ECE 476

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 3

Three Phase, Power System Operation

Three Phase Transmission Line

2
Per Phase Analysis

 Per phase analysis allows analysis of balanced 3

systems with the same effort as for a single phase
system
 Balanced 3 Theorem: For a balanced 3 system
with
– All loads and sources Y connected
– No mutual Inductance between phases

3
Per Phase Analysis, cont’d

 Then
– All neutrals are at the same potential
– All phases are COMPLETELY decoupled
– All system values are the same sequence as sources. The
sequence order we’ve been using (phase b lags phase a
and phase c lags phase a) is known as “positive”
sequence; later in the course we’ll discuss negative and
zero sequence systems.

4
Per Phase Analysis Procedure

To do per phase analysis

1. Convert all  load/sources to equivalent Y’s
2. Solve phase “a” independent of the other phases
3. Total system power S = 3 Va Ia*

4. If desired, phase “b” and “c” values can be

determined by inspection (i.e., ±120° degree phase
shifts)
5. If necessary, go back to original circuit to determine
line-line values or internal  values.

5
Per Phase Example

Assume a 3, Y-connected generator with Van = 10

volts supplies a -connected load with Z = -j
through a transmission line with impedance of j0.1
per phase. The load is also connected to a
-connected generator with Va”b” = 10 through a
second transmission line which also has an impedance
of j0.1 per phase.
Find
1. The load voltage Va’b’
2. The total power supplied by each generator, SY and
S
6
Per Phase Example, cont’d

First convert the delta load and source to equivalent

Y values and draw just the "a" phase circuit

7
Per Phase Example, cont’d

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'

' ' ' 1
(Va  10)(10 j )  Va (3 j )  (Va     j  
3

8
 Per Phase Example, cont’d

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'

' ' ' 1
(Va  10)(10 j )  Va (3 j )  (Va     j  
3
10
(10 j  60)  Va' (10 j  3 j  10 j )
3
Va'  0.9  volts Vb'  0.9  volts
Vc'  0.9 volts '
Vab  1.56 volts

9
Per Phase Example, cont’d

' *
 Va  Va 
Sygen  3Va I a*  3Va    5.1  j 3.5 VA
 j 0.1 
 " ' *
" Va  Va
Sgen  3Va    5.1  j 4.7 VA
 j 0.1 

10
Example 2.14

11
Example 2.21

12
Example 2.29

13
Example 2.44

14
Development of Line Models

Goals of this section are

1) develop a simple model for transmission lines
2) gain an intuitive feel for how the geometry of the
transmission line affects the model parameters

15
Primary Methods for Power Transfer

 The most common methods for transfer of electric

power are
1) Overhead ac
2) Underground ac
3) Overhead dc
4) Underground dc
5) other

16
Magnetics Review

Ampere’s circuital law:

F   H dl  I e

F = mmf = magnetomtive force (amp-turns)
H = magnetic field intensity (amp-turns/meter)
dl = Vector differential path length (meters)
  = Line integral about closed path 
(dl is tangent to path)
Ie = Algebraic sum of current linked by 

17
Line Integrals

Line integrals are a generalization of traditional

integration

Integration along the

x-axis

Integration along a
general path, which
may be closed

Ampere’s law is most useful in cases of symmetry,

such as with an infinitely long line
18
Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic fields are usually measured in terms of flux

density
B = flux density (Tesla [T] or Gauss [G])
(1T = 10,000G)
For a linear a linear magnetic material
B =  H where  is the called the permeability
 = 0  r
 0 = permeability of freespace = 4  10-7 H m
 r = relative permeability  1 for air

19
Magnetic Flux

Total flux passing through a surface A is

 = A Bda
da = vector with direction normal to the surface
If flux density B is uniform and perpendicular to an
area A then
 = BA

20
Magnetic Fields from Single Wire

Assume we have an infinitely long wire with current

of 1000A. How much magnetic flux passes through a
1 meter square, located between 4 and 5 meters from
the wire?

Direction of H is given
by the “Right-hand” Rule

Easiest way to solve the problem is to take advantage

of symmetry. For an integration path we’ll choose a
circle with a radius of x.
21
Single Line Example, cont’d
I
2 xH  I  H 
2 x
B  0 H
0 I
5
  A  0 H dA  4 dx
2 x
I 5 7 5
   0 ln  2  10 I ln
2 4 4
  4.46  105 Wb
2  104 2 For reference, the earth’s
B  T  Gauss magnetic field is about
x x 0.6 Gauss (Central US)
22
Flux linkages and Faraday’s law

Flux linkages are defined from Faraday's law

d
V = where V = voltage,  = flux linkages
dt
The flux linkages tell how much flux is linking an
N turn coil:
N
 = i
i=1

If all flux links every coil then   N

23
Inductance

For a linear magnetic system, that is one where

B = H
we can define the inductance, L, to be
the constant relating the current and the flux
linkage
 =Li
where L has units of Henrys (H)

24
Inductance Example

Calculate the inductance of an N turn coil wound

tightly on a torodial iron core that has a radius of R
and a cross-sectional area of A. Assume
1) all flux is within the coil
2) all flux links each turn

25
Inductance Example, cont’d

Ie   Hdl
NI  H 2 R (path length is 2 R)
NI
H  B   H   r 0 H
2 R
  AB   N  LI
NI
  NAB  NA r  0
2 R
N 2 A r  0
L  H
2 R
26
Inductance of a Single Wire

To development models of transmission lines, we first

need to determine the inductance of a single, infinitely
long wire. To do this we need to determine the wire’s
total flux linkage, including
1. flux linkages outside of the wire
2. flux linkages within the wire

We’ll assume that the current density within the wire is

uniform and that the wire has a radius of r.

27
Flux Linkages outside of the wire

We'll think of the wire as a single loop closed at

infinity. Therefore  = since N = 1. The flux linking
the wire out to a distance of R from the wire center is

R I
  A Bda  length r 0
2 x
dx

28
Flux Linkages outside, cont’d

R I
    A Bda  length r 0 dx
2 x
Since length =  we'll deal with per unit length values,
assumed to be per meter.
 R I 0 R
  0 dx  I ln
meter r 2 x 2 r
Note, this quantity still goes to infinity as R  

29
Flux linkages inside of wire

Current inside conductor tends to travel on the outside

of the conductor due to the skin effect. The pentration
of the current into the conductor is approximated using
1
the skin depth = where f is the frequency in Hz
 f
and  is the conductivity in mhos/meter.
0.066 m
For copper skin depth   0.33 inch at 60HZ.
f
For derivation we'll assume a uniform current density.

30
Flux linkages inside, cont’d

Wire cross section Current enclosed within distance

x2
x of center  Ie  2 I
r
x Ie Ix
Hx  
r 2 x 2 r 2

Flux only links part of current

rIx x 2  r Ix3 0  r
inside   2 2
dx  0 4
dx  I
0 2 r r 2 r 8

31
Line Total Flux & Inductance

0 R 0  r
Total (per meter)  I ln  I
2 r 8
0  R  r 
Total (per meter)  I  ln  
2  r 4 
0  R  r 
L(per meter)   ln  
2  r 4 
Note, this value still goes to infinity as we integrate
R out to infinity

32
 Inductance Simplification

Inductance expression can be simplified using

two exponential identities:
a
ln(ab)=ln a + ln b ln  ln a  ln b a  ln(e a )
b
 r  
0  R  r   0  
L  ln    ln R  ln r  ln e 4
2  r 4  2  



0    r 4   0 R
L  ln R  ln  re    ln
2     2 r '
 r
Where r'  r e 4  0.78r for r  1
33
Two Conductor Line Inductance

Key problem with the previous derivation is we assumed

no return path for the current. Now consider the case of
two wires, each carrying the same current I, but in opposite
directions; assume the wires are separated by distance R.

R To determine the
inductance of each
conductor we integrate
as before. However
Creates counter- Creates a now we get some
clockwise field clockwise fieldfield cancellation
34
 Two Conductor Case, cont’d

R R
Rp

Direction of integration
Key Point: As we integrate for the left line, at distance 2R from
the left line the net flux linked due to the Right line is zero!
Use superposition to get total flux linkage.
For distance Rp, greater than 2R, from left line
0 Rp  0  Rp  R 
left  I ln  I ln  
2 r ' 2  R 
Left Current Right Current
35
Two Conductor Inductance
Simplifying (with equal and opposite currents)
0  Rp  Rp  R  
left  I  ln  ln  
2  r '  R 
0
 I  ln Rp  ln r ' ln( Rp  R )  ln R 
2
0  R Rp 
 I  ln  ln
2  r ' Rp  R 
0  R 
 I  ln  as Rp  
2  r ' 
0  R 
Lleft   ln  H/m
2  r ' 
36