695 :

collection of large no . of molecules in random motion is called

'gas .
I TG :

Analysis and behaviour of

gases .

postulates of ITG :

To analyze ITG, define ideal the assumption taken for a

we an
gas , gas
to be ideal are called postulates of K .. G

1-
of
size gas molecule is
negligible .

volume of volume available for molecular motion

gas
.

of container-volume occupied
gas molecules
by all
-gas-volume .

-gas-container volume

2 .

All molecules of collide elastically with each other as well container walls
gas as .

collision in a ->(i) Molecule-molecule

gas :

(ii) Molecule-container
container collision
gas exerts pressure
Due to a -

.
↳
random oscillations molecules don't interact with each other
During ,
gas .

Potential
energy=o
all of the molecules
Total energy-sum of Kinetic energy of gas
.

4 .

When molecules collide , the time of contact is negligible compare to time byw two successive
collision (Relaxation time TP) .

All molecules of a
gas are in continuous random motion are called 'Brownion motion .
⑧

7
> Mean free path .

⑧ ↳

⑧
↳ ⑳

In 7
&
!
⑳

6 .

Effect of
gravity is negligible on
gas molecule so density of gas is uniform everywhere in
a container .

7 -

at all temp
gases oby
All ideal law and pressure Which is stated as-
gas
.

↑X =
NRT ↑= Pressure , volume

of moles
n R= Universal
gas constant
=
no .

T =

Temp -
Behaviour of real
gases :

The size of molecule is not

negligible .

volume of volume of container

gas
Due to some interaction
blw gas molecule , the always reduced
gas pressure is
·

As some interaction exists blu molecules so P E .

.
>0 .

Actually collision of molecules are not perfectly elastic continuously energy

gas so some

1095 take place ·

At
very high temp .
- K E
.
. is
very high (P E
. . is negligible)
At low pressure ->
density is very low-interaction is negligible
very
.

Important At very high temp and low pressure real behaves like ideal
:

, a
gas gas .

Gas Laws :

Boyle's Law At constant temp. for

:
:

gas-
a
,

y
PC
= constant

py = constant

P1
⑤.
⑤

For two states of gas-

P2
P1
=
I
2 Ja -2

Charle's law :

For at constant pressure P-constant

gas
a ->

~ aT 12

T
constant
↳ =

gas's
·
For 2 states of
constant
I
=
=

Tr Tz

constant
↑,

P2 constant
=

P2>P ,

T
 P
Gay-Lussac's Law :
For a at constant volume -> PaT
gas

"I
Pa T

I =

-
constant

P1
For two state of gas
=I T
Tr Tz T

Avogadro's law :

Equal volume of all gases

at same temp ,
and pressure contains equal

no - of moles .

molecules in mole known Asogadro's number

No .

of one are as .

HA= 6 .
023x2023 molecules/mol

For n moles of a
gas ,
total no .

of molecules will be -

N =
4
NA

n =
=

Bolton's law of partial pressure :

Total pressure of mixture
of gases independantly
in the mixture .

Potal
*
P24Put ......

In
Ideal law :
gas
Pr
=
n Rt

R = Universal gas constant

R = 6 31.
I or 2 Cal
mol-1 mor-k

For two different states of

gas-
↑2 P23
if takes place during change
=

Ty Tz
no
leakage
in state .

At STP ->

1 =
273k

↑ =

19 +m
=

1 013.
x40pa
2240x10-5m3
+ 2x6 31X273
1 =
= . =

2 013 X 205
.

=>
22 .
4 litre .

State of gas :

At instant state of is defined by its thermodynamic coordinates (i,YT)

any ,
gas

by gas law
-

Pa,
int Paa
Ps , 2 , >
,
Te

Initial State Final state

of of gas
gas

Modified form of gas law : ↑ I= URT smolar form)

FERT
p =

Pr =
NKT (molecular form)
k =
-

Boltzmann's constant= 1 .
38x1021K

P = PRT I density form)

M
 Question Piston
A cylindrical container is shown in figure in which a
gas is
I

enclosed .
Its initial volume is and temp. is T .
As no external pressure
is applied on the light piston shown ,
gas pressure must be equal to
Gas
atmospheric pressure .
If gas temp is doubled ,
Find its final volume If piston
.

is clamped again doubled find the final pressure of

and temp is
gas
.
,

Answer
is when P=Po= constant

PoX
T
=

I = x = 2 -

iii) when Piston is clamped ,

I constant

p'= 2
↳ = =

:
Question
Two
glass containers of Volume Ye and ↳ are

filled with air at pressure and P2 and at same

temp . To . The two containers awe connected by narrow tube

with a close plug as shown .

Find the final pressure of
mixture when is opened
plug .

Answer By mole Conservation

n , +n=
=

Prys I 42/2 =
Pf(Y2+2)
To To To

Py = P24244242
P1+ P2

Question
Two close container of equal volume of air are initially at 205 x105pm
and book temp . If the containers are connected by a narrow tube and one container maintained

at book and other at 4ook then find the final pressure in the container .

Answer By gas law-

% +
=> Pf
[T]
=

if
2. ()
=

2x05405/30040
=

PA =

120kPa
Question
Temp of contained in vessel increased by is when pressure of gas is
. a
gas a

increased by 1 ... Find initial temp of gas .

Answer P11
=

P2

TI T

2 I
1 .

014, 1

T1 1 +
T1

T1 = 100k

Question
A vessel contains a mixture of nitrogen (m, =

78) and CO2 (m= 22g) at a temp .

T =

290K and pressure Po-Latm . Find the density of mixture , assuming the gas to be ideal

Answer n n2+ 2
+ +
= =
=

P x =
NRT

Pm /
=

Mth2) RT
P

& PM 2.023 x10x 28x103-2

518m
=
=
.

M ,+ne) RT 0 .
5x 8 .

31x290

Question of if
Find the minimum allainable pressure one mole
of an ideal
gas during
its temp . and volume related as T: To + x42 Where To and
. I are the constants .

Answer PX =
nRT

p
/To xx)
=
+

P =

nR(10 +

x1)
At
Pmin- to

(4R(4 (1)7 +
= 0

nRx( x)
=
-
+
=
0

1
(o)42
=

So T To
= To
= + 2

Pain =
RyT x2 To

= 2/2

fown=1 =) P= 2R
 Question
In a thermodynamic process , pressure of 1 mole gas is given by ,

P = Po
,
where Po and to are constant .
Then find out the change in tump . When it's
I +

(2)2
volume is
change from to to 2 %

Answer T = P
nR

Ti= Po Yo
X = Polo
2
2R
%)
(
1 +

T*
= I
2
Po0

R
*
T =

T -

Ti

-P x
=>
29%
5 R
I

Question is increased
In close Jessel , when pressure of gas by 2 % then temp .

of gas changes by yo then find initial temperature .

Answer -T =
4: = 4k

PX =
nR T

P a T

% * X100
- %
T
i

IX100
I
2

Ti =

200K =- 73°

Practice question :

Question
In Jessel pressure of ideal is increased by 10
is othermally
a
gas . .

find out in volume

Then change .

Answer Decrease by 9 :
1 %
Question
A Jessel of volume-- 2 litre contains a mixture of Me and He at 27 and

of the mixture Find the ratio

pressure p=zatm .
The mass is m=
5g .

of m , and Me -

m , = mass of Me , M2= mass of He.

Answer m +
, M2=5-(i)
n , X 2 +

42x4 =
5

p x =
n RT
n =
PX
RI

n , + nz = 2x1023x105x 2NO3
8 91 .
X300

nit 42 162-(ii)
=

from is and (ii)

n,
=
0 74 mole
-

n =
=
0. 88 mole

m, 0 .
74X2 = 2
I

IA2 0 .
88x4 5

100k 40K
Question
shows cylinder with dithermic separator
Figure a a

which can slide smoothly inside If the system is released . Find

Gas
.

Gas
displacement of separator after long time .

Answer by mole conservation L

10cm
x
zocm
>

For left part

p x 10 =
Pfx(204) -
(i)
10
If
For Right Part

PX10 =
Pf(20-x) -
(ii)
koo
T

from (i) and (ii)

x
=
10Cm .
Question
In
given curve ,
for a
given gas if density at point A is ,
then find out
density at point B .

PX =
n RT
Answer
P P = T

M
4 Po B

↑ & P

Po

e
A

To 3 To T

Of =

Question vessel
An insulating closed is divided in two parts by a morable piston
as shown in figure .

is Find out ratio of molecules in both part

of no. P
,
X
,
T 2P , 3 %, T

ii) If piston is freely moving with isothermal process then

11 ne
find out volume of both part in emilibrium .

Answer
is 4& =
NKT

P&
=
N , kT

& PX3/ N2KT

I
= I

Dis P& =
NKT

- N

=I 2

total volume
=

3 +/ = 4

-1
= 21
=

x4

-z
=
= x4
 Question
barometer reading because of air in the
space above
A
gives wrong some

and at 74m
mercury column the barometer shows
the 75 51m 74 01m
At a
pressure My
. -
.

barometer above the

it shows 73 6cm .
.
Find the length of tube
Hg surface
Answer At pressure 75 5 cm .

of g

Air pressure will be P, 75 5-74 6 0 7cm

offg
= = ·
.
.

volyme of Air = AX(1 -

74 .
8)
At pressure 74cm of Hg
will be P2= 74-73
Air pressure .
6 =0 .
4 cm of Hy
volume
of air= A(1-73 6) .

:
P241 =
Pe -

0 .

7x(1 -
74 -

8) =
0 .
4(1 -
73 .

6)

- =

76 4cm .

Question of volume of ideal

A vessel 6 3
.
litre contains a mixture gas at Book .
Mixture consist
of of CO2
0 2 mol of Ne 0 2 mol of 02 and 0 3 mol Find the pressure of mixture
.
. . .
·

Answer n n1
=
+

xe +

n3
=>
0 -
1 + 0 .
2 +0 -
3 = 0 .
6

= 0 6
-

4 0. 6x8-31X300
16 x 105pa
=

8 .
3 x10-3

Question
A freely moving piston divides in vertical cylinder closed at both ends ,
into

evilibrium
two parts each
containing < mol of air . In at book , solume
of upper part
is 4 times that of lower part .
At what temp. Natio of these two volume will be 2

Answer

I I
<Pi
=
4
Pf
P 24 pl
4 3p =
p ,
5x =
34

- 2p1 By gas law for lower part->

I 4P
=
T =
3007 T
= = T

2x3PX 5
-
-5
I W

- If =
750k
 Question
The temp of an air bubble while
rising from bottom to surface of a lake
remains constant but its volume becomes 5 times .
Find depth of lake .

Answer
5%
P11 4212
=

Rot 8h) %o
=

PoX 5 Po

↑gh YP =
.

103x10Xh 4x105 =

↳ =
40m
So

Practice question :

Question of lake is of lake

at bottom is I and temp
Assuming depth 18m and temp , .

at
surface is 27 .
It bubble of volume Loc is rises from bottom . Find solume of
bubble when it comes to
surface of lake
Answer 1 = 30cL
Different molecular speeds of a
gas molecule :

molecule :
1 .

Average velocity of gas

Average velocity is Put --- + I

+
=

= 0

molecule :
2 . R M S
. . .
Speed of gas

Irms =
If %z2
2 + - - - - -
+
I
↳
I

irms-
B
Jums *

3RT= BP
Orms" = =
3K
M

.
3
Average speed of gas molecule :

94= 12 +151+-
+
!
Aserage speed
. . . .

=
>

Irms Targ

free path
Mean
Mean-TasgX Tp
Most probable speed of gas molecule :
This is the speed which is common in maximum no . of a
gas
.

Imp=
Jums mean
>
YMp

Jumg :
Mean
:
MP
=13
::
 Question
Find out the temp
of oxyzen molecule at which ums speed of Or molecule
is equal to at 27°
ums speed
Answer %
rms=T
Erms)o2 =
(rms) He

3RT =
3 RX300
32 2

(T2 =
4800K

Practice question :

Question
Find out the approximate temp at . which ws speed of He is 5 times
of H2 Molecule at NTP
uns speed of .

Answer 273k

Question of
It temp. of He yes is made times initial then it is disociate in

↳yesek stems .
Then find out change in rins.
Answer 1.
"Yo

Question
Find out temp , at which He
gas escaped from earth's atmosphere
Answer 2x103 mis
Coms]He = 11 .

-R
+

I 11 . 2x103
M

3 x 6 31XT .

=(11 . 2x103)3
2x10-3

- 104
Question of
calculate the temp at which speed a molecule is same that
ums
gas as
.

of
weight of first
at 47 and
a molecule of another gas .
Molecular second
gases are

64 and 32
respectively .

Answer
Xrms)2
=

(ms) 2

*2 12

(3) =

(R320)

= 10

T,
=

640k

Question
A
cylindrical container is divided into two parts by dithermic piston
and two different gases are
filled in these parts .
It is found that the ums

speed of molecules in first part is equal to the mean speed of molecules

in second part ratio
of molecules of
.
Find masses
of these two gases
.

Answer

1942 Gas2

(ins)1
=
(Yrms)2

(T)42= (8)
↳ re

M 3 =
 y
Pressure exerted by gas :

Inc-dirn change in momentum due to

one collision is -

↳P 2 mix
=

ny
Time taken blw 2 successive collision
on same wall m
>
4t
=
21 ↳2
Te
H

min
Fr
Pr
=
=

value
of pressure on same wall-

<Pe Fr = m =
min I
A Axt I

samea mix" , Py= my , 12 = m

I I I

container wall
Average pressure on

Pac =
(Px+Py+ Pz)

↳ M (5+ + +2)
=

-
.

Pas= morms
Ex I

If there are N molecules then

Par Ex mr rms
I
· =
M

So
pas
I Es

Pax I ?
ms **

Past E here E= Kinetic energy density

Translation Kinetic
energy
:

For molecule its R E is written

a
gas . .
as

Ex Imais
E I 3R
=

m x

·: M= mNA

So Ex =
(*)
=

Ex =
kT =

=
URT
Distribution of molecular speeds in a :
gas

molecules in unit
= No
of speed interval
.

Area s do curve = total molecules

of gas in that

velocity interval

Eg .

/mp
-
, 34 2

So T1 > T2

For I different
gases

(mp) 1 < (mp)2

FinaSe
if T1 = Ts
M <MA
Among Or and M2- gas A is
On then gas B is Ne
Degrees of freedom :

way to utilize mechanical

energy by a
gas molecule , term as

degree of freedom .

y +2)
a

-= ( ++
I

(E)=
/j =m
(E) += m+ Em+ I me
>x All
gas molecule have 3 translational degree of freedom ·

Je
II

Law of equipation of
energy :

This law states that total

energy of gas molecules is equally
distributed among all of its degree of freedom and associated with each degree of freedom
energy
is equal to ↑
T

If o degree of freedom total energy

gas molecule has
then E =
**

For n moles of a
gas having I degree of freedom
then total energy
=
URT

For translation motion f = 3

Utrans ** URT =
↳ py

Degree of freedom for different molecules :

1 .
Monoatomic gas molecule
:
↑ = 3
+

a
y
mrw
I =
I wo

.
E

↑p = 0

f 3

&
=

11 >0C
>

Ix Wor
L

&
-W2
L
I
 .
2 Diatomic gas molecule : -

0
=

d
Ex

=
S R 3
-> Wy
.

f+
=
3 -

+ 5
In
=
2 +
3 =

-
<......
---- i
At very
high temp ->

/
.
>
-

fibration = 3 -
12
Ix

& S
f =

3 2
=

7
W2
-
+ +
2

.
3
Polyatomic gas molecule :

Linear Non-linear
(CO2) H20)
f +
=
3 f+ = 3

+R =
2
FR =

f =
5 f =
6

Degree of freedom of gaseous mixture

:

substances then there is heat

When are mixed at same temp . no
exchange .

If I
gases
are mixed

Equivalent of freedom of mixture

degree
fer(netnet- Un) RT=feRT+ zMaRT
↳ S
-+

Degree of freedom
...

mole s 2
2

+2 +2
, , ----- n n2 , 42 -----n +---- +
fn4RT
2

Important ->

Teg= + +z4z + ----- .

fan
I
Met Met +
Mixed Un
------

Mixture of gases at different temperatures

= freT + zzTz+ -
+ In E

fin , +fenzt----- +
Frhn
 Molar specific heat of :
gas
2 -
&
nT

unit= Joul
mol-1

value of C depends of
heating of
on
way gas
.

There are t
type of heat capacities .

heat
standard molar capacities :
Heat required to raise the temp. of mole of si at constant volume
gas by
↳ .
C : I .

by FLOT -

d& =
dU+dW
nc
, dY =
RdT +O

c =

Ek
For monoatomic
gas C-=R
For diatomic
gas
C.=sP

Heat required to of mole of I at constant pressure

Cp raise the temp. gas by
: I .

By FLOT >

d& =

dU+dW

ncpdT= EURdT+pd Lid

By gas law>
P & =
NRT

↑ dY +
/P =
URdT

at = constant

So Pa =
URdT (ii)

From (i) and (ii)

~CpdT
=

nCdT +URdT

<p -

c =

Cp>C , Mayor's Formula

Alway

For a mol
of gas p-c= MR

gram specificient <p-c =

R/M
 3 = R <p (f + 2) *
=

V
=

P Y +
3
=>

Co I

f = 2 C =
VR

8 -
1 r- 1

Internal energy of a
gas in term of r

u =
nRT

U = nC , T

u =
nRT -
P X

r 1 -

U 1
-
Question
Find out the rotational linetic energy of 50gm He
gas at 27°c temperature .

Answer k= n KT : =
3
R

5
n
2 mol
=

k
=x2x2x300 cal
=
=

=1200 calorie

Question of of at 300K
find out total kinetic
energy I molecule of a monoatomic
gas
.

Answer no
of moln=# = 2023
k =
+ nRT
I

2 x 300 5x10-2 calorie

641023
136
=

=
= .

Question of
If temp a
gas is change from 27° to 92zc then find out change in

internal of
energy gas .

Answer viCT

Wi -
Ti

Of If

Wi I
300

Of 1 200

= I

↳Y (4 , 3)x 200 % 300 %

=
=

Question 2 mol diatomic

gas
is filled in an open vessel . If its temp. is
change from 10 to 200
find out in internal energy
then
change .

Answer Gu =
100 Calovie

Question
gas filled
in open vessel at 27° temp find out how much heat required
16gm He a . then

to becomes its volume doubled .

Answer
AtP= const .
-) T- To become -->20 the T-2T 90 4T=25-T = T =
300K

4 & =

n(p4T

calorie
↳x5RX300 600
=>

2x5x2x300
=
=

4
Question
same amount of diatomic gas is filled in two vessels A and B . In vessel A
,

same amonut of heat in the

pstonismosablebut inessee Piston is clamped he ,

temp .

of vessel B .

Answer - &1 = 4 &2

nc
ncp4T TB
=

- -

=RX20 ERXx TB
=

E
4
+B
=

x 20 =

28°

Question
for oxygen find out
hydrogen gas
gasp-cs-b
For <puc=a and then
9/6 ·
(here up and co are
grain specific heat)
Answer cp-c
=
A
a
=

b
A
=

- =

Question
I mole belium gas and I mole He gas are mixed together then find out
Unix .

Answer MeCPs
Wix =
41(Py +

MyCy 42 2
+

LXR+ LYR= I
=

+
=R R
 2)
=
0

-I ,
-

y(2t -

+ 1

-
-
8 2
.
+

24+T, = -

·
2 0
1
- =
+

I
4 +He
+
-