= 0 = 2 g [  sin3 2cos2 sin = 0 2
d
v 2 = 2 g  (1 - cos )
2 cos2 = sin 2 
v2
2 1 Radial acceleration(ar) =  2g (1  cos )
tan  2  sin = , cos = 
3 3
From equation(1) According to condition
ar = at
1 2
v2y= 2g  g sin = 2g (1-cos )
3 3 sin + 2 cos = 2
4g 3
vy  cos =
3 3 5
= 53o Ans.
 1 
T = 3 mg cos = 3 mg   = mg 3 Ans. 1.87
 3
(c) A

A
R
  v
R

mg

If no acceleration in y direction then Particle will break off sphere when normal
ar cos = at sin  reaction will be zero. At this instant force
2 g cos2 g sin2  equation in radial direction
tan = 2 mv 2
mg cos =
1 R
cos  = Ans. V2 = Rg cos ..............(1)
3
Energy C
1.86

Page - 42
 1  
mg(R - Rcos ) = mv 2 N= cos  .............(i)
2 sin 
From equation(1)
Equation in radial direction
1
mgR ( 1-cos ) = mRg cos  N cos +    sin  = m r w2
2

cos  N cos +    sin = m ( + ) cosec  w2

1 - cos =
2 From (i)

3cos  x   cos 
=1 (cos )     sin 
2 sin 

2 x  cos
cos  = (cos)   sin = m ( + ) cosec  w2
3 sin

From equation(1)     = m   m   w2

2
v 2 =Rg   m
3    Ans.
x  mw 2

2Rg
1.89
v= Ans.
3

1.88
Top view

Spring force = F =   
 r 
N = normal reaction on sleeve k = k0  1  
 R
Since no acceleration in tangential direction
Where k is friction coefficient
Suppose cyclist is at radius of r
Then friction provide centripital force to motion
on circular path.

mv 2
kmg =
r

 r  mv 2
k0  1   mg =
 R r

 r2 
v 2 = k0g r  R  ..............(1)
N sin  =    cos   

Page - 43
 For maximum value of v , v 2 should be maxi-
mum. 4d2
k mg=m w  1 
R2
 r  2

Assuming v 2 =x= k0g r  R  Squaring both side

 
 4d2 
For x will be maximum w 2  1  2  = k2 g2
 R 

dx
0
dr
2
R  kg 
d =   1 Ans.
 2r  R 2  w 
k0g 1   = 0 r= Ans.
 R 2
1.91
From equation (1)
y
2  R R  k gR
Vmax  k0g     0
2 4 4

1 x
Vmax = k 0 gR Ans.
2
1.90

y
v
ay
2
v /R x

R
x
y = a sin  

w k = friction coefficient

mv 2
Tangential and radial both acceleration is only Centripital force =
R
provided by friction because friction is acting as
external force. Centripital force will be provided by friction
At limiting condition
Here maximum value of friction = kmg
Velocity of car after d distance travel mv 2
v 2 = 2 wd < k mg
R
V 2 2w d v 2 < k Rg........................(1)
ar = Radial acceleration =  Here all value of v even maximum value of v
R R
should be less than kRg
at = Tangential acceleration = w
For v maximumR will be minimum
We know speed is constant. Also we are
anet  at2  a r2
seeing that radius of curvature will be
minimum at maximum point of curve because
2 curvature is small at top.
anet =  2w d  2 4d2
   w   w  1 2 Calculation of radius of curvature
 R  R

4d2
Fnet = m anet =m w  1 
R2
This force is provide by friction then

Page - 44
 d2 y v2a x ( dm) g
ay =  sin   2 T – cos = (dm) Rw2
dt 2 2  sin
At minimum value of curve radius: 2 T – (dm) g cot = (dm) Rw2

x m m
sin =1 2T– ( R 2 ) g cot  = ( R2) Rw2
 2R 2 R

v 2a mg cot  mR w 2
ay  T– 
2 2 2

v 2 v 2 2 m
R=  2 T= [R w 2  gcot ]
ay 2
v a

mg  Rw 2 
2 T= cot    Ans.
R= 2  g 
a
From equation(1) 1.93

2 kg
v2 < k g v <  Ans.
a a

1.92
a
T2 T1
m2 m1

m2g m1g

Since there is friction between pulley and string

hence tension in both side of pulley will be differ-
ent.
m2
 0
F.B.D. of differential element of length dl m1
T1– m1 g = m1 a
T1= m1 g +m1 a ...........(1)
T2 = m2 g – m2 a ...........(2)
Divide (1) by (2)
T2 m2 (g  a)
 ...............(3)
T1 m1(g  a)
Relation between T1 and T2

Equation of motion :
2T sin  – N cos = (dm) Rw2
2T  – N cos = (dm) Rw2 ........(i)
N sin  = (dm) g

( dm) g
N=
sin
Put value of N in (i)

Page - 45
 m2  g  a 
e= m  g  a  ................(8)
1  
When string start slipping
m2
a= 0 m/s and  0
m1
Put in (8)

e  0
Taking ln of both side
1
Take a differential element that substend a very  n 0 Ans.

small angle d (b)
Force equation in y direction
1 m2
d d Put value  n 0 in (8) and 
(T + dT) sin + T sin = dN  m1
2 2

dT can be neglect w.r.t. T and sin d  d g a

en 0    
g  a
d d
T T  dN
2 2 0 g  a

Td = dN   ga
Since there is slipping then friction will be kinetic
friction between pulley and string.  n  0 
a = g   Ans.
dfr = dN    n0 
From(4)
1.94
dfr =Td...........(5)
Force equation in x direction
d d
(T + dT) cos - T cos = dfr
2 2
Since is very small
sin d  d
cos d  1
dT = dfr .....................(6)
From(5)
dT = T d
T2 
dT

T1
T 
 d
0
Hence velocity along y axis is not responsible
for circular motion, only velocity along Z-axis is
T  responsible.
ln  2   
 T1 
mVZ2
T2 = T1 e  N=
R
T2 VZ = V0 cos 
 e ..................(7)
T1
mV02 cos2 
N= Ans.
From (3) and (7) R

Page - 46
1.95 
We know P  Impulse in time t

y t t


P  F dt  mgdt
0

0


x P   mg t Ans.

(b)
 
V0 . g  V0 gcos(90  )
x = a sin wt  
V0 . g  V0 gsin 
d2 x  
ax = 2 = – aw2 sin wt  V0 . g
dt  V0 sin 
g
y = b cos wt

d2 y 2V0 sin 
ay  = – bw2 cos wt 
T
dt 2 g
  
a net  a x ˆi  a y ˆj
 V0 . g  
2
g 2V0 . g
= – a w2 sin wt î - bw2 cos wt ĵ T  =
g g2
 
F  manet
Momentum change in complete journey
 
F   mw 2 [a sin wtiˆ  b cos wt ˆj] .............(1) P   mgT
  
r  xiˆ  yjˆ  a sin wt ˆi  bcos wt ˆj   V0 . g
P   2m Ans.
From (1) and (2) g
 
F   mr w 2 Ans. Method : 2 (Kinematic)
 (a)
where r  xiˆ  yjˆ position vector of particle
y
F = mrw2
V0
r x 2  y 2

F = mw2 x 2  y 2 Ans. 
x

1.96 
V0  V0 cos  ˆi  V0 sin ˆj
Method : 1 (Impluse equation)

(a) Vf  V0 cos  ˆi  (V0 sin   gt)jˆ

Where Vf = final velocity vector then

  
P  mVf  m V0

P  m g t ˆj Ans.

(b)
 
V0 . g  V0 gcos(90  )
 
V0 . g  V0 gsin 

Page - 47
   S    3
 V0 . g a  t2 t 
 V0 sin   dt 
g  dS 
m  2 
 dt 
3  
0 0 0 

2V0 sin   a  3 . 4 
T S   
g m  6 12 
 
 V0 . g a 4
2   S
g 2V0 . g m 12
T  =
g g2 a 4
S Ans.
Momentum change in complete journey 12m

P   mgT 1.98
  F  F0 sinwt
 V0 . g
P   2m Ans.
g F0 dV
a sin wt 
m dt
1.97 V t
F
 dV  0 sin wt dt

m
0 0

F0
(a) V [1  cos wt]
  mw
F  mw
S t
  F
m w  at    t  ds  0 [1  cos wt] dt
 mw 
 0 0
 at    t 
w F0 1
m  
S t  w sin wt 
 mw  
w = linear acceleration
  F0
 dV a S [tw  sin wt] Ans.
w  [ t  t 2 ] mw 2
dt m

V
 a  t  t  
 dV    t dt  t 2 dt 
  ;
m 
0 0 0 

 a   t 2 3 


V   
m  2 3 
0

 a 3
Distance will be increasing function w.r.t. time.
V 1.99
6m F = F0 cos wt
  a 3
Pf  mV  F0
Ans. a= cos wt
6 m

a 2
(b) w     t  t  dv F0
m = cos wt
dt m

V
 a  t t  Calculation of time for first time stop
 dV    tdt   t 2 dt 
  Intial and final both velocity will be zero
m 
0 0 0 

 a  t 2 t3 
V    
m  2 3 

Page - 48
 0 t rt

F V  V0 e m ..................(1)
 dV = 0 cos wt dt
0
m 
0
When V=0 m/s then t   Ans.
F0 (b)
0 = sin wt F  rV
mw
sin wt = 0 wt =  rV
a
m

t= Ans.
w dV rV
V  (  ) sign because
Calculation of distance travell before first time dx m
stop velocity is decreasing
Intial and final both velocity will be zero
S
V r
V
F0
t
V0
dV  
m
dx 
 dV  m  cos wt
0 0
0

r
F0 V  V0   x
m
V = m w sin wt ..........(i)
r
V  V0  x ................(2)
s t m
F0
 ds  m w  sin wt dt
0 0
At final position V=0
Put this value in equation (2)
F0 m
S = m w 2 (1-cos wt) x V0 Ans.
r
(b)

Put t = in distance equation V0
w Put V  equation (1)

2F0
S= Ans.
m w2 V0 
rt
 V0 e m
From (i) , velocity will be maximum when 
when sin wt =1
rt
F0 n   
m
Vmax = m w Ans.
m
1.100 t n  
r
(a)
F  rV V0
Put V  equation (2)
rV 
a
m
V r
 V0  x
dV rV  m
  (  ) sign because
dt m
 V m
velocity is decreasing x   V0  0 
   r
V t
dV r

V0
V

m
dt 
0 Average velocity=
Displacement x

Time t

 V  rt
n  
 V0  m

Page - 49
  V  V  h
 V0  m 0
 V0   t =  V V 0  V Ans.
   r V0    1 n 0
V0
Average velocity= m = n 
n      1.102
r

Ans.

1.101

Calculation of distance travell

h Suppose at time t distance travel is x then
F = mg sin – kmg cos 
V0 V F = mg sin – axmg cos 
mw = mg sin - ax g cos 
Where w = acceleration of block
w = g sin  – ax g cos .........(i)
F  v2
v dv
F = – kv 2 where k is any constant = gsin – ax g cos 
dx
kv 2
a= 0 xm
m
V t
 v dv   (gsin   axgcos )dx
0 0
dv k
v
V0
2

m
dt 
0 axm2gcos 
0= ( g sin ) xm –
2
1 V kt
 2 g s in 
V V0 m xm =
a g cos 
1 1 kt
– V  V  m 2
xm  tan  Ans.
0 a
 V0  V  m Calculation of maximum velocity
  = t ..............(i) It will be maximum when
 V V0  k dv
 0 = w=acceleration
Calculation of constant k dt
kv 2 From (1)
a= 0 = g sin  – ax g cos 
m
gsin=axgcos
dv kv 2 1
v  x= tan 
dx m a
From(2)
kv 2 dx 1
tan 
v dv = vmax a
m
V h

0
v dv  
0
(gsin   a x gcos  )dx
m dv
 V =  k  dx 2
Vmax 1  agcos   1 
2
V0 0 = g sin   tan     tan  
2 a  2 a 
V gsin2  g
m n  kh Vmax   sin  tan 
V0 Ans.
acos  a
m V
k= n
h V0
Put in (i)

Page - 50
1.103 ma = mg + kv 2
kv 2
a=g+
m
v dv mg  kv 2
– =
K = friction coefficient ds m
Block start sliding when – mv dv = (mg + kv 2) ds
F = at1 = k m g 0 h
mv dv
t1 =
kmg
.................(1)  mg  kv 2 
  ds
a v0 0

t = t - t1 m KV02  mg
h n ............(i)
2k mg
t=0 t = t1 t=t
Downward Journey of particle
After this time , block start sliding then
Suppose acceleration of block after sliding start
is w then
mw = at – kmg
Assuming t=t1 + t.............(2)
mw= a(t1 + t)–kmg=at1 +a t – kmg
From (1) Fnet = mg- kv 2
mw= a t ma= mg- kv2

a mg  kv 2 dv
w= t a= v
m m ds
v t v h
a mv dv

0
dV 
m 
0
t d( t)
 mg  kv 2 
  ds
0 0

a m mg
V= t 2 h n
2m 
2k mg  kv 2
s t
a From(1) and (2)
 ds   t 2 d( t)
2m m KV02  mg m mg
0 0 n  n
2k mg 2k mg  kv 2
a
S=  t 3
6m v0
v = Ans.
KV02
a 1
From (2) S (t  t1 )3 Ans. mg
6m
1.104 1.105
Upward journey of particle (a)
v=0

h
V0

Both mg and air drag will act in downward

direction as below F.B.D.

Position vector of particle at time t when it

rotate by angle

r  r cos  ˆi  r sin  ˆj

r̂  cos  ˆi  sin  ˆj
Fnet = mg + kv 2
 = wt

Page - 51

F  Frˆ  F(cos  ˆi  sin  ˆj)
1.106
 F
a  [cos  ˆi  sin  ˆj]
m

v t t
 F F
 dv  (cos wt)dt ˆi 
 (sin wt)dtjˆ

m m
0 0 0

 F
V [sin wt ˆi  (1  cos wt) ˆj]
mw
 F
V  (sin wt)2  (1  cos wt)2 K = tan  = friction coefficient
mw When = W net tangential acceleration
 2F W x = Acceleration in x direction
Speed= V = sin wt Ans. Acceleration in velocity direction
mw 2
(b) mgsin  cos   kmgcos 
W 
Distance is calculated by speed m
ds 2F W = g (sin cos – K cos )
V sin wt
dt mw 2 Put value of K = tan 
W x = g sin [cos – 1].........(i)
s t Acceleration in x direction
2F
 ds  sin wt dt
mw 2 mgsin   kmgcos  cos 
0 0 W x=
m
2F wt t Put value of K = tan 
S= – 2
 2cos W x = g sin [1 – cos ]......(ii)
mw 2 0 From (i) and (ii) : W  = – W x
dV d Vx
S=
4F 
2 
1  cos
wt 
.......(1)  dt
  dt
mw  2 
V= -Vx +C............(iii)
Velocity of particle will be zero for successive At t = 0
stops V= V0 and Vx = 0
V0 =0+C
2F wt C= V0
0= sin From (iii)
mw 2
V= – Vx + V0 ............(iv)
wt Also from figure
sin =0 Vx = Vcos ..........(v)
2
From (iv) and (v)
2 V0
t= V= Ans.
w 1  cos 
1.107
2
put value of t = in (1)
w
4F
S= (1 - cos )
mw 2
8F
S=
mw 2
Distance 8F / mw 2
Average speed = 
Time 2 / w
4F
Average speed = Ans.
 mw

Page - 52
 Where mw0= Psuedo force because observer at
sphere
mV02
 mgcos 0 – m w0 sin 
R
V20 = Rg cos – R w0 sin .........(i)
Using work energy theorem equation
W all forces = Kf – Ki
W psuedo + W mg = Kf – Ki
Tangential force on system is F then 1
m w0 R sin + mg [R - R cos ] = m V02
2
F=  (d m ) g sin    ( R d  ) g s in  V02  2w 0 R sin + 2gR [1-cos ] .........(ii)
From (i) and (ii) :
f
 V 2 

F=  R g sin  d 
0
V02  2R  0  + 2 gR
 R 
f
F = – Rg cos  R
0 V02  2g
3
   
F= Rg 1  cos  R   2Rg
   V0 = Ans.
3
F= Rg 1  cos f  Put value of V0 in equation (1)
    3
F= Rg 1  cos    2   5  g 
  R  cos 0 
2
3 1     
Rg      
a= 1  cos   
m   R 
 w0
Where   Ans.
 Rg     g
a=
 1  cos  R   1.109
  

gR    
a= 1  cos    Ans.
   R 
1.108

1 K
Given F  n
F
r rn
R Where K = Constant.
w0 = acceleration
A particle is said to steady if we displace particle
away from origin, particle want to regain its posi-
tion and also it we displaced particle toward ori-
gin, particle want to regain its original position.
At time of break off, normal reaction will be zero. Then from rotating frame have same angular speed
F.B.D. of particle from frame of hemispher as particle using centrifugal force
mV 2 K
Fnet = – n
r r
At equalibrium Fnet =0 and V  V0
mw0 R K mV02
 R
 n = .............(i)
r r
If we increases r then for stable equalibrium
V0

mg

Page - 53
 Fnet <0 1.111*
mV02 K
 n
0
r  dr  r  dr 
1 n
mV02  r  dr   K r  dr   0
1 n
mV02  dr  K dr 
1   n 1  0
r  r  r  r 
Using bionomial expression
mV02  dr  K  dr 
 1    n 1 n   0
r  r  r  r 
Here point A is target and distance between A
mV02 mV02 dr K K dr
   n 0 and B is x0 = 1 km = S
r r r rn rn r
From(1) Since horizonal velocity of bullet is v then time
dr dr
 n 0 x0 S
r r in which target kill : t =  ..............(1)
n<1 Ans. V V

1.110
Because horizontal velocity is not afficted by grav-
ity.
We know that earth is non inertial frame and it is
rotating about y axis with angular velocity w. A
frame attached with point B of earth, if we see the
there is required corilious force from this frame,
Y

R
it provide corilious acceleration
 N   

m(R sin w
2 | acor |  | 2W  V |  2V sin  .................(2)
 
This direction is perpendicular to the plane of W
 Y mg

and V .

1 
Now displacement (x) = | a | t2 =
At steady state 2 cor
mg sin  = m (R sin ) w2 cos 
2
1 S
g x= (2V sin )  
cos = . 2 V
Rw 2

Case (i)
 S2 
x  sin   7cm Ans.
g  V
If Rw2 > g then cos  is defined and  
Rw 2
1.112*
only one equilibrium position will be exist and will
be steady.
Case (ii)
If Rw2 < g then cos  is not defined, here only
cos  = 0o will be equilibrium position because
tangential fore along arch of ring due to mg will be
greater than that of centrifugal force and object
will come at lower position of ring.

Page - 54
 d2 r
2
 rw 2
dt

dv
V = rw2
dr

V r

 V dv  r w 2 dr

V0 0

V2 - V20 = r2 w2
V2= V20 + r2 w2

V= V02  r 2 w 2

If a particle on rod OA moving with velocity V to- Coriolis force (F) =m [2V W] = 2 m V02  r 2 w 2

ward centre and also rotating with angular veloc-

2
ity W. V 
F = 2 mr w 2 1  0  = 2.8 N Ans.
 wr 
d2r
Radial acceleration(ar) =  rw 2 1.114*
dt 2 CONCEPT:
Velocity of particle w.r.t. with the help ve-
locity of rotatory frame
   
Tangential acceleration(ar) = r  + 2V'  W  
V p  E  Vrot    R ................(1)
Velocity of particle relative to rod OA
In questionsradial velocity is constant and equal Net virtual or fictitious force from non-iner-

d 2r tial reference frame K ' which rotates with

'
to V then 0. 
a constant angular velocity  about an axis
dt 2 
Then radial acceleration (ar) = 0 - rw2 translating with an acceleration W0 will be
Since w is constant     
dw 
Finertial   mW0  mR 2  2m V   ......(2) 
= = 0 
dt
where R is the radius vector of the point
Tangential acceleration (at) = 0 + 2 V ' w mass relative to the axis of rotation of the

Fnet  m rw 2 ˆi - 2m V ' w kˆ  mg ˆj . K ' frame. Where V is relative velocity..
(a)
2 2 2 2 Suppose velocity of particle w.r.t disc is V then
Fnet  (mr w )  (2mv ' w)  (mg)
acceleration of particle with respect to disc is a
then
Fnet  m g2  r 2 w 4  (2v 'w)2 = 8 N. Ans.
V2
a= ...................(3)
R
1.113* Calculation of V:
W
W
m
B
A r V
 
Coriolis acceleration( aco )= 2 V  W = 2V W
Radial acceleration:

d2r
ar   rw 2
dt 2
When particle will be at furtherest distance from
Since there is no force along radial direction axis then it will at point P.
ar = 0 According to question, net virtual force at this in-
stant will be zero.H

Page - 55
       be no effect of rotation of sphere on particle from
Finertial   mW0  mR 2  2m V   = 0   inertial frame
  At time of break off
Here W0  0 Then
mv 2
mg cos  = ............(i).
0  m2 R 2  2mV  R
Using energy conser vation
V   R
From(3) 1
mv 2  mgR(1  cos ) .........(ii)
2
a  R 2 Ans.
From (i) and (ii)
(b) 2
cos  
When particle will be at r distance from axis 3
     From(1)
Finertial   mW0  mR 2  2m V    
2gR
V2  ..............(3)
3
(a)

   
Finertial  mR 2  2m V   
   
Finertial  m R 2  2 V    Centrifugal force (FC) = mrw2
 2 2 4
Finertial  m  r    2V  
2
 4rV  3 cos = mR cos w2 = mR W 2 1 
9
..............(4)
5
Here 2R cos   r = m R W2 Ans.
9
r
cos   (b*)
2R  
r Coriolis force (FCO)= 2m Vr    
Put value of cos   in equation (4)
2R If reference frame fixed with sphere then velocity
of particle from the frame of sphere will be

2 Vr  r w kˆ  V cos  ˆi  V sin  ˆj
 2R 
Fin  mrw 2   1 Ans. 
 r    wjˆ

1.115 
FCO  2m r w kˆ  V cos  ˆi  V sin  ˆj  wjˆ 

FCO  2m  w riˆ  wV cos kˆ 
2

W
 FCO  2mw (wr)2  (V cos )2
  V
R
2gR
mg FCO  2mw (w R sin )2  cos 2 
3

Since surface of sphere is smooth then there will

Page - 56
 2 8g 1 2
FCO  mw 2R 5  Ans. h gt1
3 3w 2R 2

2h
1.116* t1 
g
(a)
Magnitude of lateral force will be given by coriolis From (1)
forces because coriolis force will be parallel to xCO t1
surface.
 dx CO  wg t 2 dt

N 0 0

v
m wgt13
x CO 
3

W E
2h
Put t1  in (1)
g

S
2wh 2h
  Xco = Ans.
3 g
Fcoriolis = m | 2 V  W | = 2 mV W sin  Ans.

(b)
    

Finertial  mR 2  2m V    0 
  
2v  w  rw 2
2v  rw
 
Angle between w and v must be parrallel
to eachother sothat cross product become zero
hence train must move from east to west
2v  rw
1
v= R w cos  Ans.
2

1.117*
W
x
H P

rot

S N
w

Suppose at time t particle at position P which is

x unit below from starting point.
Let velocity is V then
V = gt
Coriolis acceleration
aC0 = 2 v w = 2gtw
dVCO
 2gtw
dt
VCO t


0

dVCO  2g t w dt
0

VCO  gt 2 w .............................(1)

Page - 57
1.3 Law of Conservation of Energy, 1.120
Momentum and Angular Momentum
v
1.118 Ft

dr  dx ˆi  dy ˆj  dz kˆ Fr
 
dw  F.dr

2 3
w  3 dx  
1
 4 dy  3  4( 5) = – 17 Joule
2

Ans. T = as2 = k --------------(i)

OR Calculation of tangential force (Ft)
Work done of constant force Work done by force=Work done by tangential
  force (Ft)
W  F .R dw = Ft ds = dk -----(iii)
 Where dk = Change in K.E. in short time.
F  3iˆ  4 ˆj
dw dk
 Ft = 
ds ds
R  1iˆ  5 ˆj
Differentiating equation(i)
W  3  20  17 J Ans. Ft = 2as
Calculation of tangential force (Fr)
1
1.119 mv 2 = as2
2
v = a S .............(i) mv 2 = 2as2

dS = a S
1
2 dt mv 2 2as2
Fr = 
R R
s t
1
2 f net = Ft2  Fr2

0
S ds  a dt
0
2
S
1 S Fnet = 2as 1    Ans.
2S 2  at R
0
1.121
a2 2
S= t ..........(ii)
4
Put in (i)

 a  a2 t
v = a  t 
2  2

2
1 1  a2 t 
W all forces = kf - ki = mv 2 = m  
2 2  2  Using work energy theory
W all = kf – ki
W F + W mg + W frictin = kf – ki
ma4 t 2
Wall = Ans. Since particle is solwly moving then
8 ki = 0
kf 
W F + W mg + W frictin =0
W F = -– (W mg + W friction)
= – (– mgh + W friction).......................(1)
Calculation of work done of friction

Page - 58
 1.123
kx0
m2
km2g
Condition for sliding of mass m2
kx0 = km2 g ––– (i)

W friction = (– mg cos ) ds

= – mg (ds cos )
= –  mg (ds cos ) Now using work energy equation on m1
= –  mg  (dx) 1 1
= –  mg In irodov  =k Fx0 - kx02 -km1gx0 = m1v 2 -0
= – kmg 2 2
From(1)
W F = mgh + kmg = mg (h + k) Ans. 1 km1 gx0 m1v 2
F– kx02 – =
2x0 x0 2 x0
1.122
1 km gx 1
F= kx02 + 1 0  m1v 2 ............(ii)
2 x0 x0 2 x0
From equation (i)
x0 is constant , for minimum value of F , v should
be minimum and equal to zero.
1
m v2 0
2 1
kx 0
Fmin=  km1g
2
From (i)
km2 g
Fmin = + km1g
2
K = 0.15  m 
We know Fmin = kg  m1  2  Ans.
 2 
W all forces = kf - ki
W mg + W friction = 0 – 0 = 0
W friction = – W mg ........... (i) 1.124
Soppose velocity at point B is V and distance
between A and B is 1 then
V2 = 2[g sin 30o - g cos 30o] 1 ---------- (ii)
On horizontal plane
V2 = 2(g) .............(iii)
On incline plane
From (ii) and (iii)
g1 3
g   g1
2 2
2
1  When  portion of chain is hanging, chain start
1  3 sliding
 m m
W mg = mg 1 sin 30 = mg = 0.05 J ( ) g   (  )g
1  3   

From (i)
W friction = - 0.05 Joule Ans.

Page - 59
   (1  )
Instaneous power of force at time t

 P= F.v  mg v y
 .....................(1)
1 
 mg[V0 sin   gt] Ans.
1.126

Suppose at time t only x portion is at surface.

Work done by friction in next dx displacement
dw = fr (dx)
0 at = Tangential acceleration 
m ar = Radial acceleration
W 
 
 x gdx
 (a)
wn = at2

W
mg
[  ]2 v2
at2
2 R
v 2 = aRt2
mg
W=– [1  ]2 v = t aR 
2
From(1)
Put the value of  from equation (1)
dv
at   aR
 dt
W mg(1  )2
2(1  ) Ft = mat = m aR .................(2)
We know only tangential force provide work then
(1  )
W = – mg Ans. Instantenious power of force =
2
1.125 Pins =FtV = m aR  t aR  .
(a) Pinst = m a R t Ans.
Mean power of force (b)
Net work done W s t
Pavg  
Time t
Work done by force mg will be 0 because net

0
ds  aR t dt
0
displacement in y direction =0
t2
Net work done 0 S aR
Mean power =  0 2
Time Time
Ans. W
Average power (Pavg) =
(b) t
W  Ft S
Vy V Where S = Distance travelled by particle
 t2  maRt 2

W  m aR 
2 
aR  
 2
V0  

 W maRt 2 maRt
Pavg = =  Ans.
m t 2t 2

Page - 60
PAGES ARE OMITTED BY
AUTHOR………………..
 2.1 Equation of gas state process

2.1. Suppose gas is at pressure P, volume V and

tampreture T
PART: TWO Then we know
PV = nRT
If m = total mass of gas
M = molar mass of gas
THERMODYNAMICS m
PV  RT
M
Here V = constant and T = constant
Then
( m)RT
AND (  P) V =
M
M
m  ( P)V ...............(1)
RT
At NTP (Normal temperature and pressure)
MOLECULAR T0 = 0°C = 273 K
P = 1 atm = P0 = 1 × 105 N/m2
Also we know

PM   RT
M 
PHYSICS 
RT P
Then initially
M 
 0
RT P
Put in (1)


m  ( P)V
P0
P
m  V
P0
Ans.
2.2.

P1V  nRT1
P1V
n
RT1

Page - 189
  m1 m 2 
PV =    Rt
 2 4 

m1 m 2 PV
 
2 4 Rt
m 2PV
m1  2  .......(ii)
2 Rt
Total no. of mole of gas is n and due to heating
n mole of gas goes in other chamber. Now (i) - (ii)
Equation on first chamber:
m2 2PV
PV m
P2 V  (n  n)RT2n  n  2 ......(i) 2 Rt
RT2  PV 
m2  2  m  2 
Equation on second chamber:  Rt 
(P2  P)V  nRT2 Put in (i)
m1 = m – m2
 P2  P  V
n  PV
RT2 4 m
Rt
Put value of n and n in (i) :
PV
P1V  P0  P  V P2 V m1
4 m
   Rt
RT1 RT2 RT2 m2  PV 
2 m  2 
 Rt 
P1V  P0  P  V P2 V
 
RT1 RT2 RT2 PV m

 Rt 4
 1  1  P1  P m PV
P2    
 T2  T1 T2 2 Rt

P1T2 P PV m
P2   
2T1 2 Rt m 2

m PV
Increase of pressure of Vessel B 
m1 Rt
P1T2 P 1  P1T2  Ans.
P2  P      P 
2T1 2 2  T1  2.4
We know PM = RT ............. (i)
Ans. Where M = Molecular weight of mixture
2.3  = Density of mixture
Let mass of H2 gas is m1 and that of He is m2 Calculation of M
Number of moles of H2 No. of mole of N2
m1 n1= m1/M1
n1  No. of mole of CO2
2 n2 = m2/M2
Number of moles He Where M1 and M2 molecular weight of N2 and
m2 CO2
n2 
2 n1M1  n 2 M 2 m  m2
M=  1
Also m1 + m2 = m .......... (i) n1  n 2 m1 m 2
PV = (n1 + n2) Rt 
M1 M 2
Page - 190
 Put in (i)
P2 A  P1 A  mg
  mg
 m m  P2  P1 
A
P0  1 2
  RT
m m
 1 2  Similar P2'  P1'  mg / A
M M 
 1 2  Now
P (m  m 2 ) P1 = RT0
0  0 1
 m1 m 2 
   RT0
P1 
 M1 M 2  
Ans. RT
P2  0
2.5 V
(a) RT0  1 
Suppose molar mass of O2, N2, CO2 are M1, M2 P2  P1  1  
and M3. V  
PV = nRT
PV = (1 +2 +3) RT Similar
RT RT  1 
P = (1 +2 +3) P2 ' P1 '  1  
V v'   
Ans. Since
(b) P2 – P1 = P2’ – P1’ = mg/A
Total maes of mixture
M = 1M1 + 2M2 + 3M3 RT0  1  RT  1 
1    '  1  
V    V  ' 
Total mass
Molar mass of mixuture =
total no.of mole RT0    1  RT   ' 1 
   
V    V '  ' 
1M1   2 M 2   3M 3
M
1   2   3 RT ( ' 1)( ' 1)
Ans. 
(  1) '
2.6
 '    1
2

T T0
   '2  1
Ans.
2.7

Here (’ + 1) v’ = ( + 1)v ......... (i)

F.B.D. of piston
This question is based on operation of an en-
gine.
In this engine, first, piston pull right side and
during pulling piston, value is opened and gas
is filled in vacant space then value is closed.
And gas between value and piston is removed.
After that piston moves left then piston is again
Net force will be zero in process pull right way and value is opened and gas
comes with piston. This process continues.

Page - 191
 During each expansion, our system is remain- Then
ing gas and we can assume no. of mole just PV = (P + dP) (V-Cdt)
afer start pull the piston and just before end of PV = PV + VdP + CPdt + C (dP) (dt)
pull then we can use PV=constant  VdP = (CP + CdP) dt .............. (i)
But in each expansion, no. of mole inside cham-
ber will be constant. CP  CdP  CP
First stroke right Then
PV = P1(V + V) From (i)
 VdP = CPdtt
PV
P1 = .............. (i) P
dP t
V  V V   C dt
First stroke left P0
P 0
Now pressure becomes P1 and volume will be
V C
Second stroke right In P/P0 = t
P1 V = P2(V + V) V
 Ct
 PV  V Ans.
  V = P2(V + V) P  P0 e
 V  V 
2.9
PV 2 From Q : 2.8
P2 = 2 .......... (ii)
 V  V   Ct
In 3rd stroke P  P0e V

PV 3 P0 V
 Ct

P3= 3  P0 e
 V  V  
Similarly in nth stroke Ct
ln() 
PV n V
Pn = n
V
 V  V  t    ln()
According to question C
PV n P Ans.
n

 V  V   2.10

V
n In = –In 
(V  V)

In  In 
n 
 V  V   V 
In   In  1  
 V   V 
Ans.
Let assume pressure inside gas chember is P
2.8 F.B.D. of piston

Suppose at time t, pressure is P and in next dt

time dP pressre is increased.
But P + dP < P because P is decreasing func-
tion hence dP = (-) ive

Page - 192
Since process is very slow , piston always will 2.11
be approximate equlibrium. (a)
Force equation P= P0 – V2 ........... (i)
P0S +P(S-S) +m0g + (m-m0)g = PS+P0(S-S) No. of mole of gas = 1
We know PV = nRT
mg
P  P0  ...... (i) RT
S P=
After increasing T of tempreature, final V
tempreature is T + T Put in (i)
Since from (i) pressure is constant, process will RT
be isobaric. = P0 –V2
V
V
= constant P0 V V3
T T  ............. (ii)
R R
V V  V For T maximum

T T  T
dT
0
T  T V dV
 1
T V P 3V 2
0 0 
R R
 V 
T  T  
 V  P0
V
Vinitial  S1  (S  S) 2 3
Change in volume Put in (ii) :
Vinitial = Sl1 + (S - S) l2
If l2 increase, l2 decrease in same amount. P0 P0   P0  P0
Tmax  
l2 = l R 3 R  3  3
l2 = –l
Then 2P0 P0
Tmax 
Vinitial = Sl = V 3 3
Then
Ans.
  S  (b)
T  T   ........... (ii) P = P0e–V
 V 
Also RT
 P0eV
PV = nRT V
Given n =1
P0
 mg  T Ve V .........(i)
 P0   V  RT R
 S  For maximum Tempreature

T l  mg  dT
  P0   0
V R S  dV
Put in (i) Calculate V and put in (i)

(S)  mg  P0
T  Tmax 
 P0   eR
R  S 
Ans.

T  (mg  P0 S) Ans.
R

Page - 193
2.12 2.14
T = T0 + V2 ............ (i)
We know PV = nRT = RT
PV
T=
R
Put in (i)
PV
 T0  V 2 ...............(ii)
R
P  R  T0 V 1  V 
Here
For
dP P
Pmin : 0 const = C
dV n
Then from (ii)
P  Cn
0  R  T0 V 2    1
 P n
 
T0 C
V
 Also
Put in (ii) PM   RT
P T0 T 1
 T0   0  2T0  P n
R   PM    RT
C
P 1 1
 2 T0 1 RT
R  P nCn 
M
Pmin  2R T0 Differentiate :
Ans.  1  n
1 1
R
n
2.13  1   P (dP)C  dT ......... (i)
 n M
Also we know
dP= – gdh
Put in (i)
1 1
 1 n n R
  1   P C (gdh)  dT
 n M

dT (n  1) n1 n1

 P C Mg
We know dh n
PM = RT
1
(dP) M =R(dT) 1
–(gdx) M = R dT dT  n 1 n  P n
   P Mg   n
dh  n   
dT gM
 
dx R dT (n  1)
 Mg
dT dT  Mg dh n
  Ans.
dx dh R

Ans.
Page - 194
2.15 2.16

PM = RT
(dP) M = (d) RT ............... (i)
Also we know
We know dP = –gdz .......... (ii)
dP = –gdz Then from (i) and (ii)
dP (d)RT
  gdz
gdz M
Also 
PM = RT d Mg h
  dz
 dP    RT 0
0
PM  RT   Mgh
 gdz  
RT
  0 e
In question dz = dh
(a)
RT
PM  dP 0
gdh 
e
RT 0 
Mgh
PM  dP  0 e RT
gdh e
P h
dP Mg
P P  RT 0 dh e 1  e

Mgh1
RT
0
 Mgh
RT
Mgh1  RT
P  P0e
RT
h1 
Above earth surface Mg
h  5  103 m Ans.
2
T  27C  300K (b)
g  9.8m / s
M  78  10 –3 kg .
R  8.3   0

Put in above equation 0
P = 0.5 × 10+5 N/m2  0.5 Atm   0 (1  )
Below earth surface
Mgh 2


h  5  10 m 3 0 (1  )  0 e RT

T  27C  300K RT
g  9.8m / s 2 . h2  n(1  )
M  78  10 –3 kg Mg
R  8.3
RT
Put
h2 
Mg
P = 2 × 10+5 N/m2 = 2 Atm
Ans
Ans.

Page - 195
2.17 2.18

Suppose pressure at height x is P We know

PV = nRT
Gas equation in differential volume
x cm 
 xdm
PSdx = (dN) RT .................(1)
We know  dm
m Also we know from Q : 1.215
N
M P  P0e  Mgx /RT
dm dm
dN  P(Sdx)  RT
M M
From(1)
M MS  Mgx/ RT
 dm  dm  Sdx  P0e dx
PSdx    RT ............. (2) RT RT
M

Also we known MSP0 x  Mgx /RT
e  xe  Mgx /RT dx
dm dm  RT
dP  gdx and    x cm   0
dV Sdx MSP0  Mgx / RT
Then  RT e 0 e
 Mgx /RT
dx
  dm 
dP    g dx
 Sdx  RT
x cm 
SdP Mg
dm  ......(3)
g Ans.
Put (1) 2.19

RT  SdP 
PS dx   
M  g 
 Mg x P
dP
 dx  
RT 0 P0 P

Mgx
(a)

RT T = T0 (1-ah)
P  P0 e
From (3) : dm
Psdx  RT ........ (i)
m P M
SdP Also
 dm    g
0 P0  dm 
dP = –gdx=    gdx
S PS 
M gx
  sdx 
m (P  P0 )  0  1  e RT

g g   g
When x = h
dP   (dm)
s
Mgh
P0 S    s
m 1  e
RT
 dm  (dp)
g   g
Ans.

Page - 196
 Put in (i)
RT  s   dm 
P(Sdr)    RT
Psdx   dP  ..............(ii)  M
M g 
Also T = T0 (1-ax) RT  S 
From (i)
PS(dr)    dP
M  rw 2 
x P r P
Mgdx dP dP
0 RT0 (1  ax)  P P Mw 2  rdr  RT 
P
0 0 P0
x
Mg P Mw 2 r 2
n (1  ax)  n    RTn P
RT0 (a) 2 P0
0  P0 
MW 2 r 2
2RT
Mg P P  P0 e
n (1  ax)  n  
aRT0  P0  Ans.
2.21
Ideal gas equation
 Mg
P  P0 1  ax  aRT0 PM = RT

Assume RT
P Ans.
Mg/aRT0 = n and x = h M
P = P0 (1 – ah)n Vanderwal equation (for one mole gas)
Ans.
(b)
Similarly as above  a 
 P  2  (V  b)  RT..............(1)
 V 
P0
P M
(1  ah) n V
Ans. 
2.20  2 a  M 
P  2 
 b   RT
 M  P 

RT 2a
P  
M  M
   b
 
RT 2a
P 
M  b M 2
Force equation of dr element at r distance Ans.
dF = (dm)rw2 2.22
(a)
dF  dm  2 Using ideal gas equation
dP    rw
S  S  PV = RT
 dm  2 RT
dP    rw P1 
 S  V
Using vander wall equation
 s 
dm   2  dP  a 
 rw   P  2  (v – b) = RT
T
Also we know  v 

Page - 197
 2.24
RT a We know bulk modulus of a gas is given by
P2   2
Vb V
dP
P1  P2 B
 dv
Here V
P2
W hile compressibility is giv en by :
P1 = P2 = (1 + )
dv
RT  RT a   V   1  dV 
=   2  (1  )  
V Vb V  dP V  dP 
In vanderwall equation :

 R (1  )R   a 
a  P  2  (v  b)  RT ........(i)
T   =  (1 +) 2  v 
V Vb  V
if process is isothermal
T = constant
a Differentiate (i)
(1  )
V(1  )a(V  b)V
T   a   a 
(1  )R R V 2 R(nV  V  b  V)  dP  3 dV  (V  b)   P  2  (dV)  0
  V   V 
Vb V
a(V  b)(1  )  dP a   a 
T   3  (V  b)   P  2   0
VR(nV  b)  dV V   V 

Ans.  a 
P  2  a
(b) dP  V 

Put value of this tempreture in vanderwall equa- dV (V  b) V3
tion
dP   PV  av   a(V  b)
3
RT a 
P2 =  2 dV V 3 (V  b)
V b V
Ans.
2.23 1  V 3 (V  b) 

V  (  PV  av)  a(V  b) 
 3

 a 
 P1  2  (V  b)  RT1 ...................(i) V 2 (V  b)
 V  
(PV 3  aV)  a  b  V  ..... (ii)
 a 
 P2  2  (V  b)  RT2 ........ (ii) Put value of P from (i) in (ii)
 V 
V 2 (v  b) 2
From (i) and (ii) 
 RTV 3  2a(v  b) 2 
 TP T P 
a  V2  1 2 2 1  Ans.
 T2  T1 

 T T 
b  VR 2 1 
 P2  P1 
Ans.

Page - 198
2.25
Using ideal gas
PV = RT
2.2
V = RT P–1 The first law of
V
  RT P 2 thermodynamics,
P
RT V
Heat capacity
1  2

VP RT 2.26
From Q : 2.24
V 2 (V  b) 2

RTV 3  2a(V  b) 2
According to equation
  1
V 2 (V  b) 2 V We know that room is an open thermodynamic
3 2
 system,in which no. of molecules may change
RTV  2a(V  b) RT suppose no. of mole of gas is n. Then
PV = nRT
a Also we know Internal energy is given by :
T R Ans.
b
nRT PV
U  nC V T  
 1  1

Cp
 = constant
cv
And room pressure is also constant.
Then Internal energy inside room will constant.
U = constant
It is not depend on T.
Note:
When T increases no. of moles will be de-
creased in room and nT will be constant be-
cause PV = Constant according to question.
2.27
When vessel will stop suddenly , its directional
kinetic energy is converted into random kinetic
energy due to collision with walls of vessel hence
tempreture is increased.
Decrease in directional kinetic energy = In-
crease in internal energy of gas

1
MV 2  U
2
1
MV 2  nCv T
2
Here n=1 for one mole of gas
1
MV 2  Cv T
2

Page - 199
 2.29
1 R
MV 2  T Increase in internal energy
2  1
R
 1 U  nCv T  n T ..........(1)
MV 2   T  1
2R
Also we know
Ans.
PV = nRT
2.28 P0V
nR 
T0
Put value of nR in (1)
PV
0 T
U   Ans.
Due to valve open gases will transfer from high
T0  1
pressue to low pressure sotaht final pressure Q  U  W
and final tempreture will be same everywhere.
Since vessel is closed hence work done by gas
Let final pressure and tempreture are P and T.
will be zero.
W  0
Q  U
P0V  T
Since vessel is adiabatic and closed, internal Q  Ans.
energy of system will be conserve. T0   1
Ui  U f 2.30
We know
n1CvT1  n2CvT2  n1CvT  n2 CvT Q  U  W
n1T1  n2T2 Also we know
 T ..........(1)
n1  n2 P V
U  nCv T 
Also we know  1
In isobaric process
PV
1 1  n1 RT1
W  PV  A
PV Then
n1  1 1
RT1 PV
Simliarly
Q   W
 1
PV
2 2
n2  A
RT2 Q  A
 1
Put values of n1 and n2 in eqution (1)

Q  A Ans.
T1T2 ( PV
1 1  PV
2 2)  1
T
PV
1 1T2  PV 2 2T1 2.31
Ans. We know
Caculation of pressure Q  U  W .........(1)
P(2V )   n1  n2  RT Also we know

Put value of T then R

U  nCv T  T Ans.
PV  PV  1
P 1 1 2 2 Also in question
V1  V2
Ans.
Q  Q

Page - 200
 Put values of 2.33
U and  Q in (1)
RT n1C1v  n2C2v
W  Q  Cv (mixture) 
 1 n1  n2
Ans.
2.32
n1C1p  n2C2p
C p (mixture) 
n1  n2
Initial tempreture = T0
Isochoric process C p (mixture)
 (mixture) 
Cv (mixture)
P1 T1

P2 T2 n1C1p  n2C2p
 (mixture)  ..........(1)
P0 T n1C1v  n2C2v
 0
P0 T2 We know
n
T R
T2  0 Cv 
n  1
Heat given in isochoric process
R R
Cp  R
Q1   Cv T
 1  1

T  For O2 adiabatic exponent is  1 and number

Q1   Cv  0  T0  ................(1)
n  of mole is  1 and that of CO2 is  2 and num-
Isobaric process
ber of mole is  2
Heat given in isobaric process
Then
Q1   C p T
R R
 T  C1v  v
; C2 
Q2   C p  T0  0  .................(2) 1 1  2 1
 n
 1R  2R
Total heat given C1p  p
; C2 
Q  Q1  Q2  1 1  2 1
Put all values in (1) and solve

T   T   1 1   2  1   2 2  1  1
Q   Cv  0  T0    C p  T0  0   (mixture) 
n   n  1   2  1   2  1  1
 T  Ans.
Q    C p  Cv   T0  0  2.34
 n 0
For N 2
 T 
Q   R  T0  0 
 n0 7
n1   0.25
28
 1 
Q   RT0 1   5
 n0  C1v  R
2
Ans. 7
C1p  R
2

Page - 201
 For Ar P 
PV
0
 P0 
 xSP0
20 V  xS V  xS
n2   0.5 Force applied by person to move piston slowly
40
 xS 2 P0
3 F  PS 
C2v  R V  xS
2 Work done by by this force
5
C2p  R
2 x x  xS 2 P0 2
x S P
0
W   Fdx   dx   xdx
0 0 V  xS 0 V  xS
n C v  n2C2v
Cv (mixture)  1 1
n1  n2  V  xS 
0 n 
W  P0 Sx  PV  ..........(1)
Put all above values  V 
Where Sx is increase in volume then
5 3
0.25 R  0.5 R
2 2 Sx  nV  V   n  1 V
Cv (mixture) 
0.25  0.5 Put in (1)
1.375R 1.375  8.3 J
   15.21 0 n  n 
W  P0  n  1 V  PV
0.75 0.75 mol.K
Also PV
0  RT
But in irodov ans is in per gram at place of
Then
per mole
Then W  RT  n  1   n( n )  Ans.
Molar mass of system(M)
2.36
nM n M Suppose at time t , piston moves by x distance
M 1 1 2 2
n1  n2 in right side.
Since T = constant
0.25  28  0.5  40 In left part
M  36 gm
0.25  0.5 PV
1 1  PV
2 2
Then upper ans is for 36 gram then for 1
gram 0 0  P1 V  xS 
PV
15.21 J PV
0 0
Cv (mixture)   0.42 Ans.
P1 
36 g .K V  xS
In right part
Similiar calculation is made of C p ( mixture ) PV
1 1  PV
2 2

J 0 0  P1 V  xS 
PV
C p (mixture)  0.65 Ans.
g .K PV
0 0
P1 
2.35 V  xS
Suppose at time t , piston moves by x distance
. Suppose P is change in pressure
Since T = constant
 1 1 
PV
1 1  PV
2 2
P  P2  P1  PV
0 0  
 V0  xS V0  xS 
PV
0   P0  P V  xS 
2xSPV0 0
Here P is change in pressure. P 
V0  x 2 S 2
2

Force applied by person to move piston slowly

Page - 202
 2xS 2 PV n 1
F  PS  0 0
  1
V02   xS 
2 Q
 n  n 
 RT0
Work done by by this force
Ans.
x x 2 xS 2 PV
0 0 2.38
W   Fdx   2
dx ..........(1)
0 0
V02   xS  (a)

Suppose final volume of left part is V1

2V0
V1  V0  xS 
 1
2V0
xS   V0
 1
1  0 V0 (b)
x
 1 S
Put in (1)

   1 2 
0 0 n 
W  PV  Ans.
 4 
2.37
Heat given in isothermal process
V2
Q1  W   RT0 n   RT0 n  n  2.39
V1 (a)
We know
Q1   RT0n  n  ...................(1)
PV   Const -----(i)
Suppose initial tempreture is T0 then due to
RT
volume increase , pressure will be reduced by V
P
n times in isothermal process.
Put in (i)
In isochoric process

Due to pressure increase to initial value it should  RT 
be raised by n time hence tempreture will be P  = const
 P 
increase by n times and become nT0
P1 T   Const
Heat given in isochoric process
1
R P01 T0    P0  T
Q2   Cv T    nT0  T0 
 1 1 
 1 
T  T0 Ans.
RT0  
Q2    n  1 ......................(2)
 1 (b)
Total heat given is Q then In adiabatic process

Q  Q1  Q2 W  U

work done b gas (A) =  Cv T
RT0
Q   RT0n  n 1   n  1 R   1
 1 
A  T0    T0 
  1 

Page - 203
 Here  = 1 2.41
RT0   1 
A    1 Ans.
  1 
OR
We know work done by gas in adiabatic pro-
cess
PV
1 1  PV
2 2  RT
W  
1  1 

 RT RT
A 
1  1  Work done by gas on system is zero
1
here tempreture is only increased because
   of work done by external agent.
  1 
R   T0  T0  W ext = Usystem
   Calculation of Usystem
A  
1  R
Usystem =  1   2  T
 1
Gas equation at time t
RT0   1 
A   1
  1   P0 V0 P1  V0  xs

Ans. T0 T
2.40
Adiabatic process P0 V0 T
P1 
T0  V0  xs 
R
wa =  CvT= T ..............(1)
 1 P0 V0  V  xs
 P2 0
TV  1
 const T0 T
1
V  P0 V0 T
T1  0  = T0 V0  1 P2 
   T0  V0  xs 
Force applied by extenal agent
T1  T0 1

T  T0  1  1  PV
0 0T
 1 1 
F   P2  P1  S    S
From (1)
T0  V0  xS V0  xS 

w a 

RT0 n 1  1  PV
0 0TS
 2 xS 
 1
F  
T0  V02  x 2 S 2 
Isothermal Process
Work done in displacement dx
v2
wT =  RT
T0 In T0 In( ) ------- (2)
v1 = vRT 2
2 PV
0 0TS x
dW  dx
w a RT0 n  1
1
  T0 (V02  x 2 S 2 )
w T =    1 RT0In Increase in internal enegy

w a n 1  1 dU 
1  2  R dT
w T =    1 In Ans.  1
On system
W ext = dU

Page - 204
 2P0 V0 TS 2 x   1   2  R dT RT CV T 1 2
  V
dx =

T0 V02  x 2 s2   1 M M 2
2CP T
2P0 V0 TS 2 x  v2
P V PV  RdT M
dx=  0 0 RT  0 0 RT 

T0 V02  x 2 s2   0 0   1
2CP T
x T
V=
xdx 1 dT M
s2  2
 
0
2
V   xs    1 T0 T
0 2TR
V= Ans.
 1 

   1 M

  V0  xs  V0  xs    2 
2.43
T = T0   ------ (i)
 V02  Method : 1(Basic Approach)
a
2 4V02 V=
(V0 + xs) (V0 – xs)= V.v  v  2 T
1   No. of mole of gas(n) = 1
Put in (i) a
 1 T= ..............(1)
V
    12  2

T  T0   We know
 4   Q = U + W
Ans. R
U  CV T  T -------- (2)
2.42  1
Gas has internal energy which is due it random dw = PdV
motion is converted into directional kinetic en-
ergy. w =  PdV ---------- (3)
Using Barnauli’s equation for gas particle at
PV = nRT = RT
same level
RT
1 2 dU P
P V  = const V
2 dVolume
From (1)
Where V= Directional velocity
RT aR
dU P  2
= Internal energy per unit volume V V
dVolume
Put in (2) :
dU V2
For Gas 0 aR 1
V2
1 1
dVolume w =  v 2 = aR = aR   
While for liquid v1 V V1  v1 v 2 
dU a a
0
dVolume W  R     R  T1  T2   RT
 v1 v 2 

R
T  R  T = RT
2  
Q= U + W=
 1  1
Ans.
Method : 2(Direct formula based)
We know molar heat capacity of gas
Now bernauli’s equation between (1) and (2)
nC V T 1 R
P1  0   0  V 2  0 C  Cv 
Volume 2 1 x
R T m R R
 1 2 C= + ..........(1)
V
M V volum e CVT = 2
  1 1 x
M
Here

Page - 205
 2.45
a a
V= thenT = PVn = constant --------(i)
T V We know
Ra n1 = No. of mole of gas
PV = RT  thenPV = dQ = dU + dW
V
PV2 = aR = constant n1CdT = n1CVdT + PdV ------- (ii)
Compare with PVx = const Differentiate equation (i)
x=2 nPVn–1 dV + Vn dP = 0
Then from (1)  nPdV = VdP ---------- (iii)
Also
R R PV = n1RT
C  Also differentiate this equation
1  1 2
PdV + VdP = n1RdT
R R From (iii)
C =   1 –R = 2   PdV –nPdV = n1RdT
 1
Also we know n 1RdT
PdV =
1 n
2   Put in (ii)
Q = nCT= RT Ans.
 1
n 1RdT
2.44 n1CdT = n1CvdT +
 = no. of mole of gas 1 n
dW  dU n1R
dW = KdU n1C = n1CV +
1 n
PdV = K CVdT .............(1)
Where K = constant R
C = CV +
1 n
PV   RT
R R
RT C= – Ans.
P= .............(2)  1 n 1
V
2.46
From (1)
There is propotionality relation between pres-
PdV = K CVdT
sure and volume then it will be converted in Poly-
From (2) tropic pricess then
RT PVx = const
dV = K CVdT
V P0
P0 V0 
x
 V0  x
R dV dT 
KCV  v

T x
x  V0   X V0 X
V0  =
R  
KC V In V = In T + In K1 X = 
Where K1 = constant In 
x = In 
 
n V R/KCV  n K1T 
We know molar heat capacity of polytropic pro-
R
KC V
cess is given by
V  K 1T
R R
C= +
PV   1 1 x
K1  V R /KC V
R
R R
1 R
KCV = constant C =  1 + In 
PV 1
1 R In 
KCV = n= const
In 
PVn = constant Ans. Assume = n
In 

Page - 206
 R (b) We know that work done in polytropic pro-
R
C= – cess is as
 1 n 1
PV
1 1  PV
2 2  RT
R n    W  
C = n 1  1 1 n 1 n
  
R
Ans. W = T
2.47 1 n
R R R
C= + W = T
 1 1 n 1 (1)
(a) R
Q =  CT W = T .................(3)
2
Here  = 1 Calcultion of T
Q= CT From (2)
R n    PV–1 =constant
Q = n  1   1 T
    RT 1
V   const
Ans. V
(b)
We know that work done in polytropic process T  cV 2
is as Where c = const
Initially
PV
1 1  PV
2 2  RT
W   T0  cV0 2 ..........(4)
1 n 1 n
Here  = 1 When volume increase  times
then
R 2
W = T T f  c V 0 ............(5)
1 n
Ans. From (4) and (5)
2.48
Method :1(Formula based) T f   2T0
P = V then
Initially
T  T f  Ti   2T0  T0   2  1 T0
P0  V0 .............(1)
From (2)
PV–1 = ................(2)
Compare with polytropic gas equatin R 1 2
PVn = const W=
2
 2
 1 T0 =
2
  1 PV
0 0
n = –1
(c) From (1)
Molar heat capacity of gas is given by

C=
R
+
R
------- (i) W=
 
 2  1 V02
 1 1 n 2
Ans.
(a)
R R  1 1
C= – = R  1  U =  CVT
  1 1– 1  2 
R
R 1    U = T
r 1
C = 2    1
  Ans.
Ans.

Page - 207
 Method :1(Basic Approach) (b)
(a) Also we know

PV V 2 R R R
T0  0 0
 0 C= – =
 1 x 1  1
R R
Final tempreture 2 1
=
  1 x 1
PV
0 f  2V02
Tf   2x–2 =  –1
R R
+1
x= ................(1)
2
 2V02 V02 V02 2
T  T f  T0 
R

R

R
  1 We know that work done in polytropic process
is as

R V02 2 PV
1 1  PV
2 2  RT
U   Cv T  
 1  R
  1 W 
1 x

1 x
R
  2 1  W = T
U  V  2 1 x
0 
  1  From (1)
Ans. R
W = 2  -1 T..............(2)
(b)
dw = PdV Calculation of T
V0 1 1
 2 V0 T0  V0  2 = Tf  V0  2
W =   VdV  V
V0
2 V0
1
 1 2

W =

 2  1 V02  Tf  T0  

2
Ans.  1
 
(c)   1   1
2

Molar heat capacity of gas is given by T = T0    


   
R R
C =  1 + ------- (i) From (2)
1 n
 1
 
2RT0   1  2 
1 
W =   1     
R R  1 1
C =  1 – = R  1  2  
1– 1  
 =1
R 1   
C = 2    1   1

 
1   1  
2
2RT0
Ans. W =
 1     
2.49  
Method :1(Formula Based)
 1
(a) 2RT0  
1   
2
dQ = –nCvdT W = Ans.
 1  
Here molar heat capacity is C then
Method : 2(Basic Approach)
nCdT= –nCvdT
(a)
R
C = –Cv = Ans. d Q = nCvdT
 1
nCdT = –nCvdT
R
C=
 1

Page - 208
 Ans. Compare with PVx = Const
(b)

Also we know x=
 1
d Q = nCvdT + PdV (b)
-(nCvdT) = nCvdT + PdV
R R
PdV = –2nCvdT C= 
Also we know  1 x 1

nRT R R R
P= C= – = +R(1–)
V  1   1
1
 1
nRT R
dV =  2n dT Ans.
V  1
(a)
   1 dV dT  R 
2
 V
=  T dW =    dT
 x  1
 1
  In V = In KT R
 2  W = T =  R(1 –)T

1
1
 1  1
KT  V 2
Here  = 1
1
1 W = R(1–) T
2
TV  = const Ans.
K
2.51
 1
2 = const U = aV .................(1)
TV We know that
Ans.
(c) PV  RT
U= =
 1   1
 2nR
dW = –2nCvdT =   1 dT Then from (1)
PV
 2nR = aV
W =   1  T  1
PV1– = a(  – 1) = const
Calculate T as method : 1 and put
2RT0  1
 Compare with PVx = const
1    
2
W= x = 1– 
 1  
(b)
Ans.
2.50 R R
C= –

P =  T ------------(i)  1 x 1

PV R R R R
T= C= – = +
R   1 1   1  1 
Put in (i) Ans.
(a)

 PV  Given  CVT = U
P=   R 
  R
T = U
  1
P = P V 
 R 
   1 U
P1–= CV T =


P = C1V 1 
 R R    1 U

= const Q =  CT =   1  
PV 1   

Page - 209
 2.53
 1 1      1 U
Q =  1 
 
  1 U =  
P = P0 +
V
   1
 Q = U 1 
   – = – P + P0 
V
Ans

   1 dP = – dV
W=  Q –U = U 1 –U V2
   (a)
We know
U   1
W = dQ = dU = dU + PdV
 nCdT = nCvdT + pdV ------- (2)
Ans We know PV = nRT
2.52 PdV + VdP = nRdT
(a)
 -dV 
T = T0 eV PdV + V  2  = nRdT
 V 
dT = T0 eV dV

PdV + dV = nRdT
dT V
dV= ...............(1)
T0 eV From (1)
We know PdV + (P0– P) dV = nRdT
dQ = dU + dW ------- (2) P0dV = nRdT
nR
PV =  RTT dV = P dT
0
PdV + VdP =  RdT ---------- (3)
Put in (1)
Also we know
   nRdT
PV nCdT = nCvdT +  P0  V  P
T
R 0

Here T = T0 eV R   R
C=   1 +  P0  V  P
0
PV
= T0 eV
R   
R
C =   1 +R  1  VP 
RT0 V  0 
P= e
V
Now from (1) R R
C =   1 + VP
0
RT0 eV  dT  RdT
PdV =  V  =
Ans.
V  T0 e  V (b)
From (2) PV = RT
dQ = dU + dW  
 CdT   Cv dT  PdV  P0   V = RT
T
V
RdT P0 V  
 CdT =  Cvdt + V
T=
R
R P0 P0
C = Cv + Ans. T = V =  V2  V1 
V R R
R
U = CvT =   1  T

Page - 210
 P0  RT0 
U =  V2  V2  dQ = cdT =  CP  dT
 1  V 
Ans.
dW = PdV
 RT0 
=  CP  dV
V 
V2
 
W =   P 0 
V 
dV
V2 V2
V1
RT0
V2 Q = CP  dV   V
dV
V1 V1
W = P0 (V2 – V1)+ In V1
Ans. V2
Q = CP(V2–V1)+RT0In V1
Q = U + W
Ans.
P0 V2 2.55
= (V –V )+P0(V2–V1)+ In V (a)
 1 2 1 1
C = Cv + T
P0  V2  V1   V2 dQ =  CdT =  [Cv + T]dT
Q = +  In V
 1 1 dQ= CvdT +  TdT ------- (i)
Ans. Also
2.54 dQ=  CvdT + PdV --------- (ii)
(a) Compare (i) and (ii)
T = T0 + V PdV =  TdT ................(iii)
dT = dV Also we know
dT RT
dV = P=
 V
Also Put in (iii)
dQ = dU + dW RT
 CdT =  CvdT + PdV dV =  TdT
V
dV 
PdT =  dT
 CdT =  CvdT +  V R


P ln V = T+In C1
C = Cv + --------- (i) R

PV = vRT V T
e R
P RT C1
=
 V T
R = C1
Ve
RT Ans.
C = Cv +
V (b)
C = Cv + V
R
C = Cv + [T0 + V] dQ =  CdT
V
dQ = (Cv + V)dT
R RT0 dQ = CvdT +  VdT...................(1)
C= +
  1 V Also
dQ = vCvdT + PdV ...................(2)
RT0
C = CP + Compare with (1) and (2)
V PdV =  VdT
Ans.
(b) RT
dV = VdT
T = T0 + V V
dT = dV
dQ =  CdT
Here v = 1

Page - 211
 dV  dT Also we know
 V2  R  T RT
P=
1  V
 = R In C1T Put in (i)
V
R
RT 
CvdT + dV = dT
C1T  e V V T
R   RT
Te V = const  Cv  T  dT = dV
  V
Ans.
(c) dV
 (Cv   )dT =  R 
C = Cv + ap T V
PdV =  apdT CV dT dT dV
 –   2 = –R 
 dV  a  dT T T V
V=  aT + C1 
For 1 mole gas Cv In T+ = –R In KV
T
 =1
V = aT + C1
V-aT = C1 = constant
C

In T V   KV 
R
  T
Ans. R
2.56 T CV  KV   e   / T
(a) T CV V R e / T = const
dQ  dU  dW CV R
 PV 
 CdT   Cv dT  PdV  VR e PV = const
 R 
 CV  R R
 dT   Cv dT  PdV PV CV
e PVCV = const
T
 1
Here  =1 then = const
PV e PV

 Ans.
dW  dT  Cv dT
T 2.57
T0 T0
We know vanderwall gas equation

W   PdV   dT  C V dT  a 
T0
T T0  P  2  (V–b) = RT ---------- (i)
V
W =  In  –CvT0( – 1)
W =  dW   PdV
R
W = In – T ( – 1) From (1)
 1 0
Ans. RT a
P= 
(b) V  b V2
 V2
C=  RT a 
T W =   V  b  V 2  dV
V1 

dQ =  CdT =  dT
T V2  b  1 1
Also we know W = RT In V  b +a   
1  V2 V1 
dQ= CvdT+pdV
Then Ans.
2.58*

 dT= CvdT+pdV (a)
T Internal energy of one mole gas
Here  =1 then
a
 U = CvT – V
CvdT + PdV = dT ---------- (i) M
T

Page - 212
 Here V M = Volume of 1 mole gas at –dU = PdV
tempreture T a RT a
–(CvdT + 2 dV)=[
 2 ]dV
a v V b V
U1  CV T 
V1 CV dT dV
– =
a RT V b
U2  CV T 
V2 CV
– InTK = In(V –b)
R
a a  1 1
U = U2 –U1 =  =a    ..........(1) V –b =  TK 
– CV / R
V1 V2  V1 V2 
Ans. V - b = T –CV /R  K –CV /R
(b)
We know V  b TC V /R
 K – C V /R
R /C V
 n2 a  T  V  b = const
 P  (V – nb) = nRT
T
V 2  Ans.
Here n = 1 (b)
dQ = CvdT + PdV
 a 
 P  2  (V – b) = RT
T a
V CPdT = CvdT + dV + PdV ---------- (i)
v2
RT a Also
P= 
V  b V2  a 
 P  2  (V – b) = RT ---------- (ii)
V
V2 2 V
RT a RT a
W =  V  b –  V2 dV
dV P= 
V1 V1 V  b V2
Given that P=constant(Isobaric process)
V2  b 1 1 Differeniate(ii):
= RT In V  b +a  V  V  . ............(2)
1  2 1
 a   a 
Now  P  V 2   dV  0    V  b   0  V 3 dV   RdT
   
Q = dW + U
From (1) and (2)   V  b a
adV + PdV + dV = RdT
V 3
V2
V2  b 1 1  1 1
Q=RTIn V  b +a  V  V  +a   
1  2 1  V1 V2  adV abdV a
  PdV  2 dV = RdT
V2 V3 V
V2  b
Q = RTIn V  b abdV
1 PdV = RdT– .............(iii)
V3
Ans.
2.59* Put in (i)
(a) a ab
CPdT = CVdT + 2 dV+ RdT –
dV
 a  v V3
 P  2  (V – b) = RT ------ (i)
V a dV ab dV
CP– CV = R+ –
V 2 dT V 3 dT
a
U = CVT– ----------------- (ii)
V  a ab  dV 
CP– CV = R+  2  3   -------------- (iv)
a  V V  dT 
dU = CvdT + dV From (iii) :
v2

For adiabatic process

dQ = 0 = dU + pdV

Page - 213
 2.61*
dV R
 We Know
dT ab
P 3 Q = U +W
V Calculation of U
From (iv)
 2a
  U1 =  CVT–
V1
 a ab   R 
CP –CV = R+  2  3   
V V  ab   2a
P  3 U2 =  Cv T–
 V  V2

R
CP – CV =
2  1 1
2
1  2a  V  b U =  a  v  v 
3
RTV  1 2 

Ans. Calculation of W
2.60* w =  PdV = zero
We know
dQ = dU + dW Because work done against Vaccum is zero
Here dW = 0 Q = U + W
dQ = 0 2  1 1
Then dU = 0 Q =  a  v  v 
Ui = Uf  1 2 

2  v 2  v1 
Q =  a  v v 
 1 2 
Ans.

 2a 2a
 CvT1  =  CVT2–
v1 v 2  v1

 1 1
Cv (T2 –T1) =  a   
 v1  v 2 v1 

 v 2 
CvT =  a  v v  v 
 1  1 2


av 2
T = C v v  v
V 1 1 2

vav 2  r  1
T= Rv v  v
1 1 2

Ans.

Page - 214
2.3 mRT
Kinetic theory of gases, P=
MV
Boltzmann’s law and Put in (i)
maxwell’s distribution    1 mRT
Pf
MV
Ans.
2.64
2.62 Suppose no. of moles per unit volume of He is
We know : P = nKT n1 and that of N2 is n2.
Where n = No. of gas particles/ volume Also molar mass of H1 and N2 are M1 and M2 .
We know
P Density of mixture = Total mass/ Total volume
n
KT m1  m2
Put values   1   2
v

P 4  10–15 1.01 105

  1   2
n  / m3  1105 / cm3
KT 8.3  300   n1M 1  n2 M 2 
6.023  1023
Also
Ans.
Since in 1 cm3 volume no. of molecules are 105 P  nKT   n1  n2  KT
One molecules occupied volume is = 10–5 cm3
This volume will be like cube then side of cube P
is  n1   n2 ..................(2)
KT
1 5 1
</>= v 3
 10 3

 10 5  3
cm From (i) and (ii)
 P 
</>= 10  10 6  3 cm = 10
1
  1
3
 10 2 cm = n1M1 + 
KT
 n1  M2

–2
l = 2×10 cm = 0.2 mm
 PM2   
Ans.    KT  M  KT
2.63 n1    2
M1  M2 M1
Suppose initial no. of molecules of gas is 1 1
M2
then
PV =  i RT
T P 

 i =PV/RT
T KT M2
n1 
No. of (molecules + atoms) in gas finally : M
1 1
PV PV M2
(1 – )  2
RT RT Ans.
Due to dissociation. no. of particle is increase 2.65
by 2 times
PV
v f = ( +1) ,
RT

PV
Pf V   f RT    1 RT
RT
Pf    1 P
Momentum transfer is one collision = 2 mvcos
Calculation of initial pressure(P) o. of molcuels collides per second = (VA)
m  dP 
PV  RT   = V(2mvCos)A
M dt

Page - 215
 F = 2mV2ACos 2.68*
F/A = P = 2mv 2Cos i
Ans. Kinetic energy (K.E.) = KT ...........(1)
2
2.66
We know i = no. of translational digree of freedom
+ no. of rotational digree of freedom
P +2 (no. of vibration DOF)
Vs = Vsound = For Linear N-atomic molecules

i = 3 + 2+ 2 (3N -5)
Vs2P 2 = 6N - 5
  1 Form(1)
P i
W here i = modes of degree of f reedom  6N  5 
to contribute energy. KE = 
2 
5
 KT = 3N  2 KT 
2 VS2  Network (non linear atomic)
 1
i P i = 3 +3 +2 (3N – 6) = 6N +6 –12 = 6N – 6

2 1
i K.E. =  6N  6  KT = 3(N–1) KT
V  2 2
S
1 Ans.
P
2.69*
Put values Molar heat capacity (C) at constant volume
i=5
Ans. R i
C = Cv= = R
2.67  1 2

RT 2
v=   1
M i
(a)
3RT Diatomic gas
v rms 
M i = 3 + 2 +2 (3 × 2 – 5) = 7
7
V  C= R
 ...............(1) 2
Vrms 3
Ans.
Here
2 9
2 2  = 1+ 
  1   1  ..............(2) 7 7
i i Ans.
(b)
v 1 2  2  i
i  Linear N atomic gas
vrms = 3 3i i = 3 + 2+ 2 (3N –5) = 6N –5
Ans.
6N – 5
(a) C= R Ans.
For Monoatomic gas 2
i=3 2 6N  3
 = 1 
v 5 6N  5 6N  5
 Ans.
v rms 9
(c)
Ans. Non linear -N-atomic
(b) i = 3 + 3 + 2 (3N –6) = 6N –6
For Rigid diatomic gas
Vibrational mode will be not active 6N – 6
C= R = 3(N –1) Ans.
i=5 2

v 25 7 2 6N  4 3N  2 N  2 / 3
    1 = = 
v rms 35 15 6N  6 6N  6 3N  3 N1
Ans.
Ans.

Page - 216
2.70*
For isobaric process  PV 
P   = const
dQ = nCPdT  nR 
dW = nRdT 1
Pv 2 = const
dW R Pv x = const
Ratio = 
dQ CP x = 1/2
CP = R + CV Also
From Q.2.69 R R
C= 
6N  5  1 x 1
CV = R (For linear)
2
R R
C
6N  5  6N  3 R 3  1 x 1
CP = R + R= = (2N –1) R
2 2 2
1 C 1
 
Rx2 2 1  1 R x 1
Ratio = 3  2N – 1 R  3  2N  1   3N  3 / 2
1 C 1
Ans.  
2 R x 1
For CV = 3( N –1)R (For nonlinear ) 1  1
CP = R +3 (N –1) R = (3N –2) R i

R 1 C 1 
Ratio =  3N  2  3N  2 i = 2   
R x  1
Ans. Ans.
2.71 2.73
CV = 0.65 3 5
CP = 0.91 1 R   2  R
CV(mix) = 2 2
CP 0.91 2 1   2
   1
C V 0.65 i
31R  5 2R R
2 0.91 0.26 CV(mix) = 2         1
 1  1 2
i .65 0.65
2  1  2 
0.65 2  65  – 1 = 3  5
i = 2 ×  =5 1 2
0.26 26
Calcalation of molar mass
We know 21  2 2
R = 8.3 joule/ mole K  1
31  5 2
CP – CV = 0.91 – 0.65 = 0.26 J/gK
For 1 gm, value of CP – CV is 0.26 51  7 2
For 1 mole, value of CP – CV is 0.26 M 
31  5 2
where M is molar mass then
0.26 M = 8.3 Ans.
M = 32 Ans. 2.74
2.72 We know
(a) RT
CP = R + CV P=
M
i
CV = CP – R = R R
2 P = T ----------- (i)
M
 CP  Calculation of T
i=2   1
 R  1
nCVT = mv 2
Ans. 2
(b)
PT = const

Page - 217
 1 mv 2 From (i) T2 2 V1 1  T2 V21
T = 2 nC
V  1
 V2 
Put in (i)    2
 V1 
R  1 mv 2  1 R v 2 v 2
P= M  2 nC  =  2
1 1
 V  2 i / 2R i  V2  i
   2
 P v M 2
 V1 

P i RT
2
2  V2  i 2
P M v   

P iRT  V1 
Ans. V2
2.75  ni Ans.
V1
(a)
3RT 2.77
v rms =
M
3RT1
Ans. Vrms =
M
3
K.E. = KT 3RT2
2
Vrms =
(b) M
Here T1 = T
3RT 3kT
Vrms = 
M m 1 T1

Where m = mass of one drop  T2
3 T2 = 2T1 ------------ (i)
4  d 4 d3 d3
m =    =  =
3  2 3 8 6  m
Q =   CVT ------------- (ii)
M
3KT6
Vrms = From (i)
d3
T1  T2 = T =  1  2  T1   2  1 T
2KT Put in (ii)
Vrms = 3
d3 m
Ans. Q =
2
C  1 T
M V
 
2.76
m i
Adiabatic process Q=
M2

R 2  1 T 
3RT1 Ans.
V1 =
M 2.78
Suppose a diatomic gas atom is in x direction
V1 3RT2
V2 = 
 M
Divide both equaions :
T1
=
T2
T1 = T2 2 ------- (i) wsq  w2  wyy2  wzz2 ............(1)
Also we know
By random motion
TV  1  const
wyy  wzz

Page - 218
 From (1) 2.80*

wsq  2 wyy2 ................(2)

Rotational kinetic energy of diatomic gas
1 1
K.E. =  yy Wyy2   zz Wzz2
2 2
According to equipartition law of energy We know of collision per second per unt area
For each degree of freedom
1
1 of wall : v = nv 
K.E. = KT 4
2
Then Where n = no. of molecules per unit volume.
1 1 We know
Iyy Wyy2  kT
2 2 TV  1  const
According to question
 1  1
I yy  I TV
i  T f V 
2
1 1 1 1
IW yy2  kT 1 i
2 2 T f  Ti  
 
KT
Wyy 
I 2

From (2)  1 i
T f  Ti   ------ (i)
 
2 KT
wsq 
I 8RT
<v>=
Ans. M
2.79
We know 1  N  8RTi N 8RTi
v1 =   =
4  V  M 4V M
TV  1  const
Then 1  N  8RTf
v2= 
 1 4  V  M
 1 V 
T0V T  
  v 2 1 Tf

v1  Ti
T  T0  1 ----------- (i)
2
Mean kinetic energy of rotational motion
v2 1  1  i
1   
K.E.= (i) KT ----------- (ii) v1    
2
Degree of freedom for rotational motion 1

i=2 v2 1  1  i
  
Then from (i) and (ii) v1    

1 1 i
K.E.  2KT0 1 v2  1  i 1
2    1 i
v1    i
2
1 1

K.E. = KT0  i
Ans.
2
i
K .E.  KT0
Ans.

Page - 219
2.81* 2.82*
We know No. of collision per second per unit area
R R 1  N  8RT
C=  
 1 x 1  
4  V  M
R R
R= i N 8RT –1 1/ 2
2 x 1 
4 M
V T  
For diatomic gas then
i = 5 then
Since  = const
5 1
1=  V–1 T1/2 = const
2 x 1
1/2
 PV 
1 3 V –1   = const
  R 
x 1 2
2 = 3x – 3 P1/2 V–1+1/2 = const
PV–1 = const
5 Compare with
x
3 PVx = const
PV5 / 3 = const x=1
R R
 RT 5/3 C=  ............(1)
V = const  1 x 1
V
Also we know
TV 2 / 3 = const
TiV 2/3 = Tf (v)2/3 2
  1 then
 1
2/3 i
Tf =Ti  
  R R
C= i
Also we know 2 1  1

1  N  8RTi Ri R R
C=   1  i
Vi =
4  V  M 2 2 2

1  N  8RTf Ans.
Vf = 2.83
4  V  M
Now 2RT
VP =
2/ 3 1/ 3 4/3
M
Vf 1 Tf 1  1 1  1  1 We know PM = RT
 = =    
Vi  Ti         
RT P

Vf  1 
4/3 M 
 ...........(1)
Vi    2P
Ans. VP =

For diatomic gas
 i 1 5 1 4
8RT
 1 i2
 1 5 2
 1 3 <v>=
    M
      
8P
Then <v>=

 i1
i 2
Vf  1 
  3RT
Vi    Vrms =
M
Ans.
3P
Vrms = Ans.


Page - 220
2.84* 2.85
(a)
dN 4  u2 2
d(f(u)) = (u) = e u du
N  2KT
VP =
m
v
Here u = v
P 3KT
Vrms =
m
dN(u)
=sum of fraction of gas molecules hav-
N 3KT 2KT
Vrms –VP = V = 
m m
 v 
ing ratio   between u to u + du
 VP  3KT 2KT
V = 
(a) m m
V  VP V m
     T 
VP
 3 2  K
V
1     1  
VP mV 2
2
T= K
 3 2 
Then sum of fraction of molecules
Ans.
1 n
4  u2 2 (b)
f(u) =  e u du
 F(u) will be maximum at maximum probable ve-
1 n
locity.
8 
f (u) = e Ans. 2KT
 VP =V =
m
(b)
V  VS mV 2
    T=
VS 2K
Ans.
V 2.86*
1     1  
Vs (a)
We know
Also
3/2
3RT  m  mv 2
2KT
F(u) =  e 4v 2
VS =
M
 2KT 
Let temp T at which for V1 and V2 , F(u) are
2RT same
VP =
M
3/2 2 3/2 2
VS 3  m  mv1
 m  mv 2

 2KT  e
2KT
4v12   e 2KT 4v 22
VP = 2  

 2KT 
Here range will be taken
VS = VP 3 same for both
2  mv12 mv 22
 v 22
V 2 e 2KT 2KT

1     1   v 12
VP 3
T

m v 22  v12 
3 V 3 v2
2
1  n  
VP 2
 1  n  4K In
v1
Ans.
3 3 / 2
From (a) integration f(u) = 12 e  Ans.
2

Page - 221
 (b)
3KTIn  m2 
 m1 
3/2 3/2 V=
 m  mv2 2KT0  m  mv2 2KT0 m2  m1
  e 4v2    e 4v2
 2KT0   2KT0  Ans.
2.89*
3kT0  ln  3/ 2
v  m 
m 2
v
m  1 f(u) =   e 2KT 4v 2
 2KT 
Ans. Here v = constant
But T is varibale
2.87 Then for f(u) maximum
2RT 2KT df  u
VP = = =0
M m
dT
2KT 3/2 m 2
 3 / 2  2KT v 
vNP   m 
mN f(u) = 
 2K   T e  4v 2

2KT
vPo  df  u
m0 0
dT
2KT 2KT 
mv2 1
T  mv2  
2
mv 1
T  3 
v NP  v Po = v =  0  T3/2 e   1 T  e
2K 2 2K 5/2
mN m0 
2K  2 T
   

v  1 1  mv 2 3 5 /2
=   T T 7 /2  T
2K  m N m 0  2K 2
mv2
V mN m0 T 1 3
T K
2K  m0  mN  mv 2
T
V 2 mNm0 3K
T
2K 2 Ans.
 m0  mN  2.90*

V 2mN
T 2
 mN 
2K  1  
 m0 

Ans.
2.88*
3/ 2 mH 2 3/ 2 mHe 2
 mH   v  mHe   v
 2KT  e 2KT
4v =  2
 e 2KT
4v2
   2KT 
Volume of differential region
3/2 2
 mH  
mHv mHe v 2
dV  2V dV dVx
2KT
 m  e =e 2KT

He
Probability distribution function
1
2
mH  m  2
 mVx 2KT
3 2  mH  mHe  f  Vx   e
In m = v   2kT 
2 He 2KT 
Here mH = mHe Probability distribution function fraction of mol-
mHe = M1 ecules occupied this volume
dN
= f  Vx  f  V  f  v   dV
N

Page - 222
 3
dN  m  2  Vx2  V2y  V2z  KT
 Vx 2   Ans.
  e dv m
N  2kT 
Method :2
3 We know
dN  m  2 mv2 2KT
  e 2V dV dVx
N  2kT  3RT 3KT
Ans.  V2  = M
=
m

2.91* 3kT
V2 
We know Mean velocity m
  1/2 m 2 Also
 m  
2kT
Vx
 Vx dN  VxN  2KT  e dx
< Vx > = 
V2
 <V2x> = < Vy2> = < Vz2>=
N N 3
1 m 
 m  2
 KT   2kT Vx2 KT
=   m  e =0 <Vx2> = Ans.
2kT  
m
2.93
Ans.
Mean speed
 1 m 2
 m  2 
2kT
Vx
 Vx N  e dVx
 Vx  = 0
 2kT 
N
1
No. of molecules / Volume = n
 m
 m  2  2kT Vx2 Fraction of molecules having velocity Vx to Vx
= 2 Vx   e dVx
0
 2kT  + dVx is
1
dN

 m  2  2kT Vx2
m =
2  Vx N  e dVx N
 Vx  = 0  2 KT 
No. of molecules / volume having velocity Vx to
N Vx +dVx is
1 
 m  2
KT m Vx
2
 dN 
= 2 e 2kT
= n  
 2kT  m 0 N
o. of molecules approach per second toward
2 k 2 T2 4kT
 Vx  = 2  2  wall with velocity Vx
2kT m 2m
 dN 
2kT = n   (volume traverese in one second with
 Vx  = N
m
velocity Vx)
Ans.
2.92  dN 
= n   (Vx dA)
Method:1 N
 Total no. of molecules approach per second,
2
V X dN per unit area of wall
 Vx2  
 dN 
N =  nVx  
N
 m 2 1
2  m  2  2kT Vx
3
2
=  V x  2kT  e dVx  m  2
mVx 2
 =  nVx 
 2kT 
0 2KT
e dVx

n 8kT n
 =  V
4 m 4
Ans.

Page - 223
2.94 2.96*
We know
3 mv 2
2
dN  m  
2KT
  e 4v 2dv
N  2KT 
Now kinetic energy

No. of molecules per unit volume = n 1

 mv 2 ..............(1)
Momentum transfer in one collision due to one 2
molecule = 2 mVx
2
dN v
Fraction of molecules having velocity Vx is m
N Differentiate equation (1)
No. of molecules per unit volume having veloc-
ity Vx to Vx + dVx d  mvdv
d
 dN  vdv =
= n   m
N
3
No. of molecules collide per second with veloc- dN  m  2 

2 d
KT
ity Vx is   e 4
N  2KT  m m
 dN 
= n   (volume travel in one second) dN 3 
 2    kT  2  KT
N e  d Ans.
N
 dN  For maximum proble value of K.E. at which no.
= n   (Vx dA) of molecules will be maximum
N

Momentum transfer with Vx velocity per sec- f  2  kT 
3
2
e

KT

ond
df
 dN  =0
= n   Vx(dA) (2m Vx) d
N
Net moment transfer with wall per second 1
P1r  KT Ans.
 2
 dN 
dF =  n  N  Vx(dA) (2m Vx) K.E. corresponding to most probable speed

1  2KT 
 m  KT  p,r
2  m 
 1 m
2
dF 2  m  2kT
Vx 2
P=
dA
=  2nmVx

 2kT  e dVx
2.97*
From Q .2.96
P = nKT Ans.
2.95* dN 3 

= 2  kT  2 e KT  d ------------ (i)
 N
1 
1  V (dN) 1  dN  d
  =
v
0 = 
0
V 
N
 n 

N
3
d  n
 m 2
1  m  2  2KT V
3
= V   e 4v 2 dv  KT
 2KT 
0 2
1 2m  3
  =  4  V  Ans. 
v KT KT 2
2
KT =
3

Page - 224
 Put in (1) d  mvdv ----------- (ii)
3
dN  2  2 3 dN 2

 2    e 2
  n  Av 3 e  mv / 2KT dv
N  3 N
3 
3
2 dN  2  2  d
dN  2  3
2  A  e kT
 2   e n N m 2m
N  3
3  1
dN 3
 2  2  1  2  KT
 3 6 e 2 n F'     A     e
N  m   2me 
Ans.
2.98* For F'   maximum
From Q, 2.96
dF'   
dN 3  0
 2  kT  2 e KT  d d
N
  KT
dN Ans.
Where = fraction of molecules which ki-
N 2.100*
netic energy lies between  to   d 
Now we want sum of fraction of molecules
whose kinetic energy   0
Then

dN 3 
 N
  2  KT  2
e KT
 d
0
No. of molecules making solid angle d on
dN 2

 centre
 N
 3 e KT
 d
Using formula
 KT  2 0

Ans. d
dv’= (dN)
2.99* 4
(a)

2 Using formula
F = Av 3 e –mv / 2KT
Probable velocity is that velocity at which no. of d  sin d  d 
molecules will be maximum. No. of collision persecond at angle  on unit
For maximum no. of molecules F will be maxi- area
mum and hence dv = (dv’) (volume) = (dv’) (v cos ) × 1
dF  dN 
0 d  v cos  
dv dv =  
4
3KT
V=   m 3 2  1
m  mv 2KT 2
N 
=  2kT  e 4 v dv  v cos  d
(b)     4
1
 mv2  m 
3
2  
mv 2 2
2 = N e KT
v 3 cos   dv  sin d  d

 2kT  v 0
 0
2
v --------- (i)
m

Page - 225
 1
2
2.103* Method:1
dv  2kT 
  sin  cos  d Ans. On droplet, force is arised due to mass
N  m 
changed and hence
2.101* 3
Similar like Q:2.100 4 d d 3
F = mg =    = g

2
3  2 6
(d)
dv=  (dn )
 0
4
v cos  From Q.No.2.102
KT d 3 g
F= ln n =
h 6
dv 
(d 3)hg R
  m 32 2 1 2 K= = N
 N e–mv /2KT 2
4v dv vcos sin  d 6T ln n A
  2KT   4
  0
6RT ln n
NA =
3  d 3hg
dv  m  2 – mv2 /2 KT 3 Ans.
   e v dv
N  2 KT   Method:2
 Ans. nf = n 0 e – Uf – U i / KT
2.102*
Hence Uf = mgh
Uf = mgh
Here n0 = n nf
nf = nnf e–mgh/KT

mgh  d 3gh   N A 
Suppose potential energy of level (1) is zero. ln n = =    
U0 = 0 KT  6   RT 
n0 = n
6RT ln n
According to boltz man’s formula NA =
d 3gh
n = n0 e –(U –U0 )/ KT
Ans.
2n = ne–U/KT 2.104*
U
ln2 =
KT
U = KT ln2.

Since filed is uniform hence force will be

uniform then
Work done by force = –(Uf – U0) n1' = n1 e – M1gh / KT
Fh = –Uf = –U n '2 = n2 e – M 2 gh / KT
– KT
F= ln2 n 1' n1 ( M 2 – M1 ) gh / KT
h ' =
e
n2 n2
Magnitude of force
– KT n
F= ln2  e( M2 – M1 ) gh/ KT Ans.
h n0
Ans. where M1 is mass of H2 molecule M2 is mass
of N2 molecule
Page - 226
2.105* 2.107*

<U>=  (dm)gx
n1' = n1 e – m1gh / KT N
Where m0 = mass of one molecule
n '2 = n2 e – m 2 gh / KT n = number of molecules per unit volume.
Here Where N = Total number of molecules
n1' = n '2  P 
Then dm = m0(A dx) n = m0A   dx
 KT 
n1 e – m1gh / KT = n2 e – m 2 gh / KT
mgh
m0A –
n1 = P0e KT dx
ln n = (m1 – m2)gH/kT KT
2
P0e – mgh / KT
N =  nAdx =  KT Adx
n 
KT ln  1 
h=  n2  m0A
 P0e – mgh / KT gx dx
g (m1 – m2 ) KT
<U>= P – mgh / KT
Ans.  KT0 e A dx

2.106* 
–m 0 gh / KT
We know P = nKT x e dx
n = density of molecules = m0g 0

–m 0 gh / KT
nf = n0e–mgh/KT x e dx
0
Pf P
= i e–mgh/KT < U > = KT
KT KT
–mgh/KT It is constant and not depends on type of
Pf = Pie
molecule.
At temp T = T0
Pf' = Pi e – mgh / KT0
At temp T = nT0
Pf' ' = Pi e – mgh / KT0
Pf' ' 1 
– mgh / KT0  –1 
' = n .
Pf e
At bottom h = 0
= Pf' = not change
Ans.

Page - 227
 2.108* Now
m (   0 ) r 2 w2
2  kT
n  n0 e

 
m (   0 ) r22  r12 w 2
n  r2  2  kT
ne
n  r1 
Here effective accleration will be
geff = w 2KT ln n
nf = n0e–mwl/KT m = ( –  )w 2 (r 2 – r 2 )
0 2 1
nf
–mwl/KT
n0 – 1 = e –1 N A 2KT ln n
M = NAm = ( –  )w 2 (r 2 – r 2 )
n + 1 = e–mwl/KT 0 2 1

mw 2  RT ln n
ln(n + 1) = = (  –  ) w2 ( r 2 – r 2 )
KT 0 2 1

KT (ln(1 n)) Ans.

W=
ml
2.110*
Magnitude of acceleration
KT ln(1  n )
W=–
ml
Also we know ln (1 + x) = x
KTn
W= Ans. Centrigugal force on paritgcle of mass m.
ml Where m is mass of one molecule of CO2.
F = mrw2
2.109* Potential energy
r2 2
U m w
2
Then
2
/ 2 w 2 / KT
nf = n 0 e mr
Excess force on particle is arised due to nf
ml 2 / 2 w 2 / KT
change in density then n0 = n = e
F = (dm)rw2
m m2w 2
ln n =
Where = Volume density of particle 2KT

m = mass of one molecules 2(ln n )KT
w=
m ml 2
F =   ( – 0) rw2
 2KT ln n
Potential energy w=
ml 2
m( – 0 ) w 2 (r22 – r12 ) Ans.
U=
2KT

Page - 228
2.111* 2.112
(a) (a)
U = ar2 ............(1)
U
r=
2
nf = n0 e – ar / KT a
Where n0 = number of molecules / volume Also from (1)
at centre dU = 2ardr
nf = number of molecules / volume at dU
distance r from centre dr =
2ar
Then Then
dN = nf(4r2dr)
2
 U  dU –U/KT
dN = n 0 e – ar / KT
4r2dr dN = n04   e
 a  2 aU
Ans.
(b) dN = 2n0 a–32U1/2e–U KT dU
At most probable distance, tempreture = Ans.
constant. then (b)
For maximum dN For most probably value of U at constant
f = e – ar 2 / KT r2 will be maximum then temp.

df f = a –3 2 U1/ 2e – U KT will be maximum then

=0
dr df
=0
dU
KT
r= 1
a
U= KT
Ans. 2
(c) Ans.
Fraction of molecules in region r  r+dr.
2
dN n 0 e – ar / KT 4r 2dr
= 
N 2 – ar / KT 2

 n 0 4r e
0
dr

3/ 2
dN  a 
=  4r2 e – ar 2 / KT Ans.
N  KT 
(d)
Compare Ans. (a) and Ans (c)
3/ 2
 a 
n0 = N  
 KT 
If Tempreture decreases n times
Tin
Tf =
n
Then concentration increases by n3/2
Ans.

Page - 229
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