Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores Monterrey, Mexico State Campus .

Farinango Romi, Nicolas, Julia, López

Jennifer,.BEM
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1

Basic of electrical Measurement

Farinango, Romi., Nicolas, Julia y López, Jennifer.
{A01367232,A01372872, A01379032}@itesm.mx
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores Monterrey, Mexico State Campus

​ Determination of voltage, current and resistance

Abstract— the circuits we use today. Let's analyze the color code of the
from circuit, calculations and experimentally. comparison of resistors to find the values ​they have. This code is very useful
theoretical results and measurements with multimeter. because we will not always have a device like a multimeter.
Record that the unit of measure of these components is the
​ Current, circuit, resistance, voltage and stream.
Keywords— Ohm.The resistance color code tells us how many ohms that
resistance has. In addition we indicate other parameters that
we will see next. There are resistances that their values ​are
I. N​OMENCLATUR printed on them, since they have a large size. But when they
Ω Ohm are very small it is more difficult, so it is better to use a color
V Voltage code in the resistors so that there is a better ease of handling
P Power the component.[2]
R Resistance The resistance codes with four bands are shown in
I Stream Fig. 2

II. I​NTRODUCTION

E​ lectrical Units of Measurement are used to express

standard electrical units along with their prefixes when the
units are too small or too large to express as a base unit.The
standard units of electrical measurement used for the
expression of voltage, current and resistance are the Volt [ V ],
Ampere [ A ] and Ohm [ Ω ] respectively.
These electrical units of measurement are based on
the International (metric) System, also known as the SI
System with other commonly used electrical units being
derived from SI base units.Sometimes in electrical or
electronic circuits and systems it is necessary to use multiples
or sub-multiples (fractions) of these standard electrical
measuring units when the quantities being measured are very Fig2. Code for resistance with four bands
large or very small.
The following table gives a list of some of the On the other hand, light-emitting diodes, or simply LEDs, are
standard electrical units of measure used in electrical formulas among the most used of the different types of semiconductor
and component values.[1] diodes currently available and are commonly used in
televisions and color screens.
They are the most visible type of diode, that emit a
fairly narrow bandwidth of either visible light at different
coloured wavelengths, invisible infra-red light for remote
controls or laser type light when a forward current is passed
through them.
The “Light Emitting Diode” or LED as it is more
commonly called, is basically just a specialised type of diode
as they have very similar electrical characteristics to a PN
Fig. 1 Electrical formulas and component values junction diode. This means that an LED will pass current in its
forward direction but block the flow of current in the reverse
The color code of resistance works based on colors. Currently direction.
there are a wide variety of resistors, they are indispensable for
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Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores Monterrey, Mexico State Campus . Farinango Romi, Nicolas, Julia, López
Jennifer,.BEM

Light emitting diodes are made from a very thin layer of fairly
heavily doped semiconductor material and depending on the
semiconductor material used and the amount of doping, when
forward biased an LED will emit a coloured light at a
particular spectral wavelength.[3]
that the sum of the currents flowing into a node is equal to the
sum of currents flowing out of it.(Weman, K.2012)
“The sum of the voltages around a closed circuit = 0”
V1+V2+V3+....=0……………(3)
Kirchhoff's laws apply to the voltages and currents in a circuit
at any instant of time. Thus the voltage law that the sum of the
voltages taken round a closed loop is zero means that, with
alternating voltages having values of v1, v2, v3, etc. at the
same instant of time.(Powell, 1995)

III. A​CTIVITIES

Fig 3. Parts of an LED

Ohm´s law
Ohm’s principal discovery was that the amount of
electric current through a metal conductor in a circuit is
directly proportional to the voltage impressed across it, for any
given temperature. Ohm expressed his discovery in the form
of a simple equation, describing how voltage, current, and
resistance interrelate: (​All about circuits, 2018)
V=IR……………(1)
V= voltage, I= current and R= resistance
The unit of resistance is ohm and is denoted by Ω.

This law is one of the most basic concepts in electricity. It

helps to calculate the power, efficiency, current, voltage, and
resistance of an element of an electrical circuit.

Kirchhoff's laws

Kirchhoff's laws are helpful when analysing an electric circuit

with several components in order to work out the current
through, or voltage across, any of the components.(Weman,
K.2012)

“The sum of the currents at a node = 0”.

I1+I2+I3=0……………(2)
This is valid as long as we allow for the directions of the
current. Alternatively, it can be simpler to express it as saying
Fig. 3 General flow chart process in the laboratory.

Basic of electrical Measurement F-LA-GE-05/1

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Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores Monterrey, Mexico State Campus . Farinango Romi, Nicolas, Julia, López
Jennifer,.BEM

A. Resistance Measure
In this first part, to calculate nominal values according to the R2 Yellow-viole 470 0.469k 0.2127
color code, afterwards the real resistance value was measured t-brown
with the digital multimeter and the variation between the
nominal and real value were calculated.
R3 Brown-black 1000 0.993k 0.7
B. Measuring the resistance using the voltage and the -red
current

In the second part, a circuit was built with a resistor and cable, R4 Brown-black 1000k 1M 0
both connected to a protoboard. It measured the voltage V1 -green
and the current in circuit. After that, the value of resistor R1
and power were calculated with the helps Ohm’s law, this
activity is repeated three times with different resistors. R5 Red-red-ora 22k 21.8k 0.909
nge
C. Kirchoff and Ohm’s Law

In this part, Kirchoff and Ohm’s Law were used to calculate

R6 Yellow-viole 47k 46.6k 0.851
the value of resistor R1 that makes that Vout = 2 V and that
the current of the circuit will be 15mA. The circuit was built t-orange
with one resistor, cable and one LED.
Depending on the applied voltage value and the resistor so that
the led turns on. R7 Brown-black 100k 99.9k 0.1
-yellow
D. Voltage Divisor
Exercise 2
Finally, the circuit was built with two resistances and cable,
both connected to a protoboard, after that the output voltage
We build three equal circuits, only varying the resistors
nominal value is calculated.
selected by the teacher as shown in the following image.
Results
Exercise 1
They gave us 6 different resistors, then we show the colors
of each resistance and its nominal value obtained in the table
of commercial values of the resistors, we also obtained its real
value using the multimeter and we calculated its percentage of
error.

No. Resistor Nomin Real % of

Fig. 4 Diagram of exercise 2.
Resistor color al value variation
Then the voltage V1 of 5V was established for the three
value [​Ω]
cases. The current in the circuit was measured with the help of
[​Ω]
the multimeter and we used Ohm's Law to calculate the
current and power for the three cases by substituting the
resistors using the following equations:
R1 Red-violet-r 2700 2.7k 0
I=V/R
ed
P = VI
Basic of electrical Measurement F-LA-GE-05/1
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Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores Monterrey, Mexico State Campus . Farinango Romi, Nicolas, Julia, López
Jennifer,.BEM

Finally, we calculate the percentage of error between the

actual value we measure with the multimeter and the value we
calculate.

Fig. 5 Diagram of exercise 3.

By means of the Law of Kirchoff and Ohm the resistance
R1 was calculated knowing that Vout = 2 V and that the
circuit current will be 15 mA.As we can see Vin = 10V, then it
cannot exceed this value so the difference of Vin-Vout is
Fig 4. Circuit from the exercise 2. made and it would give us the voltage of resistance R1 that is
8V.
Now to calculate the resistance R1 we use Ohm's Law with
No. Nomi Resist V Powe Current Current Variat the following equation:
Resist nal or 1 r [W] measure calculat ion % R = V / I = 8V / 15mA = 533.33 Ω
or value color [ d with ed [A​] We replace resistance R1 with a resistance with 100k Ω. We
[​Ω] V the noticed that it turned on the LED with greater intensity
] multime compared to the resistance we calculated. The higher the
ter [A​] current, the more voltage is needed.

R1 2700 Red-vi 5 9.25 1.94mA 1.85E-3 4.64

olet-re E-3
d

R2 470 Yello 5 0.058 10.88m 0.0106 2.573

w-viol A
et-bro
wn

R3 1000 Brown 5 0.25 5.18mA 5E-3 3.47

-black
-red

Fig 5.
Exercise 3
We analyze and build the following circuit using the Exercise 4
resistance of 1: The value of the output voltage was determined
theoretically, knowing the value of the resistors and Vs

Basic of electrical Measurement F-LA-GE-05/1

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Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores Monterrey, Mexico State Campus . Farinango Romi, Nicolas, Julia, López
Jennifer,.BEM

Fig. 6 Diagram of exercise 4.

Data:
R1= 470 ​Ω
R2=1000 ​Ω
VS= 10 Volts
R​eff​= 470​Ω​+1000​Ω
R​eff​= 1470​Ω
Vout= (1000​Ω​/1470​Ω​)*10V
Vout=6.8 V
After measure the Vout with multimeter, the value of: 6.90
Both theoretical and experimental results were compared,
Fig. 7 Diagram of the power dissipated by a load.
obtaining an error of: 0.0144
We can observe that when the voltage increases, the current
%Error: (6.9-6.8)/6.8=0.01449
increases and the power dissipated by the resistance also
increases. In the opposite case when the resistance value
IV. A​NALYSIS​,​INTERPRETATION​ ​AND​ ​DISCUSSION​ ​OF​ ​RESULTS
increases the current decreases just as the power dissipated by
Exercise 1 the resistance decreases.[8]
As we observed in the results obtained there were certain As we know, measuring instruments such as the multimeter
variations with the values of the calculated and real resistances are real instruments, so variations always vary. It has static
measured with the multimeter and this is because each characteristics because the measurement variable remains
resistance has its nominal value, but also has a tolerance constant over time. To verify the accuracy of this
range. Tolerance is the percentage of error in the actual value measurement, it is important to calibrate it to ensure the
measured during its manufacture, since there will always be highest possible accuracy. The tolerances of the electrical
certain imperfections, according to the textbook "Physics for components and the non-idealities of the electrical circuits
Science and Engineering".[7] lead to two identical sensors or measurement sensors not
Exercise 2 present in the same calibration curves, this variable curve
The importance of why the power is dissipated by a resistor according to time and use. Stability is also important to keep
is because the resistance allows control of the intensity of the your transfer curve unchanged for long periods of time. It is
current in the circuit. also in the presence of elements that store energy, this is
Analyzing the following graph: identified by a sensor with variable input signals change when
these signals are constant. Dynamic characteristics, sensor
behavior or also known as delayed response speed. This
describes the difference in sensor response to a constant or
variable input magnitude over time.

Basic of electrical Measurement
Exercise 3
The resistance limits the current that passes through it, so its
importance of using the resistance to be able to light an LED,
without it the LED would melt. In the same way it is important
to calculate the resistance as it was done to also avoid the
LEDS melting. We observe that when we changed the
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Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores Monterrey, Mexico State Campus . Farinango Romi, Nicolas, Julia, López
Jennifer,.BEM

resistance to a larger nominal value, it turned on with greater
intensity than with the calculated resistor because it was
lower. The higher the current, the more voltage is needed.
Exercise 4
In this exercise, the value of ​Vout were calculated theoretically
and experimentally, considering that the calculations were
correct when measuring with the multimeter, a value very
similar to that calculated was obtained, which verifies the joint
laws of Kirchoff and Ohm’s Law,
The values ​can vary with respect to the calibration of
multimeters or the digital microvoltmeter, and external
variations such as the source of electricity, inasmuch as
minimum error was obtained, it follows that the measurement
of the resistors following the color chart is correct.
The multimeters must meet with national verification
regulation: JJG124－2005 “Ammeter, voltmeter, power meter
and resistance meter verification rules”
improve processes and standardize them.
Every day it can be improved in terms of production processes
and systems automation with the support of activities and
knowledge acquired in this practice, but also an important
value not only to know the theory also to learn to apply it.
Jennifer
In this practice I learned the basic electrical
measurements. Understand how a multimeter is used properly,
which is capable of measuring voltages and currents. I also
learned to calculate the nominal value of a resistor using the
table of commercial values of the resistors by identifying their
colors and understanding that they have certain tolerance
ranges. Understand the use and management of a protoboard
board, how it is connected and also its risks, as it may cause a
short circuit. I feel satisfied to be able to understand what has
been done in practice for better performance in the field.

V. C​ONCLUSIONS VI. A​NNEXES

Romi a) For the circuit shown in figure 4 calculate the values
In this practice we learned various characteristics of of V1 and V3
certain instruments that are commonly used in different
measurements, such as: voltage, current, resistance, etc. In
addition to knowing and managing a multimeter since when it
comes to damaging said instrument or obtaining inaccurate
calculations it will damage the work we are doing. It is
important to mention that if you do not know how to handle
the instruments correctly or, in turn, to erroneously place the
circuits because you do not have enough knowledge, it can
cause explosions since these instruments use energy. On the
other hand, knowledge of these instruments is already very
important. that as chemical engineers it is demonstrated that
the usual potentiometric titrations in analytical chemistry Data:
(acid-base, redox, etc.) can be carried out using a multimeter V=45v R1=2k​Ω ​R2=5k​Ω R​ 3=8k​Ω
instead of the potentiometer as an equivalence point indicator Process:
system as well as in different uses of the industrial. I = VR
45
I = 15000
I = 3x10 −3 A
Julia V1=I*R
This first practice was about basic concepts: the V1= 3x10 −3 A (2000​Ω​)
electricity and circuit, principles that apply at all times. V1=6 v
With each exercise applied the Kirchoff and Ohm’s V3= I*R
law, theories about the circuits are checked. V3= 3x10 −3 A (8000​Ω​)
In engineering, these theories are applied all the time, which V3=24v
help in different fields, whether in chemistry or biotechnology,
knowledge about voltage or resistance can be applied to
Basic of electrical Measurement F-LA-GE-05/1
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Jennifer,.BEM

b) For the circuit shown in figure 5 design a Voltage

Divisor such that VR1 = 4VR2 VII. R​EFERENCIAS

[1] Ranjam,K. (2019). Electrical Units of Measure. febrero 19, 2020, de

Electronis Tutorial Sitio web:
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_3.html
[2] Aleman,G. (2017). Resistance Color Code. february
20,2020, de Hetpao Sitio web.:
https://hetpro-store.com/TUTORIALES/codigo-de-colores-de-resistenci
a/
[3] Quaglia,R. (2019). The Light Emitting Diode. February 20, 2020, de
ElectronicTutorials Sitio web:
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_8.html
[4] Verification Regulation of Amperemeters Voltmeters Wattmeters and
Ohmmeters. (2005). ​Detail of JJG 124-2005. ​Sitio Web:
http://www.codeofchina.com/standard/JJG124-2005.html
Data: [5] Powell, R, ​Introduction to Electric Circuits. ​sitio web:
V=20v I=4mA https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-340-63198-0.X5000-X
Process [6] All about circuits. ​Ohm’s Law - How Voltage, Current, and Resistance
Relate. (​ 2018). Sitio web:
VR1 = 4VR2 EC1
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-2/voltage-
V=R*I current-resistance-relate/
VR2= 4x10 −3 R2 ------- VR1= 4x10 −3 R1 [7] Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2018). Física para ciencias e ingeniería:
Replace Ec1 Volumen 2. Ciudad de México: Cengage Learning Editores.
[8] Potencia disipada por una resistencia. (n.d.). Retrieved from
4x10 −3 R1= 4( 4x10 −3 R2)
https://www.edumedia-sciences.com/es/media/732-potencia-disipada-po
4x10 −3 R1=0.016R2 r-una-resistencia
R1=4R2
Voltage Divider
R2
VR2=[ R1+R2 ] Vin

4x10 −3 R2 =[ 4R2+R2
R2
] 20
−3 R2
4x10 R2 =[ 5R2 ] 20
4x10 −3 R2 =4

4
R2 = 4x10 −3
R2=1000​Ω
R1=4(1000​Ω​)
R1=4000Ω

VR1=R1*I
VR1=4000Ω​* 4x10 −3 A
VR1=16 V

VR2=R2*I
VR2=1000Ω​* 4x10 −3 A
VR2=4 V

Basic of electrical Measurement F-LA-GE-05/1