Sections 1-4

Some slides are from 8e Applied EM by Ulaby and Ravaioli

Ansys courses. Edited by Ahmed Omar
 Chapter 2 Overview
2
 2-1 Transmission Lines
3

RF beamformer for
basestation 5G
communication
 2-1 Transmission Lines
4

A transmission line connects a generator to a load

Transmission lines include:

• Two parallel wires
• Coaxial cable
• Microstrip line
• Optical fiber
• Waveguide
• etc. Coaxial cable Two parallel wires
 Transmission Line Effects
5

Is the pair of wires connecting the voltage

source to the RC load a transmission line?
Yes.
• The wires were ignored in circuit courses.
• Can we always ignore them?
Not always.

Delayed by l/c
(2) But if l = 20 km:

At t = 0, and for f = 1 kHz , if:

(1) l = 5 cm:
 Dispersion
6

The phase velocity

is not linear with
frequency.
 Types of Transmission Modes
7

TEM mode
TEM (Transverse
Electromagnetic): Electric
and magnetic fields are
orthogonal to one
another, and both are
orthogonal to direction
of propagation.

K
Propagation
H
direction Ch 8
 Example of TEM Mode
8

Coaxial line: TEM mode

Electric Field E is radial

Magnetic Field H is azimuthal
Propagation is into the page
2-2 Transmission Line Model (TEM TL)
9

The transmission line

will be represented
by a parallel wire
configuration.

lumped-element circuit

Transmission line parameters:

Expressions will
be derived in
later chapters
 Geometric & Electromagnetic
Constitutive Parameters
For each of these lines, the expressions in the last slide are functions of two sets of
parameters:
(1) Geometric parameters defining the cross-sectional dimensions of the given line
(2) Electromagnetic constitutive parameters of the conducting and insulating materials.

(1)

(2)
 Geometric & Electromagnetic
Constitutive Parameters

Lossless line
 What did we learn so far?

1. TLs types.
2. Modes of propagation in TLs.
3. TL effect.
4. TL Lumped element circuit model

There is no absolute length anymore, from

now on it is relative length to lambda (λ).
 Derivation is not
required in the exam
2-3 Transmission-Line Equations
Relates the voltage and current
along a TL

Because the TL is small, then it can be analyzed

by circuits laws:
KVL

Small piece of TL
with length Δz

Change of voltage
per length (Δz)

First-order differential equation (1)

 Derivation is not
required in the exam
Transmission-Line Equations

KCL @ Node N+1

ac signals: use phasors

First-order differential equation (2)

Telegrapher’s
equations
 Transmission-Line Equations
Telegrapher’s equations:

Differential
Form

Relates the voltage and current along a TL

 2-4 Wave Equations
17

Equations that relate a quantity’s second derivative

in time to its second derivative in space.

▪ The solutions for these equations are waves.

▪ Sinusoidal waves in both time and space (traveling
waves)
 Derivation is not required in the exam

2-4 Derivation of Wave Equations

18

Telegrapher’s equations: complex attenuation

propagation constant constant
Phase constant

Combining the two equations leads to:

• Second-order differential equation

2
 Wave Equations
19

➢ Now we have the differential equations that govern

the current and voltage along a TL

➢ What are the solutions (V, I) for these equations?

 Solution of Wave Equations (cont.)
20

These are second-order differential equations

→ solution is cos and sin or complex
exponentials
Proposed form of solution: from MATH

Each of these solutions contains two parts, each of which gives two possible directions of
propagation on the line.
It may propagate in the +z (𝑉0+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ) or –z (𝑉0− 𝑒 +𝛾𝑧 ), total voltage on the line is the
summation of both terms.
 Solution of Wave Equations (cont.)
21

At a certain location “z”

 Solution of Wave Equations (cont.)
22

Phasor form
Do NOT forget that
these are time-
harmonic.

Time-domain
form (φo = 0)
 Solution of Wave Equations (cont.)
23

In general: (φo ≠ 0)

wave along +z because coefficients of t and z

have opposite signs

wave along –z because coefficients of t and z have

the same sign
 Characteristic Impedance
24

Proposed form of solution: from MATH

Using Telegrapher’s equation:

It follows
that:

A function of the TL parameters

 Characteristic Impedance
25
 Phase velocity & Guided wavelength
26

The waves propagate with a phase velocity given by:

Summary of wave properties
propagating in a TL
27
Summary of wave properties
propagating in a TL
28
Summary of wave properties
propagating in a TL
29
Example 2-1: Air Line
30
31
32
The next lecture will be about solved
problems.

Study previous lectures.

34

THANK YOU