ENE 451

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 1

Introduction
Simple Power System

 Every power system has three major

components
– Generation: source of power, ideally with a
specified voltage and frequency
– Load: consumes power; ideally with a constant
resistive value
– Transmission & Distribution system: transmits
power; ideally as a perfect conductor
Complications

 No ideal voltage sources exist

 Loads are seldom constant
 Transmission system has resistance, inductance,
capacitance and flow limitations
 Simple system has no redundancy so power system
will not work if any component fails
Notation - Power

 Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy

 Power Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW – 1 x 103 Watt
MW – 1 x 106 Watt
GW – 1 x 109 Watt
 Installed U.S. generation capacity is about
900 GW ( about 3 kW per person)
 Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW
Notation - Energy

 Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what

people really want from a power system
 Energy Units
Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
kWh – Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
Btu – 1055 J; 1 Mbtu = 0.292 MWh
 U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kWh
(about 13,333 kWh per person, which means on average we
each use 1.5 kW of power continuously)
Power System Examples

 Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as

an island, to one covering half the continent
– there are four major interconnected ac power systems in
North American, each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is
used in some other countries.
 Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is
primary consideration; frequency is 400 Hz.
 Ships and submarines
 Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard
 Battery operated portable systems
North America Interconnections
Electric Systems in Energy Context

 Class focuses on electric power systems, but we first need to put

the electric system in context of the total energy delivery system
 Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy
transportation
– Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted into
another form of energy when used
 About 40% of US energy is transported in electric form
 Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossil fuel
depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy
infrastructure
 Sources of Energy - US
About 86% Fossil Fuels
In 2009 we got about 0.75%
of our energy from wind and
0.04% from solar (PV and
solar thermal)
CO2 Emissions (millions of metric
tons, and per quad)
Petroleum: 2598, 64.0
Natural Gas: 1198, 53.0
Coal: 2115, 92.3
1 Quad = 293 billion kWh
(actual)
1 Quad = 98 billion kWh
(used, taking into account
efficiency)
Source: EIA Energy Outlook 2011
US Historical Energy Usage
Electric Energy Sources by State
Global Warming and the Power Grid,
What is Known: CO2 in Air is Rising

Value was
about 280
ppm in 1800;
in 2011 it is
394 ppm
ppm: parts per
million

Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
As Has Been Worldwide Temperature

Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean

Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/
Change in U.S Annual
Average Temperature

Source: http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/ustrends.htm
 But Average Temperatures are Not
Increasing Everywhere Equally

Source: http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/iltrends.htm
And Where Might Temps Go?
The models
show rate of
increase values
of between
0.15 to 0.4 C
per decade.
The rate from
1975 to 2005
was about
0.2 C per
decade.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/futuretc.html#projections
Energy Economics

 Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between

fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs
– Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costs
– Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operating costs
(dependent upon fuel prices)
– Coal, wind, hydro are in between
 Also the units capacity factor is important to determining
ultimate cost of electricity
 Potential carbon “tax” seen as unlikely soon
Ball park Energy Costs

Nuclear:$15/MWh
Coal: $22/MWh
Wind: $50/MWh
Hydro: varies but usually water constrained
Solar: $150 to 200/MWh
Natural Gas: 8 to 10 times fuel cost in $/MBtu

Note, to get price in cents/kWh take price in $/MWh and divide by

10.
 Natural Gas Prices 1990’s to 2011

Marginal cost for natural gas fired electricity price

in $/MWh is about 7-10 times gas price
Course Syllabus

 Introduction and review of phasors & three phase

 Transmission line modeling
 Per unit analysis and change of base
 Models for transformers, generators, and loads
 Power flow analysis and control
 Economic system operation/restructuring
 Short circuit analysis
 Transient stability
 System protection
 Distribution systems
Brief History of Electric Power

 Early 1880’s – Edison introduced Pearl Street dc system

in Manhattan supplying 59 customers
 1884 – Sprague produces practical dc motor
 1885 – invention of transformer
 Mid 1880’s – Westinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac
system
 Late 1880’s – Tesla invents ac induction motor
 1893 – First 3 phase transmission line operating at 2.3 kV
History, cont’d

 1896 – ac lines deliver electricity from hydro

generation at Niagara Falls to Buffalo, 20 miles
away
 Early 1900’s – Private utilities supply all customers
in area (city); recognized as a natural monopoly;
states step in to begin regulation
 By 1920’s – Large interstate holding companies
control most electricity systems
History, cont’d

 1935 – Congress passes Public Utility Holding

Company Act to establish national regulation,
breaking up large interstate utilities (repealed 2005)
 1935/6 – Rural Electrification Act brought
electricity to rural areas
 1930’s – Electric utilities established as vertical
monopolies
Vertical Monopolies

 Within a particular geographic market, the electric

utility had an exclusive franchise

Generation In return for this exclusive

franchise, the utility had the
obligation to serve all
Transmission
existing and future customers
at rates determined jointly
Distribution
by utility and regulators
Customer Service It was a “cost plus” business
Vertical Monopolies

 Within its service territory each utility was the only game
in town
 Neighboring utilities functioned more as colleagues than
competitors
 Utilities gradually interconnected their systems so by 1970
transmission lines crisscrossed North America, with
voltages up to 765 kV
 Economies of scale keep resulted in decreasing rates, so
most every one was happy
History, cont’d -- 1970’s

 1970’s brought inflation, increased fossil-fuel prices, calls

for conservation and growing environmental concerns
 Increasing rates replaced decreasing ones
 As a result, U.S. Congress passed Public Utilities
Regulator Policies Act (PURPA) in 1978, which mandated
utilities must purchase power from independent generators
located in their service territory (modified 2005)
 PURPA introduced some competition
History, cont’d – 1990’s & 2000’s

 Major opening of industry to competition occurred as

a result of National Energy Policy Act of 1992
 This act mandated that utilities provide
“nondiscriminatory” access to the high voltage
transmission
 Goal was to set up true competition in generation
 Result over the last few years has been a dramatic
restructuring of electric utility industry (for better or
worse!)
 Energy Bill 2005 repealed PUHCA; modified PURPA
Utility Restructuring

 Driven by significant regional variations in electric

rates
 Goal of competition is to reduce rates through the
introduction of competition
 Eventual goal is to allow consumers to choose their
electricity supplier
State Variation in Electric Rates
The Goal: Customer Choice
The Result for California in 2000/1

OFF

OFF
 The California-Enron Effect
WA
MT ND VT ME
MN
OR NH
ID SD WI NY MA
WY MI RI

IA PA CT
NV NE NJ
IN OH DE
UT IL W MD
DC
CO VA VA
CA KS MO KY
AZ TN NC
OK
NM AR SC
MS AL GA
TX
LA
AK
FL
HI

electricity delayed suspended

no activity
restructuring restructuring restructuring
Source : http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/regmap.html
August 14th, 2003 Blackout
2007 Illinois Electricity Crisis

 Two main electric utilities in Illinois are ComEd and Ameren

 Restructuring law had frozen electricity prices for ten years,
with rate decreases for many.
 Prices rose on January 1, 2007 as price freeze ended; price
increases were especially high for electric heating customers
who had previously enjoyed rates as low as 2.5 cents/kWh
 2009 average residential rate (in cents/kWh) is 9.08 in IL,
7.62 IN, 9.38 WI, 7.37 IA, 15.52 NY, 6.60 WA, 13.20 in
CA, 9.82 US average
The Rise of Renewables

Currently
about 4%
of our
electric
capacity
is wind
The up/downs
in 2001/2 and
2003/4 were
caused by
expiring tax
credits