Chapter 2

RF & M/W
Transmission Lines
PRESENTED BY:
KOBID KARKEE
KEC, DHAPAKHEL
Introduction 2

 In an electronic system, the delivery of power requires

the connection of two wires between the source and
the load. At low frequencies, power is considered to be
delivered to the load through the wire.
 In the microwave frequency region, power is
considered to be in electric and magnetic fields that
are guided from place to place by some physical
structure. Any physical structure that will guide an
electromagnetic wave place to place is called a
Transmission Line.
Types of Transmission Lines 3
 Two wire line
 Coaxial cable
 Waveguide
 Rectangular
 Circular
 Planar Transmission Lines
 Strip line
 Microstrip line
 Slot line
 Fin line
 Coplanar Waveguide
 Coplanar slot line
 Lumped Element Model 4

 The transmission line is often represented as a two-wire line

 The transmission line is divided into segments of length ∆z,
which are modeled by the same lumped element model.
 The units of the circuit parameters are measured per unit
length and the voltage and current can therefore vary
along the length of the line.

R: series resistance (Ω/m) L: series inductance (H/m)

G: shunt conductance (S/m) C: shunt capacitance (F/m)
 Transmission Line
5
Equations
• Kirchoff’s Voltage and Current law can be applied to the lumped circuit
model, giving 2 equations involving current and voltage at either end of
the differential line segment.
• In the limit as z  0, one obtains a set of partial differential
equations in the time domain

These equations can be transformed to the frequency domain to give the

ordinary differential equations:
 Wave Propagation 6

• Note that the differential equations on the previous slide are coupled. We
can therefore eliminate either V(z) or I(z).
• Doing so yields either of the differential equations:

where     j   R  j LG  j c
is known as the propagation constant.

α is the attenuation constant and represents the rate of decay of the wave
amplitude with distance.
β is the phase constant and represents the relative phase shift with
respect to position along the line.
 Wave Propagation 7

• The second order differential equations on the previous slide

should be familiar as the wave equation, which has the well
known solutions:

where e−γz represents wave propagation in the +z direction

and e+γz represents wave propagation in the −z direction.

• Voltages and currents therefore propagate along the line as

traveling waves.
 Wave Propagation 8

Given a transmission line with a propagating wave, we can define:

 The characteristic Impedance:

 The wavelength on the line:

 The phase velocity: The speed at which a constant phase

point travels down the line, given by:
 Lossless Lines 9

The preceding general case can be simplified considerably for lossless lines,
which can be used to approximate practical cases where the loss is often
very small and can be neglected. In that case, R=G=0, and lossless line
properties are:
 Propagation Constant:

 Characteristic Impedance:

 Wavelength :

 Phase Velocity:
Terminated Lines: General Case 10
Terminated Lines: General Case 11
Terminated Lines: Short Circuit Case 12
Terminated Lines: Open Circuit Case 13
Terminated Lines: Special Line Lengths 14
Example: Transmission Line Calculations 15
The Smith Chart
16
Reading the Smith Chart
17
Example: Using the Smith Chart with
Impedance Values 1 18
Example: Using the Smith Chart with
19
Impedance Values 2
 20
Using the Smith Chart with
Admittance Values
Example: Using the Smith Chart with
21
Admittance Values
Impedance Matching
22

Matching Load
Z0
Network ZL
Quarter Wave Transformer 23
 24
L-Section
Single Stub Tuning 25
 Single Stub Tuning 26

Shunt stub (Y = 1/Z)

Y0 Y0 YL

d
Y0
l
Example: Single Stub Shunt Tuning 1 27
Example: Single Stub Shunt Tuning 2
28
 29

Follow class notes for rest of the

chapter