cen72367_ch08.

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CHAPTER 8

equation for steady, incompressible one-dimensional flow in terms of heads

as (see Chap. 5)
P1 V 21 P2 V 22
⫹ a1 ⫹ z 1 ⫹ h pump, u ⫽ ⫹ a2 ⫹ z 2 ⫹ h turbine, e ⫹ h L (8–28)
rg 2g rg 2g
where hpump, u is the useful pump head delivered to the fluid, hturbine, e is the tr⫹dr
turbine head extracted from the fluid, hL is the irreversible head loss Px⫹dx
W sin u
between sections 1 and 2, V1 and V2 are the average velocities at sections
Px
1 and 2, respectively, and a1 and a2 are the kinetic energy correction factors u
tr
at sections 1 and 2 (it can be shown that a ⫽ 2 for fully developed laminar
flow and about 1.05 for fully developed turbulent flow). Equation 8–28 can W
be rearranged as dr
P1 ⫺ P2 ⫽ r(a 2V 22 ⫺ a 1V 21)/2 ⫹ rg[(z 2 ⫺ z 1) ⫹ h turbine, e ⫺ h pump, u ⫹ h L] (8–29)

Therefore, the pressure drop ⌬P ⫽ P1 ⫺ P2 and pressure loss ⌬PL ⫽ rghL u dx

for a given flow section are equivalent if (1) the flow section is horizontal r
so that there are no hydrostatic or gravity effects (z1 ⫽ z2), (2) the flow sec- x
tion does not involve any work devices such as a pump or a turbine since
they change the fluid pressure (hpump, u ⫽ hturbine, e ⫽ 0), (3) the cross-sectional
area of the flow section is constant and thus the average flow velocity is FIGURE 8–15
constant (V1 ⫽ V2), and (4) the velocity profiles at sections 1 and 2 are the Free-body diagram of a ring-shaped
same shape (a1 ⫽ a2). differential fluid element of radius r,
thickness dr, and length dx oriented
coaxially with an inclined pipe in fully
Inclined Pipes developed laminar flow.
Relations for inclined pipes can be obtained in a similar manner from a force
balance in the direction of flow. The only additional force in this case is the
component of the fluid weight in the flow direction, whose magnitude is
Wx ⫽ W sin u ⫽ rgVelement sin u ⫽ rg(2pr dr dx) sin u (8–30)

where u is the angle between the horizontal and the flow direction (Fig. ⋅
Horizontal pipe: V = ∆P pD
4

8–15). The force balance in Eq. 8–9 now becomes 128mL

(2pr dr P)x ⫺(2pr dr P)x⫹dx ⫹ (2pr dx t)r ⋅ (∆P – rgL sin u)pD 4
Inclined pipe: V =
128mL
⫺ (2pr dx t)r⫹dr ⫺ rg(2pr dr dx) sin u ⫽ 0 (8–31)

which results in the differential equation Uphill flow: u > 0 and sin u > 0

ar b ⫽
m d du dP Downhill flow: u < 0 and sin u < 0
⫹ rg sin u (8–32)
r dr dr dx
Following the same solution procedure, the velocity profile can be shown to be
R2 dP r2
u(r) ⫽ ⫺ a ⫹ rg sin ub a1 ⫺ 2b (8–33)
4m dx R
It can also be shown that the average velocity and the volume flow rate rela-
tions for laminar flow through inclined pipes are, respectively,
(⌬P ⫺ rgL sin u)D2 # (⌬P ⫺ rgL sin u)pD4
Vavg ⫽ and V⫽ (8–34)
32mL 128mL
FIGURE 8–16
which are identical to the corresponding relations for horizontal pipes, except The relations developed for fully
that ⌬P is replaced by ⌬P ⫺ rgL sin u. Therefore, the results already developed laminar flow through
obtained for horizontal pipes can also be used for inclined pipes provided horizontal pipes can also be used
that ⌬P is replaced by ⌬P ⫺ rgL sin u (Fig. 8–16). Note that u ⬎ 0 and thus for inclined pipes by replacing
sin u ⬎ 0 for uphill flow, and u ⬍ 0 and thus sin u ⬍ 0 for downhill flow. ⌬P with ⌬P ⫺ rgL sin u.