Assumptions for an Ideal

Gas according when volume decreases

to
matter
kinetic Molecular Theory of another
molecules come closer to one

1.
Gas
random
molecules
motion
are in a continuous
frequency of Collisions will wall

container increases
.

of
2 .

They move in
straight line . Force exerted Ey molecules increase

3. Molecules have negligible inter Hence increase

pressure
-

molecular tone of
attraction .

^
The molecules behave
4 .

gas
as
gyro Astor same volume
hard , elastic
spheres of Pz > R
gas ,

" ' " ' " '

id
/ of
•

5 The collisions between molecules = hence Tz ? T

sh
. ,

Ra
is
perfectly elastic .

p, 11111 ii. To

an
÷

sh
Time IT
collision is negligible
of
6. =

Ka
,
to time between ,
compared um
by
ics ,
collisions .
ys
Ph

7. Volume
of gas molecules is Charles Law IV T1
-

negligible compared to volume of For

fixed of gas at
✓
a mass
gas
.

constant
E

pressure
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C

Volume
EX
M

IP V1
Boyle 's of
✓
law
gas is
directly
G

-
IN
U
SS
RS

to
proportional absolute
PU
R
FO

fixed
✓

temperature
at
For
of gas
LA

a mass
ER
N

.
RT

constant
temperature
PA
C
R
U
YO

Vat V KT
It
-
-

i. e. - constant
→
-

✓
Volume
of gas is inversely
Y÷=¥
to its where 1- is in Kelvin
proportional pressure .

✓✗ V PV= constant
¥ Ip
-
- i. e.
V1 m3
^
**
,
At the same

V2 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 • p, temperature
E

oft
V2 so
" "

I
R V1 41 ' ' ' ' iii.
P , > Pz
'

.
-

E
pzvz
.
:

- .

.
.
.
0 É
>
0
TIK
PN, =
Pzvz
Avogadro 's Law ( v ) PV NRT and
NIVA
-
n as =
n =

✓
For at constant temp
gas
a

and
pressure
PV
=/ II
NA
)
RT

✓
Volume
of gas is directly
PV NKT where 1<=12
proportional to of moles
=
no .
. -

NA

V 1.38×10-23
✓✗ n kn i. e.
In constant Boltzmann Constant ( K )
= =
→ =

Ideal
Gas Equation Define Ideal
PV
Gas
NRT
:

AnyPVgasNKTthatat
obeys or
-
-
-
-

V✗ Vat Van and

Lp
all
temperatures pressures

id
,

volumes is called Ideal

sh
gas
.

I t t

Ra
an
sh
✓ ✗ nt
How exert ?
gases pressure

Ka
T
by molecules in
ics
•

Gas are a
ys

V= Rxnt continuous random motion

Ph

PPV -_ NRT •

They collide with one another

and with walls container
P: 1Pa ) lmol )
of
pressure
n no
of moles
:
E

.
E
AT
C
N

V volume 1m31 T:
temp The molecules
undergo of
LE

Absolute 1kt •
rate
EL

:
C
EX
M

change of momentum which

G
IN
U
SS

Gas Constant
RS

R Molar
produces force
PU

:
R
FO

R=
LA

80314 J / monk
ER
N
RT

This
force unit is the
PA
C

area
per
•
R
U
YO

•
n = mass
> 1in
grams ) pressure of gas .

I Arormr

no .

of moles

•
N = nx NA
t >
Avogadro 's number
no
of particles
.

Na -6.02×1023
-

l atoms molecules )
/
Deriving P=1zp< a >
replacing Dt in
eq .

Dt time between successive

collisions .

d-
t=¥
e v =
Cx = 2L ☐
→
t At
m• in
< •
-

Cx hence
za
y
,
I Fx =
-

✗ mcx ←
;
> 2€ "
b
-

K
Cx
-
.

Fx = -
moi
Y l

id
sh
↳
For take
magnitude

Ra
pressure ,
we '

an
force Fa
" 1-
of so =
mcnz

sh
z
,
"
l

Ka
• >
✗ Cx
✓
by
ics
ys

Momentum Pressure Pressure

>
change in
force >
Ph

>

momentum
D= D= ,i
¥ so me

, 1×12
Momentum
E
E
AT
C

P=m÷i
P=
N

Mai
LE

or
EL
C
EX
M

axis
mxv so
along V
G

p ✗
-
IN

-
-
U
SS
RS

1 molecules
for
PU
R

pi-mcxsypy-mcypi.MG}
FO
LA
ER
N
RT

molecules
for N
of
PA

no
C
R

.
U
YO

Momentum p= Nmc ,i PV=NmGi

change of F- -
-
V
due to
"'
pressure of gas
Ap =
mlv n ) all
of its molecules
%
-

'

having speed in x-axis

' ' ' '
• ' ' '
'
( v)
.

Dp= mfcx )
< 08 l l l l l l l l l l
-

Cx
Ge
-

X-P ,,
=
-

Zmcx

Force

f- F- -2min
=
Ap so =

Dt Dt

I
Adjusting for speed of molecules ✓ so > =
Crms
I
root mean
square
-
-

I CI g- I molecules !
speed of
+
gas
= +

for magnitude of velocity . . .

values : -
4 ,
3 ,
5 , -6 ,
1

3rd
'
c = Gi +
Cj + CE and 1st
root
=
mean
square
Due to random motion ,
as molecules
are
equally likely to move in
I -45+135+155+1 -65+115
all directions their
, average
y-axis and
velocity
2- axis are
along
same
✗ -

.
axis ,
5

id
This
simple of negative
"

why
-

is we
get the same
gas average

sh
the will

Ra
all misleading
walls
of values
provide
on
pressure
a

an
"
container conclusion
forall the average/ mean

sh
.

molecules
speed of gas

Ka
.

Gi
'
=
cy ci
by
=

Therefore taken !
ics
rms was

Git Gi TT
ys

< i> =
Gi +
Ph

< i> =
3cal preferredbe when
effect of resign
-

Get
has to eliminated
from mean

1-3<07
=
E
E
AT
C

Relating
N

kinetic energy
of
LE

mean
EL
C
EX

with
M

molecules
temp of gas
G

gas
IN
U
SS
RS

As and Cai
PV Nmgi
-13<0 >
PU

=
-
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT

at > }
PV=tzNm D=
PA

Izpcc
C
R
U
YO

13 NICE
D= CU
13 Nrg
D= > >

as
p= Nm
→ total mass
of gas zpv = Nm< i>
V ,
total volume
as PV = NKT so

P IXIKT ☒ moi >

13pct
= > 3 =

3kt =
met> > T ✗ <i>
P : pressure 1Pa )
p
:

density (
kgm-3)
in I V7
22kt
✗ arms
< i>
of
=
mean
square speed
: -

-
-

l l l l l l l l

molecules
gas LEK > KT
3g
=
 is the
Temperature kinetic measurement
Thermodynamics
of molecules
mean
energy of gas L s

work
.

heat

Example
study of processes
and
systems
Gas molecules at a
temperature of that involve heat and work
100°C have 450m51 and conversion between them
a terms
of . .

What will
Gms at
be the a
1st
temperature of 250C .
Law
of Thermodynamics
100-1273 =
373K statement # I
250-1273 = 523K
to
V7 ✗
Heat
supplied
the
to Sim increase
a

of
system is
terms
equal

id
in its internal energy and

sh
✓-373 the
system

Ra
T
450 workdone
by .

an
T

sh
✓-523 a

Ka
Work
✓-373 ✓-523×450 by
' ' ' "
^
ics
xx =
l l l
ys
l l l

by V2
Ph

V1
N =
532.8 =
533ms - i
gas ^

Heat
E
E

workdone
AT
C

Q AU W
N
LE

=
+ >
EL
C
EX
M

by gas
G

L
IN

increase
U
SS

heat
RS

supplied
PU
R
FO
LA

to in into
ER

gas
N
RT
PA
C

energy
R
U
YO

statesmen # 2

The
and
sum
of heat
work done
supplied to
the
a
system
to the increase
on
system
its
is

equal in
internal energy .

work on

gas
✓

V1 V2
^

heat

heat a Q + W =
DU > increase in

supplied u
internal
to workdone energy
gas on

gas
 Internal ( V1 Processes
Energy Thermodynamic
• •

The microscopic Pressure 1 Isobaric )

of
sum kinetic 1. Constant
and
potential energy of lgasl done work at
to random W PDV
molecules due motion
for
=

constant
pressure
U =

k.etp.ee
Q = DU + W Q -1W = DU
OR
V
,
v v
Q = DU + pay Q + PDV = DU
''

il ,

'
PIPA ^

' F -

Area under P V
"
-1
?
^ •

" v -

>
f p -

, > • >
V work !
graph gives
=- =
.

speed of motion Intermolecular

force
-
= = .

'

hight
- - •

attraction
of
-
' - .

I
.

id
-
.

, low T

sh
- .

>
is

Ra
✓ For an ideal
gas
there
V, V2 Hms

an
intermolecular
negligible force of

sh
attraction

Ka
.

2. constant Volume ( Iso choric )

Hence there is
/ negligible P E by
ics
✓

W=PDÑ°
no .
ys

between ideal molecules AV=O so

gas
Ph

W= 0 Ino work )
✓
Internal energy ideal
of gas Q=DU+Ñ°
only depends on K E -

of
molecules
pipa
Q= DU
E
E
AT
C
N

✓ < K E > KT ( K E) ✗ AT
LE

"
3-2
EL

. = .
C
EX
M

* " heat stoned

G
IN
U

directly
SS
RS

As the change of KE is as internal

PU

nign ,
R
FO

in
temp
LA

proportional to change Temp rises P,

ER

1 "
-
☐
N

,
RT

'

internal energy 10¥

ytm
Pressures rises
'
in
change
PA
C

.
so
•
R
U

'
,
YO

is also
directlyin proportional to to increase in v

the change temperature .

molecular
speed .

AUX DT
for ideal
gas
3. Constant
Temperature ( Isothermal )

1- = constant so AT = 0

DU ✗ DT so DU = 0

Q=DÑ-w so Q=W
Pipa heat workdone

t.LI
" supplied by gas
-

"
' gut
"
B- '

viii.
'

i. ;
 4. No heat transfer (A diabetic )

Q=O
gQ= DU + W

o! DU -1W
- DU = W
-

d ↳
decrease work done
in
internal by gas
energy
temp 6
decreases !

Gas cools down when it does work .

when work done it

•

Gas heats
up is on

id
sh
pipa

Ra
÷*m an
1

sh
I
-

Ka
:-. :

✓
'
' by
ics
hight
r
ys

,
• ,
Ph

In
thermodynamic cycle
E

a
E

,
AT
C
N

BU 0
LE

cycle
EL

=
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS

"
RS

PIPA 1
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

✓
< 4

>
2 3
>

V / m3
A starts The
°

cycle and ends at

So
same
temperature .
11=-0
cycle
•
As AU ✗ DT so DUcyc.ie = 0

A- V1 -

z
t DUZ -3 + DU
} -
y
-1 Buy -
,
= 0
 72 of 814
6

2 (a) Explain qualitatively how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a gas. For
Examiner’s
Gas molecules are in a continuous random motion
..........................................................................................................................................
. Use

with one another and walls container

Upon collision of
.......................................................................................................................................... .

momentum This produces

they undergo rate of change of
..........................................................................................................................................
.

force and the

force per unit area
is
pressure
......................................................................................................................................
.
[3]

(b) The density of neon gas at a temperature of 273 K and a pressure of 1.02 × 105 Pa is
0.900 kg m–3. Neon may be assumed to be an ideal gas.

Calculate the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of neon atoms at

(i) 273 K,

id
sh
P i>
tzp <
=

Ra
an
1002×105

sh
'

1-3×0.9 ✗ (C >
=

Ka
by
ics
terms =
583 ms
-1
ys
Ph
E

583
E
AT
C

speed = ........................................... m s–1 [3]

N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G

(ii) 546 K.
IN
U
SS
RS
PU

JT
R

✗
FO

terms
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R

✓-273
U

583
YO

✓-546 -
a

2=583 ✗

✓-273
n =
824.5 = 825
825
speed = ........................................... m s–1 [2]

© UCLES 2008 9702/04/M/J/08

 →
Temperature
P =

typed >
7
73 of 814

(c) The calculations in (b) are based on the density for neon being 0.900 kg m–3. For
Suggest the effect, if any, on the root-mean-square speed of changing the density at Examiner’s
constant temperature. Use

Crms
stays same as it
only depends on temperature
.......................................................................................................................................... .

Charging density will change the pressure of gas

..........................................................................................................................................
.

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

id
sh
Ra
an
sh
Ka
by
ics
ys
Ph
E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

© UCLES 2008 9702/04/M/J/08 [Turn over

 79 of 814
6

2 (a) The kinetic theory of gases is based on some simplifying assumptions. For
The molecules of the gas are assumed to behave as hard elastic identical spheres. Examiner’s
State the assumption about ideal gas molecules based on Use

(i) the nature of their movement,

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) their volume.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

id
............................................................................................................................. [2]

sh
Ra
an
sh
Ka
by
ics
ys
Ph
E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

© UCLES 2012 9702/41/M/J/12

 80 of 814
7

(b) A cube of volume V contains N molecules of an ideal gas. Each molecule has a For
component cX of velocity normal to one side S of the cube, as shown in Fig. 2.1. Examiner’s
Use

side S

cx

Fig. 2.1

id
sh
The pressure p of the gas due to the component cX of velocity is given by the expression

Ra
an
pV = NmcX2

sh
Ka
where m is the mass of a molecule.

Explain how the expression leads to the relation by

ics
ys

pV = 13 Nm<c 2>
Ph

where <c 2> is the mean square speed of the molecules.

E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

[3]

(c) The molecules of an ideal gas have a root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of 520 m s–1 at a
temperature of 27 °C.

Calculate the r.m.s. speed of the molecules at a temperature of 100 °C.

r.m.s. speed = ....................................... m s–1 [3]

© UCLES 2012 9702/41/M/J/12 [Turn over
 108 of 814
6

2 (a) (i) State the basic assumption of the kinetic theory of gases that leads to the conclusion For
that the potential energy between the atoms of an ideal gas is zero. Examiner’s
Use
There is
negligible intermolecular
force of attraction
..................................................................................................................................
.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) State what is meant by the internal energy of a substance.

It is the sum kinetic and

of microscopic
..................................................................................................................................

potential energy molecules

of
due to random
..................................................................................................................................
,

motion
..............................................................................................................................
.

[2]

(iii) Explain why an increase in internal energy of an ideal gas is directly related to a

id
rise in temperature of the gas.

sh
Internal kinetic

Ra
energy depends on
only energy
..................................................................................................................................

an
kinetic
of molecules and change

sh
in
energy is
..................................................................................................................................

Ka
directly proportional to change in temperature [2] by
-

..............................................................................................................................
ics .
ys

(b) A fixed mass of an ideal gas undergoes a cycle PQRP of changes as shown in Fig. 2.1.
Ph

10

V1
E
E
AT
C

:
N

8
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G

volume
IN
U
SS
RS

/ 10–4 m3
PU
R
FO
LA
ER

6
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

2 Q R

0 "
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
4
pressure / 105 Pa

Fig. 2.1

© UCLES 2010 9702/41/O/N/10

 109 of 814
7

(i) State the change in internal energy of the gas during one complete cycle PQRP.
-
For
Examiner’s
•
change = ............................................. J [1] Use

(ii) Calculate the work done on the gas during the change from P to Q.
=

W=PDV
W=p(Vz -

V1 )
"
W=(4×105112-81×10
W -240J
-

240
work done = .............................................. J [2]

id
sh
Ra
(iii) Some energy changes during the cycle PQRP are shown in Fig. 2.2.

an
sh
work done on gas heating supplied increase in

Ka
change -

/J to gas / J internal energy / J

by
ics
240 -360
ys

P Q ............................. –600 .............................

Ph

+ 720
Q R 0 +720 .............................

R P -840
............................. +480 -360
.............................
E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL

Fig. 2.2
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS

Complete Fig. 2.2 to show all of the energy changes. [3]

PU
R
FO
LA

Q+W=AU Q+W=DU
ER
N

360-1720 -1k 0
RT

-
__
PA
C

480 -1W -360

R

>u
-600+240=1
U

__
YO

360+71=0 W= -360-480
Q+W=DU a- -360 W= -840J
720+0=10

© UCLES 2010 9702/41/O/N/10 [Turn over

 140 of 814
6

2 (a) Use one of the assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases to explain why the potential energy
of the molecules of an ideal gas is zero.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The average translational kinetic energy EK of a molecule of an ideal gas is given by the
expression

1 3
EK = m 〈c 2〉 = kT
2 2
where m is the mass of a molecule and k is the Boltzmann constant.

State the meaning of the symbol

id
(i) 〈c 2〉,

sh
Ra
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

an
sh
Ka
(ii) T.

by
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
ics
ys

(c) A cylinder of constant volume 4.7 × 104 cm3 contains an ideal gas at pressure 2.6 × 105 Pa
Ph

and temperature 173 °C.

The gas is heated. The thermal energy transferred to the gas is 2900 J. The final temperature
and pressure of the gas are T and p, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL

4.7 × 104 cm3 4.7 × 104 cm3

C
EX
M

2900 J
G
IN

2.6 × 105 Pa p
U
SS
RS
PU
R

173 °C T
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

Fig. 2.1

(i) Calculate

1. the number N of molecules in the cylinder,

N = ...........................................................[3]

© UCLES 2018 9702/42/M/J/18

 149 of 814
6

2 (a) State what is meant by an ideal gas.

Any gas
that
obey
's PV=nRT
/
PV NKT at all -
-

...................................................................................................................................................
and
temperatures pressures volumes
...................................................................................................................................................
,
.

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) An ideal gas comprised of single atoms is contained in a cylinder and has a volume of
1.84 × 10–2 m3 at a pressure of 2.12 × 107 Pa.
The mass of gas in the cylinder is 3.20 kg.

(i) Determine, to three significant figures, the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of the atoms
of the gas.

P
zpci
'
-

- >

id
sh
2.12×107=1-3×1 ?g¥o a) Cd

Ra
>
-

an
sh
Ka
terms =
604.73
by
ics
ys

605
Ph

r.m.s. speed = ..................................................m s–1 [3]

E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

© UCLES 2018 9702/42/O/N/18

 150 of 814
7
22+273=29512
(ii) The temperature of the gas in the cylinder is 22 °C.

Determine, to three significant figures,

1. the amount, in mol, of the gas,

PV=nRT

(2.12×107111.84×10-2) =
he

8. 314×295

n= 159.04

159

id
amount = ................................................... mol [2]

sh
Ra
2. the mass of one atom of the gas. ( N=h✗Na )

an
3.20
^
1- atom
of

sh
mass __

Ka
159.04×6.02×1023 → no -

of atoms
by
ics
ys

=
3.34×10-26
Ph
E

3.34×10-26
E
AT
C

mass = ..................................................... kg [2]

N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G

(c) Use your answer in (b)(ii) part 2 to determine the nucleon number A of an atom of the gas.
IN
U
SS
RS
PU

nnhnp 1- 1.66×10
-27kg
R

u=
FO
LA
ER

nnptfp
N
RT
PA
C
R

3.34×10-26
U

of
YO

no -
nucleon =

( nucleon number ) 1.66×10-21

=
20

20
A = .......................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2018 9702/42/O/N/18 [Turn over

 137 of 814
6

2 (a) The pressure p and volume V of an ideal gas are related to the density ρ of the gas by the
expression
1
p = ρ 〈c 2〉.
3
(i) State what is meant by the symbol 〈c 2〉.
Mean
square speed ofgas molecules
...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Use the expression to show that the mean kinetic energy EK of a gas molecule is given
by
u
3
EK = kT
2

id
where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the thermodynamic temperature.

sh
Lzmcct
P
13pct 3kt

Ra
>
-

>
-

-
-

an
P
NICU
-

sh
1- >
-
-

Ka
3

3PV=Nm< is
Ekics =

Zzkt
by
ys
Ph

3N/kT=N/ met>
3kt =
mech
E
E

[3]
AT
C
N
LE

IV =
0 so W =D
EL
C
EX
M

(b) (i) An ideal gas containing 1.0 mol of molecules is heated at constant volume.
G
IN
U
SS
RS

Use the expression in (a)(ii) to show that the thermal energy required to raise the
PU

3
÷
R

temperature of the gas by 1.0 K has a value of R,:where R is the molar gas constant.
FO
LA
ER

2
N

=
RT

Q= DU two
PA
C

NKDT
R

Q
3-
U
YO

Q= DU
U=K.EtÉÉ°
°

molecules
for DT
-

-
1K and 1m01
of
• As N= NA
E

¥a×
U K
Q Ntt 1
3-
= -

= ✗

DU =D K E .

DU KDT
3-2
=

Q
KAT
=

3-212
DU Nx
3-2
=

[3]

© UCLES 2017 9702/42/M/J/17

 138 of 814
7 "
12=8.314 Jmol
"
K
28 Mr -_

(ii) Nitrogen may be assumed to be an ideal gas. The molar mass of nitrogen gas is 28 g mol–1.
Use the answer in (b)(i) to calculate a value for the specific heat capacity, in J kg–1 K–1, at
=
constant volume for nitrogen. g
c=%÷ow
n=m_

c=¥+ Mr

1£77
c-
zR÷mlH m
-

-28g
0=35×8%24-1 ,

445.39
321m
C-
C- m -0.028kg
-

1- motor 0.020kg
450
specific heat capacity = .......................................... J kg–1 K–1 [2]

[Total: 9]

id
sh
Ra
an
sh
Ka
by
ics
ys
Ph
E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

© UCLES 2017 9702/42/M/J/17 [Turn over