Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rightpdf 1 Watermark
Rightpdf 1 Watermark
AZ level
AS level -
=
100 marks
40 marks 1hr15min
* Pa :
Theory →
60 marks 1hr15min
PL :
theory →
I
P} : Practical → 40 marks 2 hours 30 marks
www.kaohanrashid.com
David sang
Ahmet Physics by
{
•
" "
a
Mike Cwndell
.
& Volz
Pacific Physics
•
Volt
o
Understanding Physics by Jim Breithaupt .
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurements
measured /
Physical Quantities :
Quantities that can be
quantified
that
Non -
feelings pain, ,
taste
, spirituality
2. Mass
kilogram 1kg )
3. Time second (s)
4.
Thermodynamic Kelvin Ik )
Temperature
5. Electric Current Ampere ( A )
6. Luminous
Intensity Candela ( ed )
7. Amount
of Substance moles ( mot )
Quantities made
upof base
quantities are called Derived
Quantities and their units are called Derived Units .
Units terms
Representing derived in
of SI Base Units
= m2 = m2 = m2 = m3 = m3
3.
Density 4 .
Speed 5. Acceleration
d-
Dvp
v= a =
t at
my
-_
-1
= Me = MS
I
¥-3
s
=
' -1-1
MS
-
=
= Ms
-3
kgm
-2
= = Ms
60 Force 7 . Pressure
f- P= F P=
= ma
" pgh
=
kg.ms A-
kgm-3.ms
-2
ma_ m
=
.
=
☒
kgms
-2
=
A -3+1+1
kgm
-2
=
s
-2
=
kgms
kgmi 's
-2
m2 Pa =
kgm -2s
' -2
=
Pa 's
-2
kgni
__
Work
8. 9 .
Energy
W= F ✗ S
Ep mgh Ek =
Izmir
-
-
= ma ✗ s
=
kgms-2.me =
kfoms-2.hr =
Kg . / Ms -15
kgmts Kym's
-2 -2
I
kgm's I
= -2 -_
=
10 . Power 11 .
Charge 12 .
Voltage
It V
wt
F- I q
-
-
-
-
q
e- As
=F÷ Fog
-
=
Kgm }
-2
May
=
=
As
=kgm2s -3A
"
UH
kgms-2.hr
=
UH =kgm{ s
-3
13 .
Resistance
R= I
I
-1
=
Kgm} -3A
A
-2
D=
Kgm } -3A
Determining SI Units
of unknown variables in
equation
① Q MCAT ②
R=p¥
-
-
Q heat energy
:
m :
mass R : resistance
c :
specific heat
capacity p
:
resistivity
DT :
change in temp . 1 :
length
C =
Q A : cross-sectional area
-2
} -3A
MIT # =
kgm
tgmts
Rft
-2
p=
=
tf k o
m2
=
kgm } -311--2 .
Mfs -2K
"
e. =
m
kgm } -3A
-2
f.
=
③ ④
4m÷Y Kathy
F- F-
-
F. force F :
fore
m
, Mu : mass q, q,
:
charges
r : distance r : distance
constant K constant
4 : :
FI
G-
nI÷ k=
-
,
qin
-2
m2
=
tgms .
-2
m2
tg Kg .
=
Kgms .
As o As
miss -2kg
-1
=
-2
3s -4A
=
Kgm
Proving that a variable has no units
① P =
Kp v2 P -
-
I ② P=kpAv3
A
P :
pressure =kgm P :
power A : area
p
:
density ma
's -2 p
:
density V:
velocity
v :
speed Prove
=Kgm-
unit less Prove
K is unit less .
.
K is . .
K =
P K = P
F PA V3
-3
kgm 's -2
kgm's
-
= =
kgm-3.hr?fms-1)3--Kgm-1s-2
kgm -3.1ms -112
kgm-3.hn 's
-2
=
Kgm 's
kgm 1m35
"
-3
3)
=kgm =Kgm}-3-
kgm
kgmzs.sk = 1 1<=1
③ Re
-9¥
-
g- 4¥
Re :
Reynold 's number
constant )
( unit
less
kgm-3.ms
'
-
= • M
y
:
density 1
v : =
d. diameter
µ coefficient
:
of viscosity
find the units
of µ
Homogenous Equations
'
}
exp
1 =
exp
2 +
exp e.
g. s= ut +
Eat p = + gz
t g-
↳ same units v2 -
u2= zas
1-2
41T¥
1. = 2 . V=
v :
velocity S :
displacement
F- time L :
length a : acceleration
acceleration
g grau
:
"
.
52 msn.fm
:'-)
M¥g2
=
MS
"
1=(5-2)+2
52 = 52
Homogenous ! ms -1=151
Non
Homogenous
¥
P=
kgm.ms#--kgmp-'as-2P:pressure.g:grav.acc
3. P =
+ gi =
g
.
p
:
density z :
height
v.
velocity
-3
klgm
t t"
} m3s -2
-
-2 -2
-
m s = m +
Non !
-
Homogenous
Finding unknown
powers over variables using SI Base Units
"
1 Ek
21mV
E-
mgh
=
. =
"
Nfo { °
2 = N -
2 = -
N
✗ = 2
"v 't
P=¥p"d"vZ
D=
tgp
2. 3 .
P P d diameter
pressure power
: : :
p
:
density p
:
density v.
speed
v.
speed
find ngyandz
kgm-is-2-lkgm-3flms-ijtkgmts-3-lkgm-35.fm/Y.(ms-yZ
kgm-ts-2-kgkm-k.mys-ykgmZS-3-kgxm-H.MY .
mzs
-2
kgm-ts-2-kgfm-3x-ys-ykgms-3-kgx.ph -3×+9+2.5-2
KI .
I .
Or I .
1¥ Mo
1 = N 2= -1=-3×+4 ;= ,,
2=-3×+9+2
y
- -
4.
T=2Ñl"gY
F- time
period
L: length
acceleration
g- grau
.
" Y
s= M 1ms 2)
-
S =
m
"
.
MYS -2g
"
mis -
. m -18g -2g
{ ☐
Nfo
1- =
-2g O=n+y
0=71-1-2
y=
-12
Lz
a-
Instruments
Idp )
Range Precision
1.
Length
Trundle Wheel several meth 1cm
Weight
' ' '
f
1 ' ' ' '
2. Mass 3 .
Ammeter
Clock
Thermocouple
°
• •
• CRO • Resistance •
Galvanometer
thermometer • Multimeter
1. Voltage 8 .
Resistance 9 . Volume
Voltmeter Ohmmeter
Measuring cylinder
• • °
•
multimeter •
Multimeter .
Gas syringe
0420
x-axis
•
Time
Voltage
>
axis base
>
settings
14ms / division )
I
14ms / cm ) 1cm
Graphical "
Klem →
representation
Lf
>
of
wane
signals
<
Y-axis
>
Y-
ojain settings
Y-axis slide control IN / division )
<
translates CZV / cm )
-
Determining the
information from a CRO using settings .
f
¥
=
12 -
8-
4- 50 =
I
o -
T
1- =L
50
1- = 0.02s
120ms )
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
f- f-
1- =
2×5 so
F- 10ms f- = 1-
=
10×10-3
f--1001-12
7
8.5 waves -
60ms
x
-
1s
1Mff%%• 8-5×1=>1×(60×103)
%¥o
"
< >
.
6×1 0ms = 60ms
✗ =
141.66
1401-12
Precision vs
Accuracy
•
Precision means howclose the
valves are to one another .
°
It can be
improved by giving
in
your of
answer more no .
decimal
places
(
o e -
g
- 4.9 , 4.7
,
4.8 , 5.0, 4.9 , 4.7 precise )
4.5 , 2- 6
,
7.6
,
3.1 ,
2.1
,
6.8 f imprecise )
experiment .
•
Difference between the obtained value
and true value is called error .
e. true value to
g.
• =
9. 0,7-5,6-5 ,
5.5
,
5.4 , 3.1 , 7.9 ( inaccurate)
+ ☒
+
•
✗ •
✗
• X•✗
×
✗ .
N n N n N n N n
A
'
1 I >
' .
:
i 1 >
:
I >
✗
T
se je ,
.
Xt
µ Xt µ
X :
value
values
N no
of
:
.
Error
value value 1.
Systematic Error 2. Random Error
1.
Systematic Error
introduced method
fault
The error due to in
apparatus
☐
of experiment equations
or used .
averaging .
• To remove
systematic
it
error ,
find the cause
of
error
Method
of < > Apparatus
experiment
°
Wrong counting of
°
Wrong marking on the
oscillations
apparatus
systematic
o
Wrong placement of error o zero error
"
meter wee while When instrument does not
no measurement is
Parallax error such ✓
"
being taken
•
.
wrong equation
level at bottom
eye e.
9 .
1-2=4 ✓
- - g
-
read !
r
T=uñgI ✗
Random Error
N
small
n
°
Error introduced due to variations in
external random
conditions like
temperature
andom
,
error
wind human reaction time
speeds or .
This
☐
as
error
, >
well as smaller than the True value .
x
The reduced
by repeating
• error can be
Y ^
the
experiment several times and
taking average
+
an . + •
me.
° Random errors reduce precision in
the results as
they create a scatter •
+ points due
in data .
+
to random
•
error
in
Uncertainty
°
It is the doubt that occurs in the
result / obtained value due to random
errors .
scatter creates
• The
in our
of
answers
data
.
uncertainty
value
Uncertainty
° = Max -
min value
2
, ,
, ,
- -
Ax =
4.8 -
4.0 so AK = -10.4
2
+0.4
N =
4.4=10.4 -0-4
4. 0 ← 4.4 →
4.8
Rules of writing uncertain
ily with
principle value .
4. 4+-0-4
d ↳
principle uncertainty
value
the
1.
Uncertaintyvalue
should not be
greater than
principle
should be either to
2. d.
p .
less
of uncertainty
than d. valve
equal
or
p .
of principle .
4. 4+-0.41 ✗
7065×10
'
± 2716×105 ×
7.65×1061=0.216×10
'
✗
"
7. 65×10 1=0.22×106 ✓
Example
① Addition and subtraction The values
of e
,
and
+ on >
the
a + b
s,
for ring are r,
t
/ Da Db
BY follows
+ <
y
= >
=
as
a -
b
y=
7=11.73+-0.01 / on
a =
4.2 I 0.1 rz= (2.57+-0.01) cm "
"
if y= a +b
if y a b t :b, hi Dt Dr, Drz
-
+
- - - -
-
4021-1.5 4. 2- 1.5 1- =
2.57-1.73 =
0.01+0.01
y
= =
5.7
y 2.7 t -0.84cm
-
At =
0.02
y= y=
Da Db -10.84 -10.021cm
uncertainty By t
←
= + -
in 0.1 +0.2
y Dy =
0.3
By =
y= 5.7=10.3 9=2.7-+0.3
② Coefficient multiplied with a ③ Multiplication and division
of
variable . variables
of 1)
11 variable with
power
a
} DyY-✗t0=¥x✗0
y
nxa >
by n ✗ Da
y=a×b
-
= -
^-Y%=Da%+Db%
y a-
Anan
by y
g-
-
-
- -
- -
>
-1%1400
{ e-
dz
or C=2ñr
}
☐yY- =
Dad -11¥
Example #I
-1
along b A- lxb
-
1=14.5 Dr I
0¥ A :( ✗ b
-_
,
-2 14.5×2.53
=
0.05
'
1--7.25 Un Dr = A = 36.685cm
1=(7.25+-0.05) un
A =L b
Ii ,
✗
DAY .
= BLT . -1 Db%
#2
Example
1¥ ¥ +1¥
'
-
r -
If radius
of the circle
8=(725+-0.02)
3%1-685=1%-5 ¥%
is cm
+
.
Find and
the
circumference
actual in it
uncertainty .
DA = 0.543 A- =/ 36.7+-0.5 / cm
'
C- (45.6+-0.1) cm OR
DAY .
= Dl% + Db%
DAY .
=/ ¥ -1%1×100
=/ %! +9%31×100 -
,
DAY .
-_ 104802 = 1%
Example #2
? a
Example #3
t
• -
Curved
Surface
A=2Ñrh
Area D= m_ sphere
V
8=(1.2+-0.1) cm mass 1m ) =
( 10.5=10 .
2)g
h -
-
(14.3+-002) cm
&
'
Volume ( V ) =
(25+-1) cm
}
I
, Area IA )
I
102¥
}
D=
Mg =
=
0.42
glom
A- =
dltrh
= 21T / 1. 2) ( 14.31
A =
107.82 Unt Ii ,
Dd%=Dm% + ✓%
Ii ,
DAY .
= Art.
+ Ah %
Dd%=
¥/ ( DIM + ✗ 100
:-( ¥ +21-51×100
DAY Ddi
.
=/ ¥ + ✗
100
,
DAY .
=/ +
¥/ ,
✗
100
Ddt .
= 5.905% = 6%
DAY .
=
9.73% = 10%
iii. Dd = 5.905%
of d
Iii DA -9.73% of A
50,90%5-+0-42
-
=
,
'
A =
"
y=a
>
Dy%=nDa% correct method !
+ =
,, is
( A=1Tr
y=✓I )
"z
g%=DL%+2DT%
'
, u
g
Dy→=n×¥ #
☐T%iDL%+iDg%
y -2 -2
Dg%= # +21,1--1×100
Dy_=n¥
y 2DT%=Dl%+Dg%
2DT% -
Iii , Dg =
2.74%
of g
Calculate the area
1002701
along with its actual
=2;f÷×
uncertainty .
0.2814
A :/Tr
Dg=
DAY
'
.
= 2Dr%
-10.31ms
"
A-
-1112¥ ) DA_ ZDI g=( 10.3
-2
-
A V
1.28 )
2/0.005
"
A = 5.147cm DA_ =
5.147
A- = 0.0402
A- =/5.15+-0.04 )cm2
it
1- 21T
Ig
=
=
-
T =/ 1.55 -10.021s I
1=(62.5+-0.1) cm I
-
the value
Determine
of
i.
glmlilii Dgi ,
.
Iii
,
Dg
1-2=4-1%1
I 415×0.625
,
g=
11.5512
g- 41T¥ 9=10.2701
-
( 103m15 )