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Physics by Kashan Rashid
 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
Internal Energy (U)

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:

As molecules in total are involved in determining internal energy, so Internal energy depends
upon _________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Modes of Heat Transfer

There are three modes of transferring energy from one point to another; conduction,
convection and radiation.

Conduction

Mode heat
transfer via
of CLASSMATE
_______________________________________________
collision between "molecules."
_______________________________________________
Physics by Kashan Rashid
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When one end of

the
Explanation: ____________________________________

body is heated, atoms over

there

:
_______________________________________________
stail
to vibrate more
vigorously
_______________________________________________
and collide with their
neighboring
=
x _______________________________________________
heatto them. Thus neattravele
moleasles,
transfering
______________________________________________________________________________
the cold end
gradually, fromhotand to
______________________________________________________________________________

atome
|
molecules
+ free mobile electrons

free mobile
In case of metals,____________________
electron also
carry
heartdirectly
from notend to the
______________________________________________________________________________
cold end. They strike with themetal atoms along the
______________________________________________________________________________

way
and
transfer their energy to them, thus
______________________________________________________________________________ speeding
up the rate conduction! of
______________________________________________________________________________

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 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
Conduction in metal : 1 for 1- or 2 mention both )
___________________________________________________________________
,

I. Heat
transferred via collision between
is molecules
___________________________________________________________________
.

Free mobile electrons also directly from

that
carry
___________________________________________________________________
hot end to cold end
___________________________________________________________________
.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

CLASSMATE
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
Conduction takes place in all three states of matter but the effect is most prominent in solid.

Consequences of conduction

1. Transfer of heat through the base of the pan to the food is because of conduction.
2. Working of a liquid in glass thermometer is a consequence of conduction. Heat is
conducted through the walls of the glass bulb to the liquid inside it.
3. A person feeling a door knob cold as compared to the wooden door is a consequence of
conduction. When a person touches the door knob, and if it’s at a lower temperature
than his hand, heat flows from his hand to the door knob. Hence the temperature of the
hand drops and our sensory nerves trigger us that our hand has gone cold. This way we
feel the door knob cold.

Substances that are poor conductors of heat are called insulators. They are reluctant is
transporting heat across the temperature gradient. They also lack free electrons. Examples
of such material include, water, air, wood, plastic, rubber, foam, etc.
- .

• There is CLASSMATE
an increase in gapPhysics by Kashan
between Rashid
vuoleuu.us
________________________________________________________________________
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from solid to gas The heat transfer via conduction

________________________________________________________________________
.

decreases because The chance

of collision decrease
________________________________________________________________________
,
.

________________________________________________________________________

Factors effecting rate of heat transfer via conduction

1. Type of material
Materials that have higher change carriers like
free
________________________________________________________________________ ,

mobile electrons better heat conductors the

________________________________________________________________________
are
space .

between atoms also count the

for
rate
of heat
________________________________________________________________________

transfer via conduction

________________________________________________________________________
.

57/76
TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
Experiment:
Heat all the rods together
________________________________
using a burner The one
________________________________
.

from which the matchstick

________________________________

drops first is going to be

________________________________
the best conductor of heat
________________________________ .

Constants
________________________________
① supplied to all rods ② length of rods ③
Cross-sectional
Heat
________________________________________________________________________
wax ⑤
of of rods ④ Amount Weight
________________________________________________________________________
area

the load attached at end ⑥ Time to heat

of
the
________________________________________________________________________
.

2. Cross Sectional Area

the
greater
the cross-sectional
________________________________________
is the rate
faster
-

area the
________________________________________
,

of heat
transfer
via
________________________________________
CLASSMATEg.
conduction More no
________________________________________
.

Physics by Kashan Rashid

electrons .

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available to
carry
heat
from one end to the next
________________________________________________________________________ .

________________________________________________________________________
3. Temperature Difference
The
The
greaterthe
temperature difference
________________________________________________________________________
,
faster
is the rate via
of transfer
heat conduction
________________________________________________________________________ .

________________________________________________________________________

ITS PREFERRED TO USE TO WORD “ATOMS” OR “MOLECULES”

RATHER THAN PARTICLES

59/76
 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
Convection
Conduction:collision between
____________________________________________
atom/molecules.
____________________________________________
Advection:Bulk motion
molecules is called
ofadvection.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
conduction Adrection

______________________________________________________________________________
and travel
Molecules
gain heat
from
hotend to the
______________________________________________________________________________
cold end and with one another
collide
along the way.
______________________________________________________________________________

liquids and gases as molecules

Convection only takes place in _____________________________________________________
are able to move
from positions. Connection
their
______________________________________________________________________________
cannotoccur in solids.
______________________________________________________________________________

What is convection current? 15marks)

at the bottom
riquid
1. _________________________________
CLASSMATE Physics by Kashan Rashid
gains YOURheat.
_________________________________
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Ifexpands
2. _________________________________
Becomes less dense
3. _________________________________
And hence rises.
4. _________________________________
The cool more dense
5. _________________________________

signia sinks, forming convection cusient.

a
________________________________________________________________________

&S G
v w X
Heating
at the
top
does notproduce convection consent
______________________________________________________________________________
wateris already atthe ten
as warm
top!
Its
______________________________________________________________________________
dense so it can't sink.
______________________________________________________________________________

61/76
 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY

00f- -1

✗ ✓

Cooling at the bottom doesnt produce convection current

______________________________________________________________________________
as water at the bottom will be more dense & heavier
______________________________________________________________________________
so it 'll
stay at the bottom
______________________________________________________________________________
.

•
liquid at the top loses heat It contracts , becomes more
______________________________________________________________________________
.

dense and hence sink The warmer less dense

______________________________________________________________________________
.

water is
pushed up
which rises
forming
convection current
______________________________________________________________________________ .

Consequences of convection:
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Physics by Kashan Rashid
1. Formation of sea breeze and land breeze
are a consequence of convection. In fact,
formation of all air currents is a
consequence of convection.
Considering sea or land breeze, air above
the land heats up and cools down more
quickly than that above water. Therefore,
in the morning, the air above the land
rises and the air above the sea move
towards the land to fill the partial
vacuum generated. Hence sea breeze is
generated. In case of land breeze, at
night, land cools down quickly and so does the air above it. Air above the sea is still less

Land heats and cool down more

quickly than sea !!
up

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TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
dense so the air above the land moves towards to sea to fill the partial vacuum
generated over there. This way, we have a land breeze.
2. Spreading of cold air in fridge and refrigerators is also a consequence of convection.
3. Cool air spreading through A/C is also because of convection.
4. Air above the candle heats up and hence rises. The cooler air moves from right to left to
full the
partial
vacuum
produced
above the
candle.

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65/76
 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
Radiation
Itis a mode neat
of transfer via
infrared
______________________________________________________________________________
radiations which is
potof electromagnetic
______________________________________________________________________________
a

spectrum. It does notneed medium. Itcan

______________________________________________________________________________
a

travel in vacuum.
______________________________________________________________________________
even

Factors effecting heat transfer via radiation

1. Color

Colors have a great effect on the absorption and emission of infra-red radiations.

Dark colors are absorbans and emitten

good good
________________________________________________________________________

of Infrared radiations comparedto

lightcolors.
________________________________________________________________________

Examples:

Winter collection clothes is in dark

of always
&
________________________________________________________________________
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isin light.
color YOUR
whereas summercollection
________________________________________________________________________
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made black to absorbs more heat.

fleating grills
-
one
________________________________________________________________________

If two bodies made of the same material are placed equidistant from a heater at the
the dark colored
same temperature and the heater is turned on, _________________________________
with absorbs more heatand achieve a
object
________________________________________________________________________
in
higher temp than a colored light body
________________________________________________________________________
the mierval time,
same
of
________________________________________________________________________
1 themometers
ji black C -

1=
white

-
room -

heat
temp black color color
white
*
t/min
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 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
___________________________________________________________________
Dark colored objects behave as good emitter
___________________________________________________________________
→

when their own temp is higher than The

___________________________________________________________________
surrounding 's
___________________________________________________________________
.

___________________________________________________________________
Dark colored objects behave as good absorbers
___________________________________________________________________
→

when their own temp is lower than The

___________________________________________________________________
surrounding 's
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
Similarly, both the objects are brought to the same elevated temperature and allowed
dark colored
body will
to cool, keeping all external conditions constant, ________________________________
cool down more than the The
colored
________________________________________________________________________ light body .

final temperature will still be equal to room temp

________________________________________________________________________ .

" thermometers
1- 1°C d ↳

room

temp
i⇐ - - -
- - - - - -

tryadc
-

black color
←
-

white color
→

tlmin

Constants for the experiment:

surrounding temp
•
time •

________________________________________________________________________ forPhysics
heating
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material container
by Kashan Rashid
•

of initial temp
________________________________________________________________________
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same
liquid
same volume
________________________________________________________________________
of liquid
•
.

2. Surface texture

Radiations cannot be stopped completely but can be reflected.

shiny surfaces are

good reflectors ( poor absorbers )
________________________________________________________________________

Infrared Radiation Dull

of
________________________________________________________________________
are
surfaces poor reflectors
.

( absorbers ) Radiation
Infrared
good of
________________________________________________________________________ .

Examples:
Thermos
Surfaces of are made
shiny to
________________________________________________________________________
•

flask
heat
prevent in or
from goring
leaving out
________________________________________________________________________
Windscreens are covered with shiny to prevent
foil
________________________________________________________________________
•

heat escaping .

69/76
TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
Place two containers of the same material containing the same amount of water
When the heater is
placed to heat
equidistant from the heater. ________________________________________________
both containers the
liquid in the dull container
________________________________________________________________________
,

than that in
heats
________________________________________________________________________
more
up shiny .

________________________________________________________________________

^
THC Dull

shiny

Time / min
( Dull black ) ( shiny Black )

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Constants for this experiment: Physics by Kashan Rashid
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Amount
of heat supplied Amount
of liquid
________________________________________________________________________
• •

Material of container Size

Type of liquid of
•
________________________________________________________________________
•
.
•

container Color container Room

of temperature
________________________________________________________________________
. •
.

3. Surface Temperature
4
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 ∝ 1-
Increasing temperature drastically increases the
________________________________________________________________________
rate Radiations Infrared
of
heat
transfer
by
________________________________________________________________________ .

4. Surface Area
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 ∝ 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Increasing increases rate
surface
area
heat
________________________________________________________________________
of
transfer via radiation as more molecules are now
________________________________________________________________________
at the to lose heat
available
surface
________________________________________________________________________ .

71/76
 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
" "

Temp Q T
___________________________________________________________________
✗

___________________________________________________________________
/ TIK É W
___________________________________________________________________
"
(T) 100 1100J lost in 1s )
___________________________________________________________________
" ☒
( 2T ) Q
___________________________________________________________________
#✗ Q 100 ✗ 16T¢
___________________________________________________________________
=

Q 100×16
___________________________________________________________________
=

Q 1600W 11600J lost in 1s ) ! !

___________________________________________________________________
=

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

CLASSMATE
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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72/76
 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
Heat transfer to and from building

1. In building and houses, heat and transferred through walls (conduction), ceiling
(conduction) and floor (conduction).
2. Some the heat is also lost through doors and windows.
a. Carpets and curtains are used to reduce heat transfer through floor and windows
respectively. Carpets act as insulator between the floor and the environment
whereas curtain trap that also act as an insulator, reducing the heat lost through
the windows.
b. The use of double glaze windows also reduce the heat transfer through
conduction. Double glaze windows have air trapped between two layers of glass
that act as a layer of insulation. If the temperature is hot outside, heat will not
enter the room and vice versa.

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Consequences of Infrared radiations

1. Used in heat vision and night vision cameras

2. Results in the heat transfer from Sun to Earth
3. Major source of cooking and heating in ovens
4. Major source of heat loss from a thermos flask

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 TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY
Thermos Flask

Thermos Flasks are designed to reduces heat transfer via all three modes i.e. conduction,
convection and radiation. It is to ensure that the beverage inside retains its temperature. Hot
beverage stays hot and cold beverage stays cold.

1. Stopper: Reduces heat transfer via

conduction
__________________ /
( plastic Wood )

2. Double-walled glass vessel: Reduces heat

air
conduction
→

transfer via ___________________

3. Silvered surfaces: Reduces heat transfer liquid
radiation
via _____________________
4. Vacuum: Stops heat transfer via both
conduction
___________________ and
convection
_________________ to a large extent

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Physics by Kashan Rashid

1. Heat travelling from inside the container in case of hot beverage is reflected by inner
shiny walled surface of the
vessel
2. Heat travelling from outside the
container in case of cold
beverage is reflected by outer
shiny walled surface of the vessel

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