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UNIT

1.2.1
1.2 (c) (b) (a)
measure
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Fundamental
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physical fundamental
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PHYSICAL CHAPTER-1
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1.2.2
1.2.3
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M.K.S straight
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4. 3. 2. 1. 2.
rived All science and The "Supplementary Units". Amount
called assubstance
Supplementary of
Luminous
intensity
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TemperatureCurrent
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Units ". Base
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units.Tnere and All engineering. All ADVANTAGES supplementary Derived 2.
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physical quantities classes
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all Symbol quantities
and
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kg Symbol are are
A
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obtained
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=
= Eg Eg: of
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ement
ngular metre x= lengthx
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ime x x simple
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QUANTITIES world
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EXAMPLES
Quantity SPECIAL aton
Potential agreed across the
lengthy The of
Acceier AngilarCHAPTER1
resistance
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names
charge
ceElectric MORE derived change
Quantity
difference names, the and kilogram/metre radian/second?
The radin/sec ond
NAMES metre/second of URiN,
symbol
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metre/second³
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emf Actual
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UNITS second-l Hence,
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ofwere
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Symbol
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hertz pascal watt joule Incorrect
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in
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Instead
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DIMENSIONS
1.4.1 1.4

ental dimensions.
fundamentalHence,
. efinition quantities. Weand DIMENSIONS In
quantity.
derived power
a fundamental L Whena volumeVolume fundamental For Coefficient
viscosityof
represents know mechanics, Magnetic
densifltuyx
example,the time activity
Radio
of the Inductance Magnetic
flux
Capacitance
to L = of
power cube that are
: represent is LxLxL
units represented
the the
units The raised area
quantity. AND
imensions are of = areaof derivedfundamental
are which
to L length DIMENSIONAL
to to a 3 is =
be be
derived then When then 1 L3 xrectangle = by
raised. is breadth physical
raised are L' a area L,
physical
derived the L' M
the These unit, represents represents
power x quantities and becqueralpoiseuille
to height = henry tesla weber farad
lengthx
breadth
LxL FORMULA
resentpowers the quantity.
When t quantities
length,
T ma
powers is respectively.
powers volume raisedlength, = are
to LZ PHYS
BASIC
which
a are derived
derive which to
which
calle of 2 Bq P Wb
th T
th the fro
1.5 DIMENSIONAL
FORMULAL42
Dimensional
2. 1 by We dimensional
QUANTITIES
PHYSICAL unitof
it. The
respectively. a Thephysical
DERIVATION substituting between
Definition time ln
the can and VelocityExample:
* CHAPTER1
leration actual general velocit, the
is
followingderive rquantities - 1Units,
Density are a 1
formula the unit form derived
the OFformula the The : displacenment
method units of dimension of Dimensions
DIMENSIONAL
dimensional of time
dimensions
a isformula
velocity
Change in of volume
M mass in
ofphysical dimensional physical
known
density :
ML-3 = a its and
time physical
dimensional as which
quantity length Aleasurements
is fornmula quantity dimensional
of
ML-To. FORMULAE formula
quantity mass, indicates is
of formula. can and and 1
derived is
length
MPL°T",fornmula. the
represents be the dimensiontheof
OF
derived fundamental
relationship
quantities Hence, and
where
one the time 1,9
by p,
911. 10
1.
S.No.
12. 9. 8. Density2Volume
6.
13. 10. Momentum 5.
6/Acceleration A. Area Y
Power energy & Force
3.
velocity
Angular Angle Pressure
stress & WorkImpulse Speed Dimensional
Dimensional
Quantity
Physical
and
velocity
formula Force formula
MLT-2 = LT-2
MX = = LT-2 =
of massx of
lacement
angular radius areaforce force xacceleration
time workdistance force
time x mass Xvelocity
changevelocity
inmass Xdistancevolume mass length lelengtngthh X force LT-1
T
arc time acceleration
General
Formula is
time x acceleration
time length MLT-z
x is
length M°
LT
BASIC
T-M°

l M°
To
L° ML-!T-2 LT-2M° Dimensional
Formula
LT-IM° ML-3 ToM°L' To M°
ML? -3
T ML2T-2 MLT-I MLT-2 MLT L2
TO
tensity
lectric31.
0.Capacitance resistance 29.
SpecificResistance 28. potential Thermal 26.
Electric27. capacity heat24. 22.Co-efficient
26. Latent Specificheat23. frictionofgradient Planks26.
Velocity21. constant A4.
5. AngulatCHAPTER-1
tensionFrequencyacccleration
9.Torque18 17.16.Surface
Universal Gravitational
potential Co-efficient

gas Units,
constant of
viscosity Dimensions

area X pressure
volume xtemperature friction
energy mass x reaction mass distance
work and
harge force
potentialcharge resistance difference
potential charge work
temperature mass normal frequency
forceofvelocity
change ofenergy force x area angular
length forceascillationsNo.of velocity
temperature
quantity
heatof Measurements
length current
distance x
energy velocity time time
force

difference gradient

M-! ML³T-3I2 ML?T-


I! ML² T2K-1M°
L2
MLT-3 -I ML?T-³ ML?K-T-1² T-M°
2L² Tl

L° ML2T-1 T-M°
2L2 ML?T-2 ML-T-1 T-M°
IL°

TO
L° L°T-2M°
L-2 T-² ML°T-2
T K-l
12
1.8 1.7 DIMENSIONLESS
QUANTITIES 1.6induction
MagneticMagnetic
35.moment 34. 33. 32. 1.1
3. 2. 1. 12
derived.
Equation an
Statement:
Eg PRINCIPLE density
Linear length
Wave
The One
APPLICATIONS both The Definition:
Eg are The
equation
:
correctness system Final Consider Angle, :called
validity
sides

connecting M°
MO velocity dimensionless
of must OF
The refractive
of equality of LT-l LT-1 the
ofunits equation HOMOGENEITY
U dimensionsbe quantities
an OF = = =equation =
can M° Mº initial u same.
DIMENSIONAL sign
differentequation t index,
be is LT- LT- at quantities. current
length x pole length massdistance
converted have
proved velocity
+ of strain, which force
strength
can + all
F physical same MO
LT-2xT OF
be beecause LT-1 + the relative notdo
dimensions. DIMENSIONS x
checked. ANALYSIS rinto acceleration terms length
O
antities another possess
all on density,
the PHYSC
BASIC
both
system terms x ML°T-2 H M°
can dimensio LTOM°
time sides erc., L2 ML-To
TO
be
2.
ensional
nal Checking
Example Fromthsystem
e System CHAPTER-1 1
Let Conversion
SI and C.G.S Example
unit M1,
S
nËnumerical
the second
the the of system Units,
= 1
[MiLiprinciple
force L1, :
Consider e
: thnewton say dimensional
dimensional
ulaformula ut in Conversion
T1, of
velocity, +
correctness values and Dimensions

=
1 ng n2 nË
= is Sl one and
2 1
at = newtonsystem. represent
let
the = ]= of
in system
of of t
is 10 103x 1 homogeneity M2,
u S where 100cm
1000g | n2 C.G.S formulaformula of
is is the equation M2
M, [M , and
T-] (L) timne ofdynes. 102 gram,_centimetre, L2, newton of
S Measurements
an -
L2 and C.G.S T2 units
is Cm is of
and the equation 105 S
T'] of SI ML2 force represent into
distance, 7-2 dimensions, units into
a T,. unit dynes
is -2
is another
acceleration. : respectively. Let ML1 is
dyne. kilogram, and
u nË 1
is system :
the and and In second
initial n2 in C.G.S metre 13
1.
be SI in
1.14
3.
Also equation,
the Or SubstitutingDimensional
Dimensional
Comparing Writing hmass gravity.
ctSuppose pendulum, Derivation
Example are The
power same.
dimensions
of
dimensional T L] (L] S=
MO of
the that
:Consider Hence = =
)= the = time of (L] [T- he formula
b+c 0= -b+c L° km°acceleration bob the relation ut tformula
C 2c powers m, period, of + dimensional
2+ 1
T' T
Pg tim e the
= = all [L) at'
=
=formulae b" the given [T] of
1 period between the of
2 -1 k k(where
of [MO [M° power physical +
due mass terms
a ist
is
similar equation [L T- [T]
Lb+c [L] in to of T of formulae (LT-1
the isk gravitylength is quantities
bob different on
quantities T-2c1(LT-c constant proportional both
[T²]
respective and is
g. of dimensionally sides in
the accelerationlength physical the
on proportionality of pendulum
terms, to of given PHYSIC
BASIC
both the
a of
quantities
the equatio
sides power equatio
due simp correc
lan
O 4 3 1.9
2. 1 CHAPTER-1
is
tities method.
InNumbers on It This cannot The
LIMITATIONS The getWe
notmensions. some
thisby derive other Ifatrigonometric,
is Hence. Substituting
physical more difficult method value
l. physical
the dimensional
be
cases and than Dimensions
Units,
and
olved relationship determined of
In quantity to k the
dimensionless quantities, three
exponential
use is is
such the OF 21T T=k values b
not constants = equal T T
in this DIMENSIONAL =k = =
portionality
them cases isother
among the methodapplicable by to Vg kmo km of
dimensional physical this 1/2 a,
and it sum and 2 jl/2
quantities them. method. and .
hence is or if
logarithmic gl2 g b,c
srCMents
difficult a in-)
differencequantities.
physical proportionality if ANALYSIS the
constants
the an
to cannot analysis equation 2 1
sional equation
infer functions.
quantity
be is of
also
the determined useful
not to two
constants
physical
nalysis possess ordepends contains
more L
13
Solution: PROBLEMS
SOVED
1.13 16
1.
PROBLEM -1
system The Convert
:.1 Then From C.G.S M, gram/centimetre.
Sl Let
system.
L Mi, SI
re nË the and and and L|, uni t the
n2 (M1 principle nË
SI Say S.I M, and M2, TË of unit
units L]= systems represent density
1X

= nÍ n2

= L n2 L2, of
=
= of are are T2 density
= = = homogeneity
1 respectively. the represent gram, is
10-3 n 10x 10 ng their
CGS |ML1 [M, dimensional kilogram/metre from
tre3 10-6 g|| gram kilogram respectivecentimetre
units L] kilogram,
= Cm 10 SI
10-3 cm of system
centimetre
1-3
dimensions, formulae densitynumerical
metre of metre and
and to
second C.G.S PHYSIR
BASIC
1-3 and C.G.S
values.
second in
C.G unj syst,
CH
tollows as e
Check
dinienstonal
the
)² correetness
elocity) - egs 10 10'10 0
formula

= of of
(LL'(LT-l²
T T2 each the M,
lj2 equation
term
L2
-T March/April.
(EEE)
2014
in
the v-u
above snd

=
equation Zas.
Solution: 18
1,
PROBLEM -4
e same. The we Substituting pendulum
Acceleration Time above
Length of 2rperiod Theacceleration Tis Check principle same. The
imensions get has
Hence no dimensional Zas
of T T=
2T equation time the ensional =
dimHence
= = of
T the due
dimensions period,
the VLT correctness
due 2x
of L are homogeneity the L'-LT2xL
T2
given the dimensional gravity formulae
shown to l acceleration
terms is giformul
ven a (:
uation
of
gravity.length of
g |’[L] [T) T
’ of of 2
s. on ’ as of the has
both formulae follows. the of
equation x
is [LT-] equation
the
dimensions. each no distance
correct sides physical term
in pendulum dimisensiinons)
of the T
ording the =
correct the
given quantities
equation 2n given
equatior and
[Jan.19 accordin
to equati,
th ar in g whe
RNING 111
PRECISION uAPTER-1
precise
reliable
independent and 156.9results
measured
Explanation
the Definition: each that true 158 is
FirstExplanation
values ACCURACY
the
Definition or
termsfactors
referred
instrument RANDOM
measured TheACCURACY
measured of cm. true standard
value.
hence other value person result
cm. like second for express
readings
if Here value to to Units,
it five and the consider as
is they Al157.1 l isThe got The : AND
accurate of these called by
same contains of AND
Dimensions
timesvalues. The : person.hence the atwRepeated : is how Error.
IF accuracy.
give are closeness o every
YBODY measurement result
quantity.
calleddegree SYSTEMATICPRECISION
measured cm, term
precision. perSons a
while
Accuracy
precise whose it measured some
as the Suppose is of accuracy. measurement and
157.2 precision of
well
accurate It of more 156
measurements taking
AUGHT actual two Suppose
whose
closeness uncertainty. Measurements
is and and
as not values cm, cm value ERRORS OF
that accurate of
precise. is or measurements.
WILL result. not first and precision INSTRUMENTS,
necessary 157.3.height related the more actual that
accurate. are person the
of is
BE a close by
UTED close height
is measured when the often measured This
A cm, to secondheight are any
measurement 155 the height to
that is uncertainty
two
to of compared closer get a
Precision each 157 cm closeness person Both measuring
the a values
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cmandstatue 155 different a value
highly other to statue value these 19
1.
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1.
20
NG
ERROR
measurement, SYSTEMATIC
measuringDefinition ERROR taking Random and errorfactors random
and ItExplanation errors.
called
Definition
unknown RANDOM
ERRORS be in Definition
the Explanation: true is the value
under measurement Accuracy
comes more its the
usually cannot causes measurement value. value closeness
a that the
degree of
bunch errors from or the is
system and :The less is same
be one vary This : the
The : unavoidable. Random : called The to ofquantity.
IN but unpredictable than and
of reproducedare measurement from unpredictable errors is The conditions.which the closeness
is error readings of the deviation the
called is beyond a the error error. various
one amount repeated It
introduced that errors in quantity actual measurement's is
These measurement measurements in of
ystematic and by a the
is th e changes of measured the
not repeating to in changes measurement
value. by
finding control measurements 'x. the measurements degree
OF errors differ which measured
IS by
occurred measured
erro. an during in Ax
K their can
of the slightly to which the values true of
inaccuracy the denotes
mean. th e
experiment. another. measurement is
closenessvalues
value.
IS by be
experimen
anfrom experiment
are are the value are to BASIC
chance removed experim each
caused the uncerta uncha
the Randcaused Precissbetwo with
in erro from PHYS
ne oth the
measurement.
SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES 12
n.
xample All Rules the number
accuracy. measurement. value
Explanation Definition human
changes systematic Theintroduced
the proportional error.the electronic deviates
massExplanationfromthe
HAPTER-1
number
non-zero for which
gives systematic
that error measurements,
: writing In in Units,
ce, In of : th e weighing
in
other are Significant etcC., to
the digits Significant : physical theerrors all Dimensions
digits used :
value significant are the In
it believedwords, information measurement. actual
has in to the are readings. machinesystematic
5169, figures conditions
en express
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value a main predictable.
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nt are are This
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significant.
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by important number time to
significantrequired systematic
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es. digits amount before taking
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1.
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