Navier- Stokes Equatong of MOtton

P+ ay
Let Ta.Ty,Tz be the
Components of shear force dy -P+

per unt mass sel up by P+P dz dx

H

the viscous effects.Then P

Constdenng the elementay paralletopoid cd dy dz of flusd.

we can Wrte the eqns of moton as

X-LP du - Tx
dt

P ay dt

L SP = dw - Tz
dt

The sheay stress

dn
 2

Let Us Cons1der two bu two the six faces Of 4he

parallelopotd . The resistance forco áctng on the face

AEHD IS

- -4Cdydz) •u
The resslanc force acttng on the face BFGc (9

4cdydz)xdu
x + u

The resuttant resitance forco dlong the x

-axls (the
aigebrate Sum of force acttng on faces AEHD & BFC) Is

Sn1tat9 the x- Components ofthe tesstance force

acting on
on faces EFAH and ABCD are

- 4dady Du

u
de)
 3

The sum of these x- omponents of the reslstance

force 19

- 4u da dy de -
(2)

Likewtse, the - Gomponent of the tesistance force on

4he faces HCD and AEFB are,

udadydz (3)
dy?

The total viScous resnstancQ

paratlel to x-ais On the

all the Sl* faces .of the para

llelopold given by
the sum of quantties (0.2) and (3)

The res1stane force per unt mass Is

oblatned by
dvidng the above Identity
rdentrty by Pdadydz That gives

au u
dy?
3imilay
Ty = dy2

Sub hne value of Tx, Tyi Te and 4.= V. we qet

duv
dt
+

dt

dt

This equations are called Navier- stokes Equatons

 5

Hagen- Potseuille Law

Vav Vrex
velocty 2
profile

Ftow
Flow
dy

To analyse the lamnar flow of an tncompre ssible

flutd through a clrcutar pipe of adius R.We Conader

the equiltbyum of force on a dmall concentnc cyclindrcal

flud elemen of radtus r, lenh dx and tocated at a

distance y from the boHom inHemal surace of he pipe.

For equttibrum, the dumation of the pressure and

VISCous forces tn the - direction mut be equat to xero.

2Trdt = 0
This eqn Is Vattd for both laminaY and turbulent flow

Newlons law of viscosty n taminar flow

=l- ydu
dy dy

() Stgn due to the fact +hat 19 measured tn the

drecton opposte to y Thus

de

du
dr

Tntegrale wh respect to Y

TO f1nd the tnteqratiomonstant , Apply the boundauy

CondiIon

C= -
 (3)

Positon of max1num vetoaty can be obBaned by Putng

the denvative dul =0
dr

du
dr
= (-dpa) =0 i
The mamum velocits at the centre of the pipe S

Vmax = ,(-de)² )
From eqn (3) and C4)

u Vmar-(2G)
För estmating the volume flow rate. Consider the low da
through the elementay ng area

dr
dâ = (2Trdr)xu

-2Tirdrx-aRer)
Tnleqraling gives
R

(R)
44

(6)

The averaqe vetoctty 1s defined au 4he flow divded

by the area

Vay =
TIR2 L(-dP)R?
Compang (9 and ( , we get

Vav= Vmax

Lel usr detemne the tocatton here the local veloaty

equals he average vetocity Vav, Now

u= Vmax
|-(]
and Vav=Vmax
8tnco u Vav, we have

Vmax
Vnax t-( ] :
Shear stress Distnbution:

Fom gn )
de

hear stress max at the walt prpe where

tmax=t(-dR (a)

Pressure drop in terms of average veloctty

From eqn (7).we can wnle H.as pyessure gradtent

tmax
- de 8s Vav
da

for aftnte lenglh of Ppe blw 2=X1 Shear

Stress
and = N9

84 Vav (22-2) stress disr1bution in

R2 Pipe flow
 8sVav
R2

Co)

Tn terms of Ptpe diameter d

Pr- P2 = 324 Vav

d2

()
Td4

Equvalent presSUre head becomnes

Pi- Pe 324 Vav
W wd?

Pr- Pe
Ttwdt

this qn 1s known as Hagen - Polseuille Eqn.

 Lamnar UnE D1recttonal'flow between
8atonary paratlel plaBes

ma
bl
velocrty Urax
shear
bl2 Local bh stres
velocrty u

Naximum shear
SBress trax

Cons1 dar the flow tetd between two Stafiona parallel

plates seperaled by a Small gab b

The charactensl of flow aye govemed by the

diffevenhal eqn
 12

Tnteqrattng tmce wnh repect to y grves

dp y2

APplying boundauy condHion

and u=0. y=b
we get

Henca

Dyby-y)c
Maximum velocity?
vetocity to be max1mum . u -o. te
dy
du
dy

maximum velocrty occurs at the certre of flow passaqe

Vmax =

)
do )
 13

Average velocity:
Let & be the discharge per untt with of the flow
passage
da= udy
b

t24 da/
Then
Vav =
(bx)

- (4)
(24 da
shear stress

dy

-(a) &-9)c
ghear atress is maxmum at y =0 (a+ the Surface of

lower plate) and ot yb (at the surace of upper plale)

Tmax = ()(3)
Pressure diop n terms of average veloctty:
- dp 124 Vay dx
or for a ftnite length Of plates =I and 2=X2
Pt-P2 = 24av (x2-)
b2.

124Vav
b2

the pressure head equtvalent to this pressure

d1fferene IS
Pr-P2 l2sVav
w Wb2
 Laminay Unt Directtonal flow between

Paratle( plates having Relat1ve moton

Consider a flow field belween two parallel flat plates

separated by a Small gap b Such that the lower plale
1S fixed and the upper plate, moves niformly ln s

Own plane lh a velocty v

The bounday cond Htons are
U=o at y=0 and UsV at y = b

b
moving plate

slatiorary plate

the ftow charactensttc aro

govemed by d1fferential
equaton

dy2
V

dve dp
+re (mld) +ve (reverse
Aow)
 16

Trleqraling twice wth repec to y 9ves the velocty

distbuton
()
d 2

WHh the bounday condion

U=V aB y- b ’ ci=-()b
Sub the vatues ln Ci)

b 24|d /

In parttcutau care when (d) -o the velocty disbutton

given by u= V followS a tinear Varatton. Thts patcu tau

Cauetle 4low.
case ts known as slmple shear flow or platn

The velocrty dutnbuton as pescr1bed tn () can be

transfomed tnto the fotlong non- dmennOnal om

u+o9(-)
 7

Volume ftow rate averaqe and maxmum velocty :

The Volume flow rate per untH Width IS
b

Q=udy

(+)vb
Averaqe veloctty
Var = Volume tlow rafe
area peY untl wrdlh

6
(ox)

FoY Simple shedr flow, dp

do
=0 , te ¢o, So dveqe
velocrty becomes

Vav=
 ( 18

determined
The locatton of maxImum velocrty can be

slope of velocrty proftle equat tozero

by Settng the

du
dy (8*#(-))
o- - )

2
Vmox (+) (5)
V 44

shear stress DIstibuton:

)(-)
+(-)
In dtmensionless form
DFor Aimple shear flow. where ()-o e
=0 +he shear stregs rematns Constant

1) At y , e contre of the flow passaqethe shear

sBress 1s tndependent of pressure grodient

shear stress distmbuton for zero and ve precsure

gradrenls.

Ths type of fow geomely s Covette flow.

 20

Bernoultb Ttheorem:
(P2+
Rds)dA

do dz

ds
PdA.

(P)dNcas)
Sp weight x volume = Weiqht
Consider the flud elemen tn the dtrecton of S.
Three foras ts acttng on the drection of element

Then pdA Is acttng along the direcon of flow

(P+ 2 ds) dA s ading oppos1te 4o the drec1on of flow

Then the werqh} of the element s PgdAds

The assumptions are

|: Liqud ts tdeal and Inompress1ble

2. Fow IS steady the flow Is streamn lne re t-0

 21

3. The flow s lamnaY

4. The velocty ts unform

SAep 1:
F-ma

PolA - p+ PdscA - PgdAdsCoso - (PdAds)v QY 4 v

Sub Cos9 = dz
ds at

pdA- p+ Pds dA -Pgdadsdz

ds
pdAds vav

- JP dsdA - pgdAds dz- PdAdsv àV

ds ds

step2
- by PdAds

DP- Y- g() -o

Ds P
 22

sBep a:
Muttply by ds

>0
P

P+ vo +qdz [Euters Eqn

SBep 4:
To obtatn Bernoulis eqn by
tnteqratinq Euler eqn
OP +vovtg0z =

P++Z - E
Pg

This 13 known as Bernouls Eqn: