POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)

Power System
Protection

1
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection

Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker?

Summary
3 BY
DEEPA K R
Asst professor
Dept of EEE
SVCE
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)

Power System
Course objectives:
Protection
To discuss performance of protective relays, components of
1
Overview
Electrical Energy
protection scheme and relay terminology.
Systems
Types of Protection
To explain relay construction and operating principles.
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays To explain Overcurrent protection using electromagnetic
Circuit
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
and static relays and Overcurrent protective schemes.
breaker?

Summary To discuss types of electromagnetic and static distance

3
relays, effect of arc resistance, power swings, line length and
source impedance on performance of distance relays.
To discuss pilot protection; wire pilot relaying and carrier
pilot relaying.
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)
To discuss construction, operating principles and
Power System
Protection performance of various differential relays for differential
protection.
1
Overview To discuss protection of generators, motors, Transformer
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
and Bus Zone Protection.
Relays To explain the principle of circuit interruption and different
Introduction
Evolution of Relays types of circuit breakers.
Circuit To describe the construction and operating principle of
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker?
different types of fuses and to give the definitions of different
Summary terminologies related to a fuse.
3
To discuss protection Against Overvoltages and Gas
Insulated Substation (GIS).
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)
Module-1
Introduction to Power System Protection:
Power System
Protection Need for protective schemes, Nature and Cause of Faults, Types of Fault,
Faults,
1 Fault Statistics, Zones of Protection, Primary and Backup P
Overview
Electrical Energy Essential Qualities of Protection, Performance of Protective Relaying, Cla
Systems
Types of Protection
of Protective Relays, Automatic Reclosing, Current Transformers for
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays Voltage Transformers for Protection.
Circuit
Breaker Relay Construction and Operating Principles: Int
W hat is a circuit
breaker?
Electromechanical Relays, Static Relays – Merits and Demerits
Summary
3
Relays, Numerical Relays, Comparison between Electromechanical R
Numerical Relays.
Overcurrent Protection: Introduction, Time – current Characteristic
Setting, Time Setting.
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)
Module-2
Overcurrent Protection (continued):
Power System
Protection Overcurrent Protective Schemes, Reverse Power or Directional
1
Relay, Protection of Parallel Feeders, Protection of Ring Mains, Earth
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems Fault and Phase Fault Protection, Combined Earth Fault and Phase Fault
Types of Protection

Relays Protective Scheme, Phase Fault Protective Scheme, Directional Earth

Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Fault Relay, Static Overcurrent Relays, Numerical Overcurrent Relays.
Circuit
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
Distance Protection: Introduction, Impedance Relay, Reactance
breaker?

Summary Relay, Mho Relay, Angle Impedance Relay, Effect of Arc

3
Resistance on the Performance of Distance Relays, Reach of
Distance Relays. Effect of Power Surges(Power Swings) on Performance
of Distance Relays, Effect of Line Length and Source Impedance on
Performance of Distance Relays
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)

Power System Module-3

Protection
Pilot Relaying Schemes: Introduction, Wire Pilot Protection, Carrier
1
Overview Current Protection
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection Differential Protection: Introduction, Differential Relays, Simple
Relays
Introduction Differential Protection, Percentage or Biased Differential Relay,
Evolution of Relays

Circuit Differential Protection of 3 Phase Circuits, Balanced (Opposed)

Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker? Voltage Differential Protection.
Summary
Rotating
3 Machines Protection: Introduction, Protection of Generators.
Transformer and Bus zone Protection: Introduction, Transformer
Protection, Bus zone Protection, Frame Leakage Protection.
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)

Power System Module-4

Protection
Circuit Breakers: Introduction, Fault Clearing Time of a Circuit
1
Overview Breaker, Arc Voltage, Arc Interruption, Restriking Voltage and
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection Recovery Voltage, Current Chopping, Interruption of Capacitive Current,
Relays
Introduction Classification of Circuit Breakers, Air – Break Circuit Breakers, Oil
Evolution of Relays

Circuit Circuit Breakers, Air – Blast Circuit Breakers, SF6 Circuit Breakers,
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker? Vacuum Circuit Breakers, High Voltage Direct Current Circuit Breakers,
Summary
Rating
3 of Circuit Breakers, Testing of Circuit Breakers
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)
Module-5

Power System
Fuses: Introductions, Definitions, Fuse Characteristics, Types of Fuses,
Protection
Applications of HRC Fuses, Selection of Fuses, Discrimination.
1
Overview Protection against Over voltages: Causes of Over voltages, Lightning
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection phenomena, Wave Shape of Voltage due to Lightning, Over Voltage
Relays
Introduction due to Lightning, Klydonograph and Magnetic Link, Protection of
Evolution of Relays

Circuit Transmission Lines against Direct Lightning Strokes, Protection of

Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker?
Stations and Sub – Stations from Direct Strokes, Protection against
Summary
Travelling
3 Waves, Insulation Coordination, Basic Impulse Insulation
Level (BIL).
Modern Trends in Power System Protection: Introduction, gas
insulated substation/switchgear (GIS)
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)
Course outcomes:
Power System  Discuss performance of protective relays, components of
Protection
protection
1
scheme and relay terminology overcurrent protection.
Overview
Electrical Energy
 Explain the working of distance relays and the effects of arc
Systems
Types of Protection
resistance, power swings, line length and source impedance on
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
performance of distance relays.
Circuit
Breaker  Discuss pilot protection; wire pilot relaying and carrier pilot
W hat is a circuit
breaker?
relaying.
Summary
3
 Discuss construction, operating principles and performance of
differential relays for differential protection.
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)

Power System Course outcomes:

Protection

 1Discuss protection of generators, motors, Transformer and

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Bus Zone Protection.
Types of Protection

Relays  Explain the principle of circuit interruption in different types

Introduction
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
of circuit breakers.
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker?
 Describe the construction and operating principle of
Summary
3different types of fuses and to give the definitions of
different terminologies related to a fuse.
 Discuss protection against Overvoltages and Gas Insulated
Substation (GIS).
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)

Power System Textbook

Protection

1 Power
1 System Protection and Switchgear Badri Ram, D.N.
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Vishwakarma McGraw Hill 2nd Edition
Types of Protection

Relays 2 Power System Protection and Switchgear Bhuvanesh Oza et

Introduction
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
al McGraw Hill 1st Edition, 2010
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker?

Summary
3
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (15EE72)

Power System Reference Books

Protection
1 Protection and Switchgear Bhavesh et al Oxford 1 st Edition,
1
Overview
Electrical Energy
2011
Systems
Types of Protection
2 Power System Switchgear and Protection N. Veerappan S.R.
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays Krishnamurthy S. Chand 1 st Edition, 2009
Circuit
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
3 Fundamentals of Power System Protection Y.G.Paithankar
breaker?

Summary S.R. Bhide PHI 1 st Edition, 2009

3
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

1 Overview
Overview
Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy Systems
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
W hat is a circuit Evolution of Relays
breaker?

Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?

4 Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection Electrical Energy is
Relays
Introduction
Generated at few kV and stepped up.
Evolution of Relays
Transmitted through AC and HVDC lines.
Circuit
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
Stepped down and distributed at load centers.
breaker?

Summary
Its natural mode of synchronous operation knits the system
together.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection Why do we need protection?
Relays
Introduction
Electrical apparatus operates at various voltage levels and
Evolution of Relays may be enclosed or placed in open. Under abnormal
Circuit
Breaker
operating conditions protection is necessary for
W hat is a circuit
breaker? Safety of electrical equipments.
Summary
Safety of human personnel.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

1 Overview
Overview
Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy Systems
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
W hat is a circuit Evolution of Relays
breaker?

Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?

4 Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

Types of Protection
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Apparatus Protection
Types of Protection

Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker?

Summary
System Protection
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

Types of Protection
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Apparatus Protection
Types of Protection Transmission Line Protection
Relays Transformer Protection
Introduction
Evolution of Relays Generator Protection
Circuit Motor Protection
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
Busbar Protection
breaker?

Summary
System Protection
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

Types of Protection
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Apparatus Protection
Types of Protection Transmission Line Protection
Relays Transformer Protection
Introduction
Evolution of Relays Generator Protection
Circuit Motor Protection
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
Busbar Protection
breaker?

Summary
System Protection
Out-of-Step Protection
Under-frequency Relays
Islanding Systems
Rate of Change of Frequency Relays
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

1 Overview
Overview
Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy Systems
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
W hat is a circuit Evolution of Relays
breaker?

Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?

4 Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection What is a Relay?
A relay is a logical element which process the inputs (mostly
Overview
voltages and currents) from the system and issues a trip
Electrical Energy
Systems
decision if a fault within its jurisdiction is detected. Inputs to
Types of Protection
a relay are
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Current from a current transformer.
Circuit Voltage from a voltage transformer.
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker?

Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection

Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker?

Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

1 Overview
Overview
Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy Systems
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
W hat is a circuit Evolution of Relays
breaker?

Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?

4 Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection Evolution of Relays
Relays If we zoom into a relay, we can see three different types of
Introduction
Evolution of Relays realization:
Circuit
Breaker
Electromechanical Relays.
W hat is a circuit
breaker?
Solid State Relays.
Summary
Numerical Relays.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection Electromechanical Relays

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection

Relays First generation of

Introduction
Evolution of Relays relays.
Circuit
Breaker
Uses the principle of
W hat is a circuit
breaker?
electromechanical
Summary energy conversion.
Immune to
electromagnetic
interference and rugged.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

Solid State Relays

Overview These relays were developed with the advent of transistors,
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
operational amplifiers etc. Their functionality is through
Relays
various operations like comparators etc. Their advantages
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
are
Circuit More flexible.
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker? Self checking facility.
Summary Less power consumption and low burden.
Improved dynamic perfomance characteristics.
High withstand capacity.
Reduced panel space.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
Numerical Relays
Operation of a numerical relay involves analog to digital
conversion of voltage and currents obtained from VT and
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
CTs. These samples are fed to the microprocessor or DSP
Types of Protection
where the protection algorithms process these signals and
Relays
Introduction
necessary decisions are taken.
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker?

Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Its advantages are
Relays
Introduction Maximum flexibility.
Evolution of Relays

Circuit Provides multiple functionality.

Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker?
Self checking and communication facility.
Summary It can be made adaptive.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Overview
Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy Systems
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
W hat is a circuit Evolution of Relays
breaker?

Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?

4 Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

Overview What is a Circuit Breaker?

Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
A circuit breaker is basically a switch to interrupt the flow of
Relays current.
Introduction
Evolution of Relays It opens on relay command.
Circuit
Breaker It has to handle large voltages and currents.
W hat is a circuit
breaker? The inductive nature of power system results in arcing
Summary between the terminals of a CB.
CBs are categorized based on the interrupting medium
used.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Summary
Relays
Introduction Necessity of a protection system.
Evolution of Relays

Circuit Types of Protection.

Breaker
W hat is a circuit
breaker?
Three generations of relays.
Summary Role of circuit breakers.