EE 200B - ENGINEERING UTILITIES There are three types of resistor color coding.
They have different
Module 1 Ohm’s Law
Direct current is an electricity source that does not require a prime
move or physical rotation to produce electricity (unlike in an AC
generator). The most common DC source is an electrochemical cell
or sets of cells called a battery.
The battery has two poles, the positive and negative.
1. The voltage source (Volts) supplies electrons, or electricity to the
load.
2. The resistance can be a resistor or a DC bulb, measured in Ohms,
and,
3. The current is the measure of flow of electrons, in Amperes.
The value of the current, I, can be determined by using the Ohm's
Law. Ohm's Law states that the resistance of the circuit is directly
proportional to the voltage source and inversely proportional to the
current.
When resistors are connected in a chain, it is called as series
resistors.
When voltage sources are connected in a chain, it is called series
batteries.
The DC series circuit happens when resistors and voltages are
connected in a chain.
A parallel circuit happens when voltages and resistors are connected
across each other.
OHM'S LAW-derived from the equation for all physical systems
-George Simon Ohm
EFFECT = flow of charge (current)
CAUSE= pressure (voltage)
OPPOSITION= resistance
Circuit Application
For any resistor, in any network, the direction of current through a
resistor will define the polarity of the voltage drop across the resistor.
Electrical Power in Circuits
Electrical Power, (P) in a circuit is the rate at which energy is
absorbed or produced within a circuit. A source of energy such as a
voltage will produce or deliver power while the connected load
absorbs it.
The quantity symbol for power is P and is the product of voltage
multiplied by the current with the unit of measurement being the Watt
(W). Prefixes are used to denote the various multiples or sub-multiples
of a watt, such as: milliwatts (mW = 10³W) or kilowatts (kW = 10°W).
Light bulbs and heaters for example, absorb electrical power and
convert it into either heat, or light, or both. The higher their value or
rating in watts the more electrical power they are likely to consume.
RESISTANCE = the opposition to the flow of current (charge)
Opposition - due to collisions and friction between free electron
collision and friction - converts electrical energy into HEAT!
FACTORS affecting resistance of material
1. Type of material (p)
2. Length (L)
3. Cross sectional Area (A)
4. Temperature of the material (T)
CIRCULAR MILS (CM)
mil = a unit of measurement for length
Temperature Effects on the Resistance of a copper wire
For good conductors, an increase in temperature will result in an
increase in the resistance level
Resistor Color Coding Scheme
number of color bands and hence provide different information. This is
illustrated by the next table. You can calculate the value of an
unknown resistor by entering its color code in the fields below the
table.
RESISTORS IN SERIES
Resistors can be connected in series, that is, the current flows through
them one after another.
Since there is only one path for the current to travel, the current
through each of the resistor is the same!
Identifying Series Connections
A series connection provides only one path for current between two
points in a circuit so that the same current flow through each series
resistor.
Effect of Connecting Resistors in Series
The total resistance of a series connection is equal to the sum of the
resistances of each individual resistor.
KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
"The algebraic sum of the potential rises and drops around a closed
path (or loop) is zero."
-”The applied voltage of a series de circuit will equal the sum of the
voltage drops of the circuit."
SERIES CIRCUITS
A SERIES CIRCUIT IS MADE BY CONNECTING THE END OF ONE
DEVICE TO THE BEGINNING OF ANOTHER
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS THE SAME TERMINALS OF BOTH
DEVICES ARE CONNECTED TOGETHER
DC PARALLEL CIRCUITS
“Two elements, branches, or circuits are in parallel if they have two,
and only two points in common.”
If there is more than one current path (branch) between two separate
points (nodes) and if the voltage between those two points also
appears across each of those branches, then there is a parallel circuit
between those two points.
Module 2 Electrical System Design
Electric Conductors or Wire Ampacity
Types of Cables
1 TW - Flame retardant, moisture-resistant thermoplastic insulation
Wine is rated 60 C wet or dry
2 THW - Flame retardant, moisture and heat resistant thermoplastic
insulation rated 75 C wet or dry.
3 THWN - flame retardant, moisture and heat resistant thermoplastic
with extruded mylon jacket. Rated 75 C wet or dry
4 THHN - Flame retardant, heat resistant thermoplastic insulation with
extruded mykon jacket. Rated 75 C dry only
Ampacity of Wires (Based on PEC 2017, page 174)
Ampacity is the amount current a conductor can allow to pass without
damaging itself, based on conditions, such as Ambient Temperature
of 30 C in raceway, cable or earth (directly buried).
What Is a Floor Plan?
A floor plan is a scaled diagram of a room or building viewed from
above. The floor plan may depict an entire building, one floor of a
building, or a single room. It may also include measurements, furniture,
appliances, or anything else necessary to the purpose of the plan
Floor plans are useful to help design furniture layout, wiring systems,
and much more. They're also a valuable tool for real estate agents
and leasing companies in helping sell or rent out a space.
The Importance of Floor Plan Design
Floor plans are essential when designing and building a home. A good
floor plan can increase the enjoyment of the home by creating a nice
flow between spaces and can even increase its resale value.
What are the key characteristics of a good floor plan when
designing your house?
- Versable and flexible. Make sure in the future an office can easily be
turned into a child's bedroom whether for your family or a future
buyer's.
- Ideal room layout Make sure bedrooms are far from entertaining
spaces Bathrooms shouldn't face common entertainment spaces like
dining rooms or living rooms Most people will like if the kitchen opens
to the dining or living rooms so whoever is cooking can still interact
with guests or keep an eye on the kids playing
- Size matters Whenever designing any room or hallway, think about
how many people will be in that space at one time. Do they have room
to move around? Is there room for furniture to accommodate all the
planned activities?
- Fits your pronties and lifestyle If entertaining is important, make sure
there's a good flow from the kitchen to an outside space and living
room. If you work from home, make sure your office gets ideal light
and perhaps in a quiet location. When you do laundry, is it ok if you
have to climb three floors from your master bedroom to the laundry
room?
- Find the balance between architectural details and practical
considerations. Think about the safety of kids cleaning, heating and
cooling bill before falling in love with some majestic staircase or floor
to ceiling windows.
How to Draw a Floor Plan
There are a few basic steps to creating a floor plan:
- Choose an area. Determine the area to be drawn. If the building
already exists, decide how much (a room, a floor, or the entire building)
of it to draw. If the building does not yet exist, brainstorm designs
based on the size and shape of the location on which to build.
- Take measurements. If the building exists, measure the walls, doors,
and pertinent furniture so that the floor plan will be accurate. If the
layout is being created for an entirely new area, be sure that the total
area will fit where it is to be built. It is advisable to examine buildings
built in similar areas to use as an estimate for this floor plan. Learn
more about how to measure and draw your floor plan to scale.
- Draw walls. Add walls for each room of the building, taking care to
draw them to scale • Add architectural features. Begin adding features
to the space by including the unchangeable things, like the doors and
windows, as well as the refrigerator, dishwasher, dryer, and other
important appliances that must be placed in a specific location
- Add furniture Add furniture if the floor plan calls for it
LIGHTING LAYOUT DESIGN
- Good lighting design turns a house into a home. It enhances the
interior design and architecture, and should be designed to reflect how
the resident lives in the space. A house can have the most beautiful
interior design and stunning architecture, but if the lighting is wrong it
simply won't feel like a home.
-Lighting affects how people feel about being in a space so it's
essential to get it right. To help with this we've put together some
residential lighting design basics.
-The lighting-both natural and artificial-should be considered from the
start. The earlier it's taken into account the more it will complement
the interior design and architecture, and work to create the required
ambience.
-The key to great residential lighting is the quality of light and how it
interplays with different surfaces Because light itself is invisible a
common mistake is to put too much emphasis on the hardware or
design of a luminaire, above the quality of light that's being emitted
For example, a chandelier might be chosen because it looks stylish,
but how will it actually light a space? This needs to be considered
-Review the function of each individual space Work out what surfaces
should be seen and illuminated, and what composition is required at
different times of day Don't just flood a space with light.
Avoid overloading a ceiling with downlights-they only illuminate the
floor. By layering light with accent and feature lighting a minimal
amount of downlights will be required and only where needed.
Different layers of light include
Ambient lighting-a base level of functional light (such as downlights)
Accent lighting - highlights key features and/ or details
Feature lighting - decorative pendants, table and floor lamps, wall
lights etc.
Forming a composition with these layers of light, which includes
contrast and drama, will create a cosy and comfortable, flexible and
interesting home. Use different styles of lighting at various levels
around rooms to create pockets of illumination and shade
-Integrate lighting into joinery and architectural details for a subtle,
stylish effect. Using these 'concealed techniques creates invisible light
sources, where the surfaces and objects themselves emit the light.
Examples include:
- Kitchens: lights under cupboards provide good task lighting that
harmonises with overhead lighting. Always consider how and where
shadows will fall (no one wants to chop their fingers off).
- Bathrooms: integrated lighting (in mirrors, etc.) is particularly
important because it produces a flattering light on skin. It's not about
illuminating the space, it's about illuminating the face. Make sure light
falls evenly between the face and a mirror and use a diffuse light for a
flattering effect
- Wardrobes and cupboards people want to see what they're doing so
integrating light into these areas creates a positive experience. A
presence detector or micro-switch can automatically switch these on
and off as required.
- Walls: ensure they're well illuminated, rather than the floor. Generally,
if a space needs to feel light and bright, light the vertical surfaces -
good vertical illumination decompresses a space. Whereas horizontal
illumination, with minimal vertical TIP illumination, compresses a
space and makes it feel more intimate. At different times of day
different ambiences might be needed.
- Be cautious of mirrors (and other specular surfaces). They don't
necessarily make a space feel brighter - they only reflect what's
opposite. If a mirror is placed opposite a window the space will feel
bright because soft lighting will come through the window. If a mirror is
placed opposite a black wall, and a light is put above it, the space will
feel twice as big but equally as gloomy. Sometimes a simple matt
white emulsion can be a lighting designer's best friend because it
gives the most luminosity.
- Garden or balcony lighting is as important as interior lighting. It
draws the eye from the interior outside, expanding the feeling of space
and making it not appear like a black mirror.
- Lastly, with lighting products you get what you pay for. Spend money
on good quality light sources (such as LED lamps), not just the
luminaire. Remember, when it comes to the very basics of residential
lighting design, it's about the quality of light and how it interplays with
different surfaces.
Electrical receptacle (outlet) Locations In Living Areas
The NEC basically states that within any living area of a home, you
must have an electrical receptacle (outlet) 6 feet from any obstruction
or break in the wall, such as a doorway, and no more than 12 feet
from the previous electrical receptacle (outlet),
The 6/12 rule are minimums and in theory there is no reason within
the code that you could not have an electrical receptacle (outlet) every
foot across the wall space.
Lighting and switch layout
This electrical floor plan sample shows the lighting and switch layout.
"In building wiring, a light switch is a switch, most commonly used to
operate electric lights, permanently connected equipment, or electrical
outlets. Portable lamps such as table lamps will have a light switch
mounted on the socket, base, or in-line with the cord. Manually
operated on/off switches may be substituted by remote control
switches, or light dimmers that allow controlling the brightness of
lamps as well as turning them on or off. Light switches are also found
in flashlights and automobiles and other vehicles."
WEEK 3 : ELECTRICAL LAYOUT SINGLE FAMILY DWELLING

- Wire Size & Amp Ratings

Ampacity is the maximum current that a conductor can carry

continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its
temperature rating. Current is measured in amperes or "amps". You
must use the correct size wire for the current (load) requirement of the
circuit to prevent the wire from overheating.

• The number and type of electrical devices connected to a circuit

determine the ampacity requirement of the conductor. Usually, a
general purpose house circuit. is designed for 20 amps. Lighting
circuits may be designed for only 15 amps

• To calculate the load requirement for a circuit, first add up the

wattage of all the electrical devices that will be on the circuit. Then,
divide the total wattage by the voltage of the system, typically 120 or
240, and that will give you the required. current or amps.
SERVICE ENTRANCE AND SERVICE DROP

Power enters the drop through the Service Entrance. The service
entrance includes the Electric Meter that measures the amount of
energy delivered to the home and the Service Panel that houses the
circuit breakers or fuses. The service panel also distributes power to
the various circuits in the house.

The service drop illustrated, has two 120V lines and a neutral
conductor. The three lines may be independent conductors or housed
in a three conductor cable called a triplex cable

The three conductors comprising the service drop consist of two

hotlines and one neutral. Each hotline as a potential of 120V to the
neutral line. Between the two hotlines, there is a difference of potential
240V. This is why the service is identified as a 120/240V service. This
concept is illustrated here.

TYPES OF CONDUIT
EMT
IMC
Rigid Metal Conduit

ANALOG KWHR-METER OR ELECTRIC METER

- 5 dial meter and 4 dial meter
- Electric meters are installed in walls of houses or buildings. In
3/0 Gauge - 200 Amps Service entrance
someplaces, they are installed above the ground such as in the
1/0 Gauge - 150 Amps Service entrance and feeder wire
top
3 Gauge - 100 Amps Service entrance and feeder wire
of an electric post to prevent tampering it. Meter tampering is
6 Gauge - 55 Amps Feeder and large appliance wire
very common to some places.
8 Gauge - 40 Amps Feeder and large appliance wire
10 Gauge - 30 Amps Dryers, appliances, and air conditioning
COMPUTATIONS
12 Gauge - 20 Amps Appliance, laundry and bathroom circuits
AMPACITY OF WIRES
14 Gauge - 15 Amps General lighting and receptacle circuits
 Lumen - A lumen (symbol Im) is a measure of the total amount of light
visible light emitted by a source in any particular direction. That's
keeping it simple. For a more precise definition Wikipedia can tell you
more about what a lumen is.

Lux - the metric system

Lux is a measure of illuminance which basically means it's a measure
of how much light there is over a given surface area. One Lux (lx) is
equal to one lumen per square meter.

1lx=1 lm/m²

(b) Branch Circuit Over current Device. Flexible cord shall be Footcandle - the imperial system
protected where supplied by a branch circuit in accordance with one of Footcandle is also a measure of illuminance for those of you who
the methods described in 2.40.1.5(b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), or (b)(4). prefer to work in feet. One Footcandle (fc) is equal to one lumen per
square foot.
(1) Supply Cord of Listed Appliance or Portable Lamps. Where a
flexible cord or tinsel cord is approved for and used with a specific 1 fc=1 lm/ft²
listed appliance or portable lamp, it shall be considered to be
protected when applied within the appliance or portable lamp listing Converting between Lux and Footcandles
requirements. If you need to convert between Lux and footcandles (values given to
precision of 2 decimal places):
(2) Fixture Wire. Fixture wire shall be permitted to be tapped to the
branch circuit conductor of a branch circuit in accordance with the 1 Footcandle (fc) = 10.76 Lux (lx)
following:
Lighting Calculation - Step 1 Find out how many lux or foot candles
a. 20-ampere circuits -18 AWG, up to 15 m of run length) you need
b. 20-ampere circuits - 16 AWG, up to 30 m of run length
c.20-ampere circuits-2.0 mm 2 (1.6 mm dia ) and lager The lighting table below tells you how many lux or foot candles you
d. 30-ampere circuits-2.0 mm 2 (1.6 mm dia ) and larger need in each room or for various tasks.
e. 40-ampere circuits-3.5 mm 2 (2 0 mm dia ) and larger
f.50-ampere circuits-3.5 mm 2 (2.0 mm dia ) and larger The values given in the table aim to assure safety, comfort and charm.
There are times when more light may be available such as when there
2.40.1.6 Standard Ampere Ratings. is bright sunlight spilling through a window or when more light is
desirable such as for a small task.
(a) Fuses and Fixed-Trip Circuit Breakers. The standard ampere
ratings for fuses and inverse time circuit breakers shall be considered
15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175,
200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 1000, 1200,
1600, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 6000 amperes. Additional
standard ampere ratings for fuses shall be 1, 3, 6, 10, and 601. The
use of fuses and inverse time circuit breakers with nonstandard
ampere ratings shall be permitted.

LOAD COMPUTATION

WEEK 4 : ILLUMINATION

Lighting Calculation

Figure out how much light you need in each room and how many
fixtures you'll need.

Lighting units
We're going to work out the amount of light required for a kitchen.
Using the table above we can see that we need
-108 lux (or 10 footcandles) for ambient lighting
-538 lux (or 50 footcandles) for task lighting for food preparation
Lighting Calculation - Step 2
Work out how many lumens you need
Ambient lighting in the kitchen
In this step we need to work out the area of the kitchen.Let's say we
have a 4m x 3m kitchen we multiply these two numbers together to
get an area of 12 square meters.
To get the number of lumens we multiply the lux requirement from
step 1 by the area. This gives us 12 x 108= 1296 lumens.
If you're working in feet, calculate the area in square feet and use the
footcandle value from the light table.
Task lighting in the kitchen
Here we're going to work out the surface are that needs to be lit for
food preparation.
Let's say we want to light the countertop which measures 4m x 0.6m.
That makes the area 2.4 square meters.
To get the number of lumens the calculation is 2.4 x 538 = 1291
lumens
If you're working in feet, calculate the area in square feet and use the
footcandle value from the light table.
Lighting Calculation - Step 3 Work out how many bulbs you need
- The number of lumens that a light bulb emits is usually labeled
on the packaging. Remember that the lighting fixture you have
in mind will determine what type of bulbs you are going to use.
- Number of bulbs for ambient lighting
Let's say we were going to use a fluorescent light source for the
ambient lighting. Fluorescent tubes that emit 800 lumens each are
available. One tube wouldn't be sufficient, but two tubes would give
1600 lumens which would be plenty for our 1296 lumen requirement.
- Number of bulbs for task lighting
Let's say we want to use LEDs for the under the cabinet lighting and
we've found a bulb we light which gives out 350 lumens.
So we need 1291/350 = 3.6 which means we need 4 of the bulbs to
light the countertop.
That's it - we're done!
Kitchen Lighting Ideas - Ambient Lighting
Now it's time to think about a few kitchen lighting ideas for the general
ambient lights in the kitchen. We'll start with what's perhaps the most
common way to light a kitchen, but perhaps not the best looking. You
guessed it - fluorescent tubes.
Kitchen Daylight Design
Let's finish off spend a little time on how to make the best of daylight
in the kitchen. Wall space can be at a premium in the kitchen with
windows space competing with above counter storage space.
Skylights or roof lights can be a great way to get more light into the
kitchen.
Mirrors are a great way to boost light in a room. I thought about
installing mirrors as the backsplash but then thought that it would be
very hard to keep looking spick and span. Other possibilities for
introducing mirrors are to have a couple of cabinets with a mirror
element in the door or maybe mirrors all the way up above the wall
cabinets.
WEEK 5 : BUILDING TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
How to Build a Wireless Home Network
Design, install, and configure a wireless network
Although mainstream wireless networking has made amazing strides
over the years, wireless technology and terminology remain a bit
difficult for most of us to comprehend.
- BENEFITS OF WIRELESS
Wireless offers tangible benefits over traditional wired networking.
Ever tried to quickly look up a recipe on the net while cooking in the
kitchen? Do the kids need a networked computer in their bedroom for
school projects? Do you want to play games, use social networks, or
work from home while relaxing on your outdoor patio? These are just
some of the things wireless can do for you
- What Is LAN?
The definition of and uses for a local area network
LAN stands for local area network. A LAN is a group of computers and
devices that are in a specific location. The devices connect to the LAN
with an Ethernet cable or through Wi-Fi. Your home may have a LAN.
If your PC, tablet, smart TV, and wireless printer connect through your
Wi-Fi, these connected devices are part of your LAN. Only devices
that you authorize have access to your LAN.
- WHAT IS A WLAN?
A WLAN is a wireless LAN, and a LAN (local area network) is a
related group of networked computers situated in close physical
proximity to each other. You can find LANs in many homes, schools,
and businesses. Though it's technically possible to have more than
one LAN in your home, few do this in practice.
- Characteristics of a LAN
LANs come in many sizes. A group of devices connected through a
home internet connection is a LAN. Small businesses have LANs that
connect a dozen or a hundred computers with printers and file storage.
The largest LANs are controlled by a server that stores files, shares
data between devices, and directs files to printers and scanners.
- How to Use a LAN in the Home
A home LAN is a great way to create a connection between every
device in. your home including PCs, laptops, tablets, smartphones,
printers, fax machines, and gaming devices. When your devices are
connected to your Wi-Fi, you can share files privately with family
members, print wirelessly from any device, and access data on other
connected devices.
A home LAN can also be expanded to include home security systems,
smart TVs, home environment controls, and smart kitchen devices.
When these systems are added the LAN, every system can be
controlled from any device and location in the home.
- WHAT IS WI-FI?
Wi-Fi is an industry name for networking products. You'll find a black-
and white Wi-Fi logo or certification emblem on virtually any new
wireless equipment you buy.
Technically speaking, Wi-Fi signifies conformance to the 802.11 family
of wireless communication standards. But because all mainstream
wireless home network gear uses the 802.11 standards today,
basically the term "Wi-Fi" distinguishes wireless equipment from other
network gear.
Types of Wireless Equipment
The five types of equipment found in wireless home networks are:
- Wireless network adapters
- Wireless access points
- Wireless routers
- Add-on wireless antennas
- And wireless signal boosters
Some of this equipment is optional depending on your home network
configuration.
- WIRELESS NETWORK ADAPTERS
Each device you wish to connect to a WLAN must possess a wireless
network adapter. Wireless adapters are sometimes also called NICs,
short for Network Interface Cards. Wireless adapters for desktop
computers are often small PCI cards or sometimes card-like USB
adapters. Wireless adapters for notebook computers resemble a thick
credit card. Nowadays, though, an increasing number of wireless
adapters are not cards but rather small chips embedded inside
notebook or handheld computers.
Wireless network adapters contain a radio transmitter and receiver
(transceiver). Wireless transceivers send and receive messages,
translating, formatting, and generally organizing the flow of information
between the computer and the network. Determining how many
wireless network adapters you need to buy is the first critical step in
building your home network. Check the technical specifications of your
computers if you're unsure whether they contain built-in wireless
adapter chips.
WIRELESS ACCESS POINTS
A wireless access point serves as the Central WLAN communication
station. In fact, they are sometimes called base stations. Access
points are thin, lightweight boxes with a series of LED lights on the
face.
Access points join a wireless LAN to a pre-existing, wired Ethernet
network.
Home networkers typically install an access point when they already
own
a broadband router and want to add wireless computers to their
current setup. You must use either an access point or a wireless
router to implement hybrid wired/wireless home networking. Otherwise,
you probably don't need an access point.
- WIRELESS ROUTERS
A wireless router is an access point with several other useful functions.
Like wired broadband routers, wireless routers also support Internet
connection sharing and include firewall technology for improved
network security. Wireless routers closely resemble access points.
A key benefit of both wireless routers and access points is scalability.
Their strong, built-in transceivers can spread a wireless signal
throughout the home. A home WLAN with a router or access point can
better reach corner rooms and backyards, for example, than one
without. Likewise, home wireless networks with a router or access
point support many more computers than those without one. If your
wireless LAN design includes a router or access point, you must run
all network adapters in so-called infrastructure mode; otherwise they
must run in ad-hoc mode.
Wireless routers are a good choice for those building their first home
network. It's important to choose the right hardware when you're
setting up.
In computer networking, infrastructure mode allows a network to join
devices together, either through a wired or wireless connection, using
an access point such as a router. This centralization sets
infrastructure mode apart from ad hoc mode.
- WIRELESS ANTENNAS
Wireless network adapters, access points, and routers all use an
antenna to assist in receiving signals on the WLAN. Some wireless
antennas, like those on adapters, are internal to the unit. Other
antennas, like those on many access points, are externally visible.
The normal antennas shipped with wireless products provide sufficient
reception in most cases, but you can also usually install an optional,
add-on antenna to improve reception. You generally won't know
whether you'll need this piece of equipment until after you finish your
basic network setup.
- WIRELESS SIGNAL BOOSTERS
Some manufacturers of wireless access points and routers also sell a
small piece of equipment called a signal booster. A signal booster
serves to increase the strength of the base station transmitter. It's
possible to use signal boosters and add-on antennas together to
improve both wireless network transmission and reception
simultaneously.
Both antennas and signal boosters can be a useful addition to some
home networks after the basics are in place. They can bring out-of-
range computers back into range of the WLAN, and they can also
improve network performance in some cases.
- Wired vs. Wireless Networking
Building the local area network that's right for you
Computer networks for the home and small business use either wired
or wireless technology. Wired Ethernet was once the common choice
for homes and businesses. However, Wi-Fi and other wireless options
are now prevalent in homes, while many businesses still rely on wired
networks. Both methods have advantages over each other, and both
represent viable options for home and other local area networks
(LANS). We reviewed both technologies to help you decide which is
best for your small network.
- In-Building Wireless - A Step-by-Step Guide
6 Steps to deploying an in-building wireless infrastructure
Implementing a new in-building wireless system is a large project that
can be overwhelming. This document will guide you through the steps
involved in designing and implementing an in-building wireless
infrastructure for both new and existing buildings, and will highlight
some of the top errors to avoid.
1 NEEDS ASSESSMENT & REQUIREMENTS GATHERING
2 SITE SURVEY & RF SYSTEM DESIGN
3 MOBILE OPERATOR COORDINATION
4 FINANCING OPTIONS
5 INSTALLATION. INTEGRATION & COMMISSIONING
6 SYSTEM MONITORINGS MAINTENANCE
1. Needs assessment and requirements gathering
The telecommunications market is fast-changing and newly installed
wireless networks can quickly become obsolete if future requirements
are not considered up front. In order to help determine what your
current and future goals and requirements are, here are some things
to consider:
Do you need coverage throughout the entire building or just in certain
areas?Dali Wireless 2
What are the capacity requirements for dense areas? What are your
required frequency bands, and technologies (2G, 3G, 4G or even 5G)?
Does your building have existing fiber and cabling infrastructure?
What are your aesthetics concerns?
Do you need all mobile operators on the system, or just one? Do you
anticipate additional mobile operators will be added in the future?
Is first responder in-building wireless coverage required to obtain
occupancy permit (for new buildings or major remodelling)?
Does the in-building wireless system need to support wireless devices
such as Wi-Fi access points or security cameras over the same
network?
Thinking about present AND future needs is recommended. This helps
avoid the unpleasant situation where decision-makers have to inform
their management that their sizable investment no longer satisfies the
company's needs and requirements.
2. Site survey and RF system design
EXISTING BUILDINGS
For existing buildings, a site survey should be conducted to evaluate
the signal quality of the different mobile operators and to identify
optimum installation locations for radio remote units and antennas.
This will require access to building floor plans and the use of site
survey tools that can test for signal quality and RF interference. L
Once the site survey is completed, an iBwaveⓇ certified designer will
use the floor plan,
together with the site survey data, to generate a coverage or heat map
based on the iBwave software's predictions of RF propagation within
performance parameters and criteria that have been predefined in line
with your specific situation or commercial wireless operator
requirements. Factors such as the structural layout of the building,
building codes, aesthetics of the building and security issues will also
be incorporated into the final design. Based on the final design, the
designer will then create a Bill of Materials (BOM) at comprehensive
list of all the components required for the recommended in-building
wireless infrastructure.
NEW BUILDINGS
A provisional RF design is recommended for buildings that are still
under construction. LEED glass is often used in new-builds to improve
a building's energy efficiency but the reflective coating can also block
out cellular signals. It is not uncommon that, during construction, the
construction crew can freely use their mobile phones without any
challenges, but once the framing, walls and windows are installed, the
wireless signal is no longer available.
To avoid this situation, the building construction and design team
should prepare a preliminary RF design to be included with the initial
building plans. A provisional RF designIn Building RF can provide a
best estimation of RF penetration based on the structure, materials
and floor plan of the building. The cellular infrastructure cabling design
can also be included with other low voltage schematics that are
intended for computer or Wi-Fi networks and High Speed Internet
Access (HSIA).
Even if there is no immediate plan to install in-building cellular
infrastructure, it's still ideal to include the cable and fiber runs in the
initial building plans in case a cellular wireless infrastructure is needed
in the future. This will ensure that the costs and headache of having to
retrofit later on are avoided. Retrofitting could require expensive
cutting into walls or ceilings to run the cables. Once a venue is up and
running, the cost of pulling cables increases even more due its impact
on business operations.
3. Mobile operator coordination
Obtaining mobile operator participation and approval to rebroadcast
their licensed spectrum is required for in-building wireless
deployments. Mobile operators have invested billions of dollars
building out their networks to give their users the best mobile
experience possible. If the aim of the in-building wireless system is to
improve users' wireless experience, then you will need access to
licensed frequencies from the mobile operators.
4. Financing options
Financing options are available to accommodate a wide range of
needs for implementing in building wireless solutions within existing
buildings. While some enterprises may find an outright purchase or
capital expenditure most suitable, for many enterprises, equipment
leasing presents a much more accessible approach. With leasing, a
financial services company owns and finances the equipment, and
payments are made by the enterprise to the financial services
company, typically on a monthly basis. Leasing shifts the in-building
wireless system from being considered a capital expenditure (CAPEX)
to an operational expenditure (OPEX). From an accounting standpoint,
CAPEX shows up on the balance sheet and is depreciated over the
life of the asset. OPEX is registered in the profit and loss account as
an ongoing expense.
5. System installation, integration and commissioning
Based on the RF design and the Bill of Materials (BOM), additional
documentations will be developed to clearly lay out the system
installation, integration and commissioning information. These may
include a fiber plan, rack layout plan, clock distribution plan, network
design plan and gain lineup. With a full set of documents in hand, the
typical process for installing, integrating and commissioning the in-
building wireless system goes as follows:
• Install fiber and cable, as per the site survey and RF system design.
Install passive components/equipment.
Verify that all fiber, cable and passive components are operating
correctly and optimally. Install the Distributed Antenna System (host
and remotes).
Verify that the system is operating as per design parameters
Verify that the system meets the requirements of each mobile operator
and that the system has no negative impact on operator macro
networks
Document measurements based on a walk through may be required.
Finalize mobile operator re-transmission agreements. These
agreements provide the right to redistribute or retransmit the mobile
operators' RF signals within the building. They also provide
reassurance to the mobile operators that the new network is designed
and operating correctly and should not cause any issues for their
users.
Once the above steps are successfully completed, the in-building
wireless solution is operational and users will have an optimal mobile
experience throughout the building.
6. System monitoring and maintenance
Getting from purchase decision to operation is just the beginning.
System monitoring and maintenance are important to ensuring that
your system is operating optimally at all times.
These should include:
Monitoring
Remote access troubleshooting
On-site replacement parts and repairs
. Preventive maintenance
Most enterprises will negotiate a service agreement with a 3rd party.
The in building wireless system is then connected to the Network
Operating Center (NOC) of the 3rd party so they can monitor the
system remotely. If issues are identified, their support team can
remotely access the system to assess the alarm and fault level. If the
issue can't be fixed remotely, they will usually dispatch a technician to
fix the issue on site.
We strongly recommend having an in-building wireless system
monitoring and maintenance plan in place. This will ensure that your
wireless service is operating optimally and is uninterrupted while
allowing you to focus on your own area of expertise, running your
business.
Conclusion
The demand for continuous, uninterrupted cellular service is no longer
a nice to have, it's a must have for the "always-on" lifestyle of mobile
users. Today, in-building wireless systems are an essential part of
many businesses- be it to improve productivity or customer and staff
satisfaction.
WIRELESS CHALLENGES:
Fulfilling new wireless applications
Connection demands
Rapid technology changes
TYPES OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
TEC
DAS
WI-FI
Small Cell
Public Safety DAS
Broadband and Microwave
Outdoor Macro
DAS can be deployed with a single carrier
While SMALL CELL can be deployed for up to four carriers within a
building
WIFI helps people maximize wireless connectivity
PUBLIC SAFETY DAS allows them to use their emergency radio
optimally
PUBLIC SAFETY DAS becomes part of the fire protection code
BROADBAND AND MICROWAVE can seamlessly extend
connectivity from one building to another
BROADBAND AND MICROWAVE they can also maintain connection
with remote technologies such as surveillance cameras
OUTDOOR MACRO are the tall towers on top of the buildings with
rooftop installations with large antennas
STRUCTURED CABLING
TIA/EIA 568 Commercial Building Wiring Standard
Refers to a set of standards for enterprise- wide cabling system
specified by the TIA/EIA - 568 Commercial Building Wiring Standard
Components of Structured Cabling
Work Area, horizontal cabling, telecom room, IDF, MDF, backbone
cabling, demark and entrance facility Structured cabling defines how
to design, build and manage a cabling system
It can enable cabling systems with consistency so that future cabling
updates will be easier to handle and would support multivendor
products and environments. There are several versions of TIA/EIA -
568 Standard
3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF STRUCTURED CABLING
There are three basic components of structured cabling in a star
network/topology; ●Telecommunications room. ●Horizontal
cabling and ●Work area
The telecommunications room:
• Also known as telecommunications closet/enclosure, or simply
telecom room
• It typically houses switches, hubs, or other connectivity devices
. It is the heart of the basic star network
. It is the endpoint of all horizontal cabling runs from all work areas
. It also provides a cross-connection to other equipment room, such as
IDF
A horizontal cabling:
• Also known horizontal wiring or horizontal cabling run
• It goes more or less horizontally from the telecom room to the data
jack on the wall
Both Ethernet cable and fiber optic cable can be used for horizontal
cabling
With twisted pair cable. CMP-rated and solid-core STP is
recommended
. With fiber, multimode or simple mode, are recommended nowadays
The maximum length of STP for the horizontal cabling is 90 meters
Work Area
Work area:
• Where the workstation is connected to the termination point of the
horizontal cabling
• The wall outlet is the termination point where the horizontal cabling
comes out of the wall
. Sometimes we call the wall outlet data jack or cable drop
• A patch cable is used to connect to the end-user computer
LENGTH OF UTP/STP CABLE
To comply with TIA/EIA - 568 wiring standard and Ethernet cable
standard, the maximum length of UTP/STP cable from the telecom
room to a workstation is 100meters.
The length of the patch cable from a workstation to a wall outlet
should be limited to 3 meters.
The Horizontal Cabling Run from the outlet in the work area to the
patch panel in the telecom room should be limited to 90 meters.
In the telecom room, the patch cable from the patch panel to a
connectivity device such as a switch/hub should be no longer than 6
meters
WEEK 6 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable Energy Standards
A renewable energy standard (RES) requires utility companies to
source a certain amount of the energy they generate or sell from
renewable sources such as wind and solar. There are many variants
to an RES policy, including clean energy standards (which allow
nuclear and low-polluting non-renewable energy sources like natural
gas) and renewable goals (which are non-binding). They are
sometimes also called renewable portfolio standards (RPS).
An RES establishes incremental targets which increase over time; for
example, a state could require utilities to increase their renewable
generation by 2% each year for the next ten years, resulting in 20%
renewable power in that state. The targets, compliance mechanisms,
and qualifying resources of RES policies can vary widely from state to
state. Some states include more specific requirements (called carve
outs), which further incentivize the deployment of particular market
segments or energy technologies.
Benewable Energy
Biomass / Biofuels
Geothermal
Solar Power
Hydropower
Ocean
Wind Power
Renewable Energy
• sustainable as it is obtained from sources that are inexhaustible
It is clean energy and non-polluting.
Many forms do not emit any greenhouse gases or toxic waste in the
process of producing electricity.
It is a sustainable energy source which can be relied on for the long-
term.
Why Renewable Energy?
RE is practically infinite if managed properly
• It mitigates climate change & foster sustainable development
The Clean Development Mechanism provides carbon credits & the RE
Law gives incentives for RE sources to make RE projects attractive
and viable
ENERGY SECURITY
▪ Supports the government's goal of energy self-sufficiency and
sustainability
▪ Climate Change imperative
▪ Addresses environmental concerns
▪ Widens carbon trading opportunity for the country
▪ Visionary: preparation for time when consumers will demand/prefer
green energy.
Why Renewable Energy in the Philippines?
2. ECONOMIC AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
Promotes favorable investment climate
Leads to avoided fuel costs or foreign exchange
Promotes rural and off-grid development
▪ Savings in health and welfare costs/benefits amounting to billions of
dollars due to less air pollution increase RE utilization by 35%

▪ Job Creation ELIGIBLE RE FACILITIES UNDER RPS

Geothermal > 4,000 MW TEC

Wind resource > 76,600 MW biomass

Hydropower > 10,000 MW waste to energy technology

Solar > 5 kWh/m2/day wind energy

Ocean> 170,000 MW solar energy

Biomass > 500 MW (bagasse & rice hulls only) run-of-river hydroelectric power systems

Largest producer of coconut oil impounding hydroelectric power systems

hybrid systems as defined in the RE Act

Challenges and Barriers
and other RE technologies that may be later identified by DOE
High upfront and technology costs
ocean energy
Non-competitiveness
SSS
Non-viable markets
geothermal energy
Inaccessible Financial Packages
RENEWABLE ENERGY - WIND POWER
Social Acceptability
The Philippines has taken first steps into the offshore wind power
Republic Act No. 9513 sector with plans to develop 1.2 GW, according to an international
consortium that said it's been given the go-ahead to advance wind
Signed on December 16, 2008 farm projects there.

TECHNO OF T Triconti ECC, an alliance between Swiss, German and local players,
claimed the Philippines department of energy gave it "exclusive rights
S. NO. 2046 H. NO. 4193 to studying and developing" two wind turbines projects, Aparri Bay in
the north of the country and Guimaras Strait in central Philippines.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES CONGRESS OF THE
PHILIPPINES "Guimaras Strait and Aparri Bay showcase excellent, consistent wind
speeds and are very accessible from the foreshore in terms of grid
METRO MANILA connectivity and maintenance," said a statement.

Fourteenth Congress No further details were given about the wind farm projects, the
government concessions or a potential timescale.
Second Regular Session
The joint venture is already advancing 500 MW of onshore wind power
Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-eight day of projects and plans to bring the first wind farm online by 2022.
July, two thousand eight.
The Philippines - which has a population of more than 100 million, and
Republic Act No. 9513 currently leans heavily on fossil fuels for its energy supplies was last
year named by the World Bank as one of a group of emerging
December 16, 2008 economies where offshore wind energy could be crucial to helping
meet rapidly growing power demand.
AN ACT PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT, UTILIZATION AND
COMMERCIALIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES If the projects do advance, it would join a fast-growing Asian and Asia-
Pacific offshore wind energy market that already includes China,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Australia and India.

Consumer Guide That trend has already seen the balance of offshore wind activity tilt
from Europe to Asia, with total investment running at almost double in
WHAT IS THE RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS (RPS)? the latter last year.

RPS is a market-based policy that requires power distribution utilities, Wind turbines are getting larger and more powerful. Accordingly,
electric cooperatives, and retail electricity suppliers (RES) to source these high capacity turbines apply larger loads to their foundations,
an agreed portion of their energy supply from eligible renewable the structures that transfer weight from the turbines to the earth.
energy (RE) facilities.
In general, foundations are usually simple concrete blocks called
footings that are placed under building walls and columns, or in the 1. Introduction
case of wind turbines, beneath the tower. The performance of this
type of foundation depends on the strength and compressibility of the 2. Solar Energy
soil or rock that may be present under the footing. The soil or rock
conditions affect the size and depth of the footing. Where soft soils are 3. Wind Energy
present, it may be necessary to use pilings to carry the load down to a
deeper layer that has greater strength. 4. Hydropower

TEC 5. Biomass Energy

Wind turbines are most often mounted on towers that can be 80 6. Geothermal Energy
meters (260 feet) or more in height. The blades can exceed 45 meters
(150 feet) in length. The wind blows against the blades causing them Wave and Tidal Energy
to rotate to generate power, but it also blows against the nacelle
(generator housing) and the tower. This causes the tower to tend to tip Introduction
and the foundation must resist this and be stiff enough to keep the
tower from rocking when acted upon by wind or earthquake. Comparison of different forms of energy
Foundation costs can vary by 100% or more where poor soil
conditions are encountered and selecting a suitable foundation in National and global patterns of energy supply and utilization
advance of construction can shave months off the time for
construction. Temperature and other climate impacts

Foundations, then, are critical to the success of a wind turbine project, RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
and since fundation types are as varied as the earth conditions and
types of structures being supported, we examine below some of the Solar Energy
considerations involved in foundation selection such as siting, cost,
and geotechnology. Solar radiations
Conclusions
Passive and active solar thermal energy system
Foundations are an essential element of a wind energy project. The
type and cost for foundations can vary considerably depending on site • Solar thermal applications
geology and history. A variety of deep and shallow foundation systems
are available and can be optimized to specific project requirements. Water and space heating
Investigating the geotechnical issues early in a project can save time
and cost later in project development. Integration of the investigation, . Solar ponds, dryers and distillation
design, and construction can produce economical and efficient
foundation designs that reduce the total project cost and shorten the . Solar thermal electric systems
time needed from inception to completion for the project schedule.
Photovoltaic cells
RENEWABLE ENERGY - HYDRO POWER
Storage system
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON HYDROPOWER &DAMS
The International Monetary Fund reported last year that the Wind Energy
Philippines has been one of Asia's strong performers in recent years:
"Sound policies and a favourable global economic environment have Wind resources and characteristics
delivered robust growth, low inflation, and a sustainable debt path".
. Wind machinery and generating systems
The World Bank announced last year "economic growth is set to
remain strong in the Philippines despite global uncertainty". The Bank . Wind turbine types: horizontal axis & vertical axis
maintained its 6.7 per cent growth forecast for 2018 and 2019.
Betz conditions
Given recent fiscal trends, Government consumption growth was
revised upwards by the Bank, while private consumption growth is . Effects of solidity
expected to expand at 5.9 per cent in 2018 and 6.2 per cent in 2019.
. Controlling and optimizing wind turbine performance
Investment growth was slightly upgraded as a result of higher public
capital outlays, including increased infrastructure spending. Overall, it RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
is anticipated that real GDP growth will increase towards the end of
2018 and into the first half of 2019. Hydropower

The Philippines has a population of more than 100 million and there Basic energy conversion principle
are 15 large dams in operation,
Conversion equipment and engineering operations
The country's dams have a total water storage volume of 8.67 x 109
m² Biomass Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Hydraulic machine types

Biomass resources and biofuels production
Coal
Affinity laws and specific speed related to rotodynamic machines
Gas
Properties relevant to energy production
Oil
Thermal conversion of biomass
Concerns about the adverse environmental and social consequences
. Biochemical conversion: anaerobic digestion, fermentation to alcohol, of fossil fuel use, such as air pollution, oil spills, mining accidents,
physical processing and briquetting deforestation and about the finite nature of supplies, have been voiced
intermittently for several centuries.
. Combustion process
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
. Use of biomass derived fuels
The development of nuclear energy following World War II raised
hopes of a cheap, plentiful and clean alternative to fossil fuels.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
However, nuclear power development has stalled in some countries in
Geothermal Energy recent years, due to increasing concern about safety, cost, waste
disposal and weapons proliferation, although in other countries
Geophysics of the earth's interior nuclear expansion is continuing.

Hydrothermal and geo-pressured systems RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Equipment for recovering energy Continuing concerns about the 'sustainability' of both fossil and
nuclear fuel use have been a major catalyst of renewed interest in the
• Direct heat utilization and electric power generation renewable energy sources in recent decades.

ТІРІ Also, sustainable energy does not involve the spread of substantial
health hazards or social injustices.
Wave and Tidal Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Energy from tides, waves and temperature differences
What is a Renewable Energy Source?
Economic prospects
Renewable energy source include such a natural source which can be
Environmental and sustainability considerations replaced by natural ecological cycles. That is, they renew thus never
gets deplete.
Types of equipment for extracting wave and tidal energy
Precipitation
All the renewable energy sources are principally derived from the
enormous power of Sun's radiation. Condensation

wind Evaporation

H.E.P Heat energy from the sun

wood (biomass) Tidal, wave, geothermal, wind and solar energies are counted as
renewable energy sources.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
The energy coming from sun and wind
These renewable energy sources are at once, the most ancient and can be characterized as both
now, the most modern forms of energy used by humanity. Sustainable andr enewable
Energy sources.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

However, by then the advantages of coal, the first of the fossil fuels to
be exploited on a large scale, had become apparent.

These highly-concentrated energy sources soon displaced wood, wind

and water in the homes, industries and transport systems of the
industrial nations.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Today the fossil fuel trio of coal, natural gas and oil provide over 80%
of the world's energy.