US Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy

Power Systems Analysis

EE-863
Lecture: 12
Dr. Syed Basit Ali Bukhari
basit@uspcase.nust.edu.pk
1. Review of Previous Lecture
 Capacitance
 Transmission line approximate models

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2. Lecture Contents
 Transmission Line Models

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4. Transmission Line as a Two Port Network

Figure: Schematic of two-port

network.

 The parameters A, B, C, and D depend on transmission line

constant R, L, C and G.
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5. Short Transmission Line Approximation
 Approximation is valid for
 Distance less than 25 Km.
 Single phase lines.
 Fully transposed 3-ph lines. Fig: Short Transmission line approximation.

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5. Short Transmission Line Approximation
 A,B,C, and D parameters can be obtain by KVL and KCL.

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6. Medium-length Transmission Line Approximation

 For medium-length lines, typically ranging from 25 to 250

km.
 It is common to lump the total shunt capacitance and
locate half at each end of the line.
 This type of circuit is called nominal circuit,
 The resultant circuit is solved to obtain the ABCD
parameters.

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6. Medium-length Transmission Line Approximation

 Current in Series branch:

 KVL gives

Fig: Medium length Transmission line approximation.

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6. Medium-length Transmission Line Approximation

 KCL gives

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6. Medium-length Transmission Line Approximation

 In matrix format

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6. Medium-length Transmission Line Approximation

 T-Model Approximation for medium-length transmission

lines

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6. Medium-length Transmission Line Approximation

 T-Model Approximation for medium-length transmission

lines

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7. Cascaded Transmission Line Approximation

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8. Voltage Regulation

 Voltage regulation is the change in voltage at the receiving

end of the line when the load varies from no-load to a full
load at a specified power factor while the sending-end
voltage is held constant.

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8. Voltage Regulation

 Transmission-line voltages decrease when heavily loaded

and increase when lightly loaded.
 Voltages on EHV lines are maintained within 5% of rated
voltage.
 Corresponding VR is 10%

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9. Effect of Power factor on Voltage regulation

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10. Line Loadability

 line load ability is an important issue.

 Three major line-loading limits are
 The thermal limit,
 The voltage-drop limit,
 The steady-state stability limit.

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10. Line Loadability

 line load ability is an important issue.

 Three major line-loading limits are
 The thermal limit,
 The voltage-drop limit,
 The steady-state stability limit.

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11. Transmission line differential equations

 The line constants R, L, and C as per-length values

having units of V/m, H/m, and F/m.
 They are not lumped, but rather are uniformly distributed
along the length of the line.
 In order to account for the distributed nature of
transmission-line constants, consider the circuit which
represents a line section of length Δx.

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11. Transmission line differential equations

 V(x) and I(x) denote the voltage and current at position x,

which is measured in meters from the right, or receiving
end of the line.
 Similarly, V(x + Δx) and I(x + Δx) denote the voltage and
current at position (x + Δx).

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11. Transmission line differential equations

 The circuit constants are

 G is usually neglected in overhead lines.

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11. Transmission line differential equations

 Writing a KVL equation for the circuit

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11. Transmission line differential equations

 Taking the limit as Δx approaches zero,

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11. Transmission line differential equations

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11. Transmission line differential equations

 The equations derived form voltage and current are linear,

first-order, homogeneous differential equations with two
unknowns, V(x) and I(x).
 Eliminate I(x)

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11. Transmission line differential equations

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11. Transmission line differential equations

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11. Transmission line differential equations

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11. Transmission line differential equations

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11. Transmission line differential equations

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11. Transmission line differential equations

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11. Transmission line differential equations

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11. Transmission line differential equations

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11. Transmission line differential equations

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11. Transmission line differential equations

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Q/A???

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