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Koehler Curve Plus.
Impact of 1 ppb HNO3
vapor (curve 3). PSC’s
often form in HNO3/H2O
mixtures. From Finlayson
and Pitts, page 803.
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CCN spectra
from Hudson and
Yum (JGR 2002) and
in Wallace and Hobbs
(Yun is a spelling error)
page 214.
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CCN measured in the marine boundary layer during
INDOEX. Hudson and Yum (JGR, 2002).
↓ITCZ
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Growth of Individual Cloud Droplet
Depends upon
• Type and mass of hygroscopic nuclei.
• surface tension.
• humidity of the surrounding air.
• rate of transfer of water vapor to the droplet.
• rate of transfer of latent heat of condensation
away from the droplet.
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Assumptions
• Isolated, spherical water droplet of mass M, radius r and
density w
• Droplet is growing by the diffusion of water vapor to the
surface.
• The temperature T and water vapor density v of the
remote environment remain constant.
• A steady state diffusion field is established around the
droplet so that the mass of water vapor diffusing across any
spherical surface of radius R centered on the droplet will be
independent of R and time t.
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Fick’s Law of Diffusion
d v
Fw D v D
dR
where
D - diffusion coefficient of water vapor in air
v - density of water vapor
Note that Fw has units of mass/(unit area•unit time)
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Mass Transport
dM d v
Tw 4 R Fw 4R D
2 2
A1
dt dR
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Mass Transport - continued
Integrate the equation from the surface of the droplet
(r) where the vapor density is vr to where it is
vHow far away is ? See below.
v
4D dv A dR
R2
1
vr r
A1
4 D( v vr )
r
dM
but A1
dt
dM
4 r D( v vr ) (1)
dt
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Conduction of Latent Heat
dt dR
K is the thermal conductivity of air
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Conduction of Latent Heat - continued
4 K dT A2
dR
R2
Tr r
A2 Lv dM
4 K (T Tr )
r r dt
dM 4rK
(Tr T ) ( 2)
dt Lv
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Radial Growth Equations
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Molecular diffusion to a droplet at 1.00 atm.
How far is infinity?
t = x2/D
x = 1.0 cm → t ≈ 4 s
x = 0.32 m → t ≈ 4,000 s
x = 1.0 m → t ≈ 40,000 s
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Radial Growth - continued
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Important Variables
• Clausius-Clapeyron equation
• Combined curvature and solute effects
Integrate the CC equation from the saturation
vapor pressure at the temperature of the
environment es(T), denoted as es , to the
saturation vapor pressure at the droplet surface
es(Tr), denoted esr to obtain
esr Lv
ln
es Rv
( ) ( )
1 1
–
T Tr
Lv
RvT2
Tr – T
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Final Set of Growth Equations
er a b
• Combined curvature and solute effects 1 3
esr r r
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Derivation of Droplet Radius
Dependence on Time
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Derivation
Define S , the saturation ratio of the environment , as
e
S
es
Eq. 1 may be rewriten as
dr D Des er
r ( S es er ) (S )
dt w RvT w RvT es
Note that
er esr er
es es es r
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Derivation - continued
Solving for (esr /es) one obtains
Lv w dr
(Tr T ) r
K dt
esr L2v w dr
1 2
r
es Rv KT dt
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Derivation - continued
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Derivation - continued
dr esr dr
1 C1r S C2 r
dt er dt
or
er
S
dr esr
r
dt er
C2 C1 e
sr
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Derivation - continued
er
S
dr esr
r
dt er
C2 C1
esr
where
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Radius as a Function of Time
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Analytic Approximation
Since (er /esr )1 after nucleation
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Lifetime of a Cb ~ 1 hr. Why are cloud droplets fairly uniform in size?
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ξ1 is normalized growth parameter where ξ = (S-1)/(Fk + Fd).
At 790 hPa and 10C, ξ1 102 = 100 m2 s-1. Growth rates converge after ~20 m.
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Summary for Cloud Droplet Growth by Condensation
1. Condensation depends on a seed or CCN.
2. Initial growth is a balance between the surface tension
and energy of condensation.
3. Rate of growth depends on rate of vapor transfer and rate
of latent heat dissipation.
4. Droplets formed on large CCN grow faster, but only at
first.
5. Droplet growth slows after r ~ 20 m.
6. Diffusion is a near field (cm’s) phenomenon.
7. Cloud droplets that fall out of a cloud evaporate before
they hit the ground.
8. Why is there ever rain?
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