1/4/23 EEE-812 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION 1

ADVANCED POWER
SYSTEM PROTECTION
EEE-812
CH 3-0
Dr Kashif Imran
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Power Engineering
U.S.- Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy
(USPCAS-E)
National University of Sciences and Technology(NUST)
kashifimran@uspcase.nust.edu.pk
1/4/23 051-9085 5337 EEE-812 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION 2
 COURSE OUTLINE
Sr.No Topic
1 Overview of principles and components of Power System Protection
2 Fault Current Measurement and Control
3 Recap of Circuit Breakers, Relays, Fuses and Switch Gears
4 Protective Devices design considerations and Characteristics
5 Relay Logics, Impedance and admittance at the relays
6 Introduction to advanced protection concepts
7 Fault protection of radial distribution feeders
8 Differential and Pilot protection
9 Distribution System Protection
10 Transmission lines protection, analysis of distance/Impedance protection
11 Apparatus protection , Transformer generator and motor protection
12 Protection of distribution grids with renewable penetration
13 Islanding detection

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 RECOMMENDED BOOKS
S. No Title Author(s)
1 Power System Protection P. M. Anderson
2 Fundamentals of Power System Protection Y.G Paithankar
3 Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications Lewis Blackburn
Modern Solutions for protection, control and monitoring of power
4 Hector J.Altuve
systems
5 Modern Power System Protection J. B. Ekanayake
6 Electrical Power systems C L Wadhwa
7 Art and Science of PS Protection Russel Mason
8 Protective Relaying Theory and Applications Walter E Elmore
9 Network Protection & Automation Guide AREVA T & D

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 GRADING SCHEME
• Condition: Attendance ≥ 75%
If attendance is less than 75%, a student shall not to be allowed
to appear in final examination and will be awarded “F” grade.
• The course grade will be weighted as per applicable NUST
policy in view of pandemic but regular weights are as follows:

Description Frequency Grade Distribution

Assignments/Presentation 3-4 10% ACTIVE CLASS
PARTICIPATION
Quizzes/Popup Quizzes 3-4 10%
Mid Exam 1 30 % COLLABORATIV
E WORK
Final Exam 1 50%
Total 100%
1/4/23 EEE-812 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION 5
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
All power systems
experience faults –
short circuits

 Analogous to leaks
on a water system

4
ELECTRICAL ARC
Molten Metal
20,000 °C

Pressure Waves

Sound Waves

Copper Vapor: Shrapnel

Solid to Vapor
Expands by
67,000 times Hot Air-Rapid Expansion

Intense Light
1/4/23 EEE-812 ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION 8
CAUSES OF SHUNT FAULTS

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FAULT STATISTICS

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FAULT STATISTICS

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POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Required!

How?
 Measure current (flow) and voltage (pressure)
 React when faults are detected– normally by opening circuit breakers (closing valves)
 Faults cleared in tens of milliseconds
Power System Protection
Sounds Easy?
 How does it know where the fault is?
 How can it only remove the faulted equipment?
 How can it know when not to react for faults on neighbouring parts
of the system?
 How can the system be protected if the protection system fails?
 How does it cope when the fault levels vary (e.g. due to different
generation profiles)?
Power System Protection - How?

 Measurement of current (and often voltage) at many locations:

 Fault current flow usually lessens in magnitude as fault distance from
source increases
 Voltage at a measurement point usually increases as fault distance from
measurement point increases
 Power System Protection - How?

Current much higher than load current

Voltage at fault = 0
v v v v

Line
(Low Z) P Line
(Low Z) Fault 1
Line
(Low Z)
Line
(Low Z)

Voltage
and current measured

Source
here?
V Load
(High Z) V Load
(High Z) V Load
(High Z)

Typical section of power system – one line diagram

 Power System Protection - How?
Current much higher than load current
(but not as high as fault at position 1)
Voltage at fault = 0
v v v v

Line
(Low Z) P Line
(Low Z)
Line
(Low Z)
Line
(Low Z) Fault 2

Voltage
and current measured Much reduced
here? current due to
Source V line voltage V
depression

Typical section of power system – one line diagram

Unit Protection: Normal Conditions

Communications

Relay 1 Relay 2
Irelay1= Irelay2

I1 I2

© University of Strathclyde, 2011

Unit Protection: Internal Fault

Communications

Relay 1 Relay 2
Irelay1 Irelay2

I1 I2
Unit Protection: Internal Fault
Unit Protection: External Fault

Communications

Relay 1 Relay 2
Irelay1= Irelay2

I1 I2
t
Non-Unit Protection
t
Relay 1 Relay 2
t Fault 2
t Fault 1 t Fault 2
I I

Sub 1 Fault 1 Sub 2 Fault 2

Decreasing Fault Current

 Distance Protection

Current much higher than load current

Voltage at fault = 0
v v v v

Line
(Low Z) P Line
(Low Z) Fault 1
Line
(Low Z)
Line
(Low Z)

Voltage
here?

Source
V Load
(High Z) V Load
(High Z) V Load
(High Z)

Assuming all line Zs are equal

Voltage at P = 0.5Vsource
Fault current = X
Distance Protection
Current much higher than load current
(but not as high as fault at position 1)
Voltage at fault = 0
v v v v

Line
(Low Z) P Line
(Low Z)
Line
(Low Z)
Line
(Low Z) Fault 2

Voltage
and current measured
here?
Source

Assuming all line Zs are equal

Voltage at P = 0.75Vsource
Fault current = 0.5X
 Distance Protection
 Measures voltage and current
 Faults further away from measurement point
 V relatively high
 I relatively low
 Faults nearer to measurement point
 V relatively low
 I relatively high
 Distance Protection
 System is set to operate for certain ratios of V, I
 Can react with different time delays (e.g. as fast as possible for close faults,
slower (backup) for further away faults

www.protectionrelaytest.com
 Distance Protection

Source Zone1 (instant)

Zone 2 (200ms)
Zone 3 Zone 3
(500ms)
S R R
RELAY – OF POWER
SYSTEM PROTECTION

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FUSES

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FUSES
The fuse allows the normal current to flow but melts itself out, thus breaking the circuit, when the
current exceeds a certain magnitude for a certain amount of. time. It combines the functions of
sensing, comparing, and interrupting the current into one

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FUSES
Fuse element
is that part which melts and opens the circuit 
Minimum Fusing current
is the minimum value of current at which the fuse element melts.
Current rating of a fuse
is that value of current which a fuse element is capable of passing for indefinite
time without heating.
Fusing factor = Minimum fusing current / current rating of fuse element
Since current rating is less than the minimum fusing current, therefore, fusing factor
>1
Prospective current
is the RMS value of the alternating current or DC current which would flow in the
circuit immediately following the fuse when a short circuit occurs assuming that the
fuse has been replaced by a link of negligible resistance.
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FUSES
Peak let through current
is the current which passes through the fuse before the fuse element melts.
Melting time
is the time elapsed between the fault occurrence and melting of fuse element. It is also called
pre-arcing time.
Arcing time
is the time elapsed between melting of fuse element and consequent arc production to the
ultimate extinction of arc.
Total clearing time = pre-arcing time + arcing time
Breaking capacity
of a fuse is the product of its service voltage and the rms value of prospective current. Fuses of
high breaking capacity or rupturing capacity are termed as HRC fuses.

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FUSES

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 THERMAL RELAYS
1. Works on the principle of strain
generated due to unequal linear
expansion of two different metals as
a result of heat generated by fault
current.
2. Slow acting relays
3. Heat generated is proportional to
time
4. Used to prevent prolonged
overloading of motor

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CIRCUIT BREAKER

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CIRCUIT BREAKER

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CIRCUIT BREAKER

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CIRCUIT BREAKER

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INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMERS

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CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

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CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

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CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

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 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
1. The current transformer has two jobs to do. Firstly, it steps down the current to such
levels that it can be easily handled by the relay current coil.

2. The standard secondary current ratings used in practice are 5 A and 1 A. This frees
the relay designer from the actual value of primary current. Secondly, it isolates the
relay circuitry from the high voltage of the EHV system.

3. There is a very important difference between a metering CT and a protection CT. A

metering CT is so designed that in case of faults, it will saturate and thus save the
instrument connected to its secondary from damage due to excessive current. On the
other hand, a protective CT is designed to faithfully reproduce the largest fault
current.
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CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

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VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

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 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
The voltage transformer steps down the high voltage
of the line to a level safe enough for the relaying
system (pressure coil of relay) and personnel to
handle. The standard secondary voltage on line-to-line
basis is 110 V.

A PT primary is connected in parallel at the point

where a measurement is desired, unlike a CT whose
primary is in series with the line in which current is to
be measured

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VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

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ZONES OF PROTECTION

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ZONES OF PROTECTION

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ZONES OF PROTECTION

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POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
ATTRIBUTES
 Sensitivity
 Selectivity
 Stability
 Speed
 Reliability

Reference Article 1.6 of Fundamentals of Power System Protection

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PROTECTION PRINCIPLE MEETS
PROTECTED APPARATUS

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