)8 The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods- Volume I

Appendix 0.8

1 MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EATON, ET AL

CORRELATION
!.'he basic energy balance equation in symbolic differential
m based on one pound mass of flowing fluid is the same
that for vertical flow.

144 Vdp +..[db+ vdv + dWr + ..[ d We= 0 (D.81)

gc gc gc gc

is has the units off~~;.

!.'he second term which represents a change in elevation + fwT vm2 Ax= 0 (D.811)
:y be eliminated for horizontal flow, i.e., g/gc db 0. The 2 gc d
h and last term may be eliminated when no external Eq. D.811 contains two additional integrals that must be
rk is done by the fluid, i.e., d We = 0. Eq. D.81 then re- evaluated and a problem arises in that the functional rela-
~es to: tionship ofV with p may not be known exactly. However, it
can be approximated quite accurately by choosing small
144 Vdp + vdv + ..[ dWr = 0. (D.82) pressure decrements. The averaged integrated volumes of
gc gc each phase between pressure points Pt and P2 are:
~or the flow of both a liquid and gaseous phase, an energy
.ance may be written for the respective quantities of each
:tSe.
v~.=J:.'v~.dp =J:.'v~.dp (D.812)
f a gas-liquid mixture flows between points x 1 and x 2 , Pt- P2 Pt P2
ring pressures of p 1 and P2· respectively, the total mass
N rate can be represented by w~. and Wg for flowing liquid -
v _
JPl Vg dp Jp v. dp
2

l gas respectively. An energy balance for each phase is P2 -=P•~---

(D.813)
itten as follows: g- Pt P2 Pt-P2

' the liquid phase: The values of these integrals are approximated for small
pressure decrements by:

JPl v
P• L dp = - vL (p. - P2) - vLAP (D.814)
' the gas phase:
Wg Vg dVg g
P• v. dp
J P1
- (pl- P2) =- v. AP (D.815) v.
144wg V8 dp+ +-w. dW(g=O. (D.84)
g., gc All of the integrated average quantities are guaranteed to
adding Eq. D.83 and D.84 we obtain a total energy exist between pressure points (1) and (2) by the theorem of
ance for both phases: the mean for integrals.
By substituting Eqs. D.814 and D.815 into Eq. D.811:
- - w~. Avt2 + Wg Av.2
-144[w~.V~.+w.V.]Ap+ gc
2
+ ..[ [w~. dWfL + w8 d Wfg] = 0 (D.85) 2
gc + f;;cvd Ax= 0 (D.616)
recalling that the two-phase mixture flows between X1
:i x2, with pressures of p1 and p 2, respectively, then Eq. The integrated average specific volumes are related to the
;5 may be integrated as follows: integrated average liquid and gas densities PL and p., respec-
tively, by:
{. [wL f"' VI. dp+ Wgf"' Vg dp] +
Pl Pt
i· JvLz VL dV1.
VLt
-p~.==-
1 and-p8
1
v~.
(D.817)

+ w. Jvg2 Vg dv8 + li.

gc v81 gc
J [w~. dWfL + w. dwfg] = 0 (D.86) By substituting back into Eq. D.816,
2 A 2 f -2
_ 144 [~L+ ~·] Ap + Wt AvL + Wg ~v. + . WT Vm Ax= 0
!.'he last integral of Eq. D.86 represents the sum of all PL ~ 2&, 2~
eversible energy losses. (D.818)
\s a matter of convenience and simplicity, all energy
ses are combined into one term, as follows: This equation may be solved for Ax and gives:
Wt Av~. + W8 A v8 ]
2 2
(D.87) 2 gcd [ (WL Wg)
Ax = --=-;-f 144 Ap =- + =-
~~ PL ~ 2g.,
(D.88)
(D.819)
~y defining these multiphase energy losses by the Darcy-
lisbach equation:
D.82 PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION OF A PRESSURE
·: .dWIT fwTvm2
(D.89) TRAVERSE BY THE METHOD ..OF, EATON, ET AL.
WT dx. = 2gd This solution is not a trial and error solution but does re-
~Y combining Eq. D.B6, D.87 and D.89, we have: quire the assumption of pressure points from which the
 Appendix D 409
corresponding lengths are calculated. Assume that the up- MT = total mass flux wT
stream pressure is known as well as the length of pipeline, Ap
temperature, and fluid properties. The problem will be to wT =Ibm/sec
solve for the downstream pressure, thus giving the pressure AP cross-sectional area of pipe, sq ft
loss. The normal procedure will be to assume relatively Vm = velocity of mixture, ft/sec
small pressure decrements and calculate corresponding .:1p =pressure difference, psi
lengths. The accuracy of the method will depend to some wL Ibm of liquid per sec
extent on the magnitude of the pressure decrements with Wg = Ibm of gas per sec
increasing accuracy occurring at the smaller pressure vL = velocity of liquid, ft/sec
decrements. Vg velocity of gas, ft/sec
. . f lb
J.tg = VISCOSity 0 gas, - f t
Stepwise procedure -sec
1. Knowing Pt> assume a value of Pz.
D.83 PROBLEM TO DETERMINE PRESSURE LOSS IN A
2. Knowing p11 Pz, T10 and T2 , determine a value for average
2 IN. LINE 1,500 FT LONG BY METHOD OF EATON,
pressure (p) and average temperature ('f).
ET AL (KINETIC ENERGY NEGLECTED)
3. Calculate or obtain a value for Vm, wL, Wg, PL• pg, u and
PL• pg, R., f3o, J.tg, J.tL at both conditions of pressure. Given: L 1,500 ft
If the given pressure is in the low region (less than 150 Pt 1 ,500 psia
psia), the kinetic energy term must be computed, and ')'g = 0.65
therefore holdup. For pressures above 150 psia the kinetic 'Yw = 1.07
energy term can be neglected and steps 4 and 5 are not qL 2,000 bpd (all water)
required. d = 2 in. ID
4. In order to determine holdup we use Fig. 2.144, which T= l10°F
requires the e\valuation of: J.tg = 0.02
J.tw 1.0 cp
(NLv)o.s7s ( p )o.os ( NL )0.1 Uw = 70 dynes/em
N N 0.0211 - -N · at both p1 and P2
gv D Jlb LB G/L ratio = 500 scf/bbl
where: NLv = 1.938 VsL .Je;; Find the pressure at 1,500 ft by method of Eaton, et al.
The problem will be worked in this example by assuming
Ngv = 1.938 Vsg .Je;; one pressure decrement over the entire length to illustrate
the procedure. However, greater accuracy would result if
short pressure decrements were taken.
Nd = 120.872 d ~': Follow the stepwise procedure as listed for working a
problem by this method.
1. Assume Pz = 1,375 psia
2. p= 1,500; 1,375 1,437.5 psia
p/Jll, = p/14.65
NLB = constant= 0.00226 T = llO"F 460 + 110 = 570°R
Note that the solution gas and free gas must be de- 3. Obtain values for Vm, PL• pg, R., B,, u. J.tg• ILL• wL, and Wg.
termined in order to correctly evaluate VsL and Vsg.
5. Obtain HL, and H~.o from Fig. 2.144;
6. Evaluate vL,, Vto, .:1vL> V1h, Vg,, .:1vg.
pg = (0.65)(0.0764) Ci!:7 5
) (~~~) (0 .~ 5 ) = 5.2 :~
1

7. Obtain a value of the friction factor from Fig. 2.143. In

order to do this, obtain a value for: PL = (1.07)(62.4) = 66.7 Ibm/ft3

(GR)0 •5 (d8
d
)1. s wTd
2

J.ts
For J.tg use units offtlb
-sec
WL
= (2,000)(5.65)(66.7) = 8 68 ·}l../
86,400 . lim sec
lb
cp x 6.72 x w- 4 = - f t Wg (2,000)(50:~~~!5)(0.0764) 0 .575 Ibm/sec
-sec
Read a value for f(LR)0 · 1 from Fig. 2.143. Knowing LR, WT = 9.255 Ibm/sec
calculate f. For the high pressures and relatively low gas flow rates,
8. Calculate .:1x from Eq. D.819. the kinetic energy term can be neglected.
4. Determine holdup. This step is eliminated since the
,:1x
WTVm f
1

2 ~ ~ 144 ,:1p (~L +~g)_ WL .:1VL

[

PL pg
2
WG .:1Vi]
2 &,
+ kinetic energy term is neglected.
5. Obtain HL1 , H"' (not necessary when neglecting kinetic
9. Starting with P2 and ~. assume a value for p3 and repeat energy term).
the procedure. Continue these calculations until reaching 6. Evaluate vL, Vto, .:1vL, Vg,. Vgz, .:1vg-not necessary
the full length of the system. This procedure lends itself 7. Obtain a value for the friction factor.
quite readily to machine computation. Evaluate
d pipe diameter, in. (GR)O·> (dB)us
d
M~
J.tg
dp base pipe diameter,= 1.0 in. = 0.0833 ft
· GR =ratio of ga~. mass rate to.totalmass rate . VsL QL = 200~(5.61) -._1_ = 5.97 ft/sec
LR ""' ratio of liquid mass rate .txd,otal mass rate · Ap 8o;400 0.0218 ·
p = pressure, psi a
p =density, lbm/CU ft (2000){500) 1 1.57 ft/sec
v = velocity, ft/sec Qg = 86,400