Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TransformerProtectionOpenLecture
HandsOnRelaySchool
TransformerProtectionOpenLecture ClassOutline Transformerprotectionoverview Reviewtransformerconnections Discusschallengesandmethodsofcurrent differentialProtection Discussotherprotectiveelementsusedin transformerprotection
scottc@mantatest.com (727)415-5843 204 37th Avenue North #281 Saint Petersburg, FL 33704
TransformerProtectionOverview
TransformerProtectionZones
TypesofProtection
MechanicalProtection
AnalysisofAccumulatedGases
Looksforarcingbyproducts
SuddenPressureRelays
Orificeallowsfornormalthermalexpansion/contraction.Arcing causingpressurewavesinoilorgasspaceoverwhelmingtheorifice andactuatingtherelay.
Thermal
Causedbyoverload,overexcitation,harmonicsandgeomagnetically inducedcurrents
Hotspottemperature TopOil LTCOverheating
TypesofProtection
RelayProtection InternalShortCircuit
Phase:87HS,87T Ground:87HS,87T,87GD
SystemShortCircuitBackUpProtection
PhaseandGroundFaults
Buses:50,50N,51,51N,46 Lines:50,50N,51,51N,46
TypesofProtection
RelayProtection AbnormalOperatingConditions
OpenCircuits:46 Overexcitation:24 Undervoltage:27 AbnormalFrequency:81U BreakerFailure:50BF,50BFN
PhaseDifferential
Overview
Whatgoesintoaunitcomesoutof aunit Kirchoffs Law:Thesumofthe currentsenteringandleavinga junctionis(shouldbe)zero Straightforwardconcept,butnot thatsimpleinpracticewith transformers
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 I1 UNIT I2
I3
PhaseDifferential
Overview
Ahostofissuespresentsitselftodecreasesecurityandreliabilityoftransformer differentialprotection CTratio causedcurrentmismatch Transformationratio causedcurrentmismatch(fixedtaps) LTCinducedcurrentmismatch Deltawye transformation ofcurrents Vectorgroupandcurrentderivationissues Zerosequencecurrentelimination forexternalgroundfaultsonwye windings Inrushphenomena anditsresultantcurrentmismatch Harmoniccontentavailabilityduringinrush periodduetopointonwave switching(especiallywithnewertransformers) Overexcitationphenomena anditsresultantcurrentmismatch Internalgroundfaultsensitivity concerns Switchontofault concerns CTsaturation,remnance andtolerance
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept
Compensation(3) TransformerRatio
1:1, 3Y IA, IB, IC IA', IB', IC'
2:1, Y-Y
1:1, 3Y Ia, Ib, Ic Ia', Ib', Ic'
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
Ia, Ib, Ic
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept
100MVA IN
100MVA OUT
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept
WindingTap =
TransformerVA VL L CTR 3
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept
Each measured current is divided by the winding Tap. The result is a percent of rating. These percent of ratings can be compared directly.
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
ABconnecteddeltawye transformer
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
Subtracting Vectors: Subtract from reference phase vector the connected non-polarity vectorin our example Ia-Ib
-b
b
Can be repeated for B & C, or you can assume 120 and 240 displacement from A for B&C respectively Ib Ic and Ic Ia would be the vectors
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
ACconnecteddeltawye transformer
Ia-Ic Ia Ic-Ib Ia Ia
Ib-Ia
Ib
Ic
Ib
Ib Ia
Ic-Ib
Ic Ib-Ia Ic Ic Ib
Ia-Ic
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
Subtracting vectors: Subtract from reference phase vector the connected nonpolarity vectorin our example Ia-Ic
-c
Can be repeated for B & C, or you can assume 120 and 240 displacement from A for B&C respectively Ib Ia and Ic Ib would be the vectors
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
AngularDisplacementConventions: ANSIYY, @0;Y ,Y@X1lagsH1by30
ANSImakeslifeeasy
Thinkofaclock eachhouris30degrees
0 11 10 9 8 7 6
4 5
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
US Standard Dy Example: H1 (A) leads X1 (a) by 30 Currents on H bushings are delta quantities
Assume 1:1 transformer
PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
US Standard Yd Example: H1 (a) leads X1 (A) by 30 Currents on X bushings are delta quantities
C
PhaseDifferential
Overview
Appliedwithvariable percentageslopesto accommodateCTsaturation andCTratioerrors Appliedwithinrushandover excitationrestraints Setwithatleasta20%pickup toaccommodateCT performance
ClassCCT;+/ 10%at20X rated
PhaseDifferential
EMRelayApplication
CTratiosandtapsettingsareselectedto accountfor: Transformerratios Ifdeltaorwye connectedCTsare applied Deltaincreasesratioby1.73 DeltaCTsmustbeusedtofilterzero sequencecurrentonallwye transformer windings Dy transformerconnectionscompensated byydCTconnectionstomakethecurrents applestoapples.
PhaseDifferential
EMRelayApplication
Zerosequenceelimination:InEMrelayswithwye connectedtransformers, deltaconnectedCTsareusedtoremovethegroundcurrent.
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
Settingscompensateforthefollowing: Transformerratio CTratio Vectorquantities
Whichvectorsareused Wherethe1.73factor(3)isapplied
Whenexamininglinetoline quantitiesondeltaconnected transformerwindingsandCT windings
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
Angulardisplacement(IECandSEL) IEC(Euro)practicedoesnot haveastandardlikeANSI Mostcommonconnectionis Dy11(lowleadhighby30!) Obviouslyobservationof angulardisplacementis extremelyimportantwhen parallelingtransformers!
*1 *1 *2 *2
DigitalRelayApplication
All wye CTs shown, most can retrofit legacy delta CT applications
BenefitsofWyeCTs
Phasesegregatedlinecurrents
Individuallinecurrentoscillography Currentsmaybeeasilyusedforovercurrent protectionandmetering Easiertocommissionandtroubleshoot Zerosequenceeliminationperformedby calculation
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
Zerosequenceelimination:Indigitalrelayswithwye connected transformersandwye connectedCTs,groundcurrentmustberemovedfrom thedifferentialcalculation.
Used where filtering is required, such as wye winding with wye CTs
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
TypicalTransformerInrushWaveform
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
HarmonicallyRestrainedDifferentialElement InrushDetectionandRestraint
Inrushoccursontransformerenergizingasthecoremagnetizes Sympathyinrushoccursfromadjacenttransformer(s)energizing,fault removal,allowingthetransformertoundergoalowlevelinrush Characterizedbycurrentintoonewindingoftransformer,andnotout oftheotherwinding(s) Thiscausesthedifferentialelementtopickup Useinrushrestrainttoblockdifferentialelementduringinrushperiod
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
InrushDetectionandRestraint
2nd harmonicrestrainthasbeenemployedforyears Gapdetectionhasalsobeenemployed Astransformersaredesignedtoclosertolerances,both2nd harmonic andlowcurrentgapsinwaveformhavedecreased If2nd harmonicrestraintlevelissettoolow,differentialelementmay beblockedforinternalfaultswithCTsaturation(withassociated harmonicsgenerated)
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
InrushDetectionandRestraint
4th harmonicisalsogeneratedduringinrush OddharmonicsarenotasprevalentasEvenharmonicsduringinrush OddharmonicsmoreprevalentduringCTsaturation Use4th harmonicand2nd harmonictogether M3310/M3311relaysuseRMSsumofthe2nd and4th harmonicas inrushrestraint Result:Improvedsecuritywhilenotsacrificingreliability
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
OverexcitationRestraint
Overexcitationoccurswhenvoltsperhertz levelrises(V/Hz) Thistypicallyoccursfromloadrejectionand malfunctioninggenerationAVRs Thevoltageriseatnominalfrequencycauses theV/Hztorise Thiscauses5th harmonicstobegeneratedin thetransformerasitbeginstogointo saturation Thecurrententeringthetransformerismore thanthecurrentleavingduetothisincreasein magnetizingcurrent Thiscausesthedifferentialelementtopickup Use5th harmonicleveltodetectoverexcitation
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
2.0
1.5
TRIP 87T Pick Up with 5th Harmonic Restraint 87T Pick Up RESTRAIN
1.0
Slope 2
0.5
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
87TPickUp
ClassCCTs,use20% LTC,add10% Magnetizinglosses,add1% 0.3to0.4pu typicallysetting
Slope1
Usedforlowlevelcurrents Typicallysetfor25%
Slope2breakpoint
Typicallysetat2Xratedcurrent Thissettingassumesthatanycurrentover2Xratedisa throughfaultorinternalfault,andisusedtodesensitizethe elementagainstunfaithfulreplication
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
Slope2
Typicallysetat70%
OverexcitationRestraint(5th harmonic)
Typicallysetat30% Raise87Tpickupto0.60pu duringoverexcitation Nocrossphaseaveragingneeded,asoverexcitation is symmetriconthephases
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
Unrestrained87HPickUp
Typicallysetat810puratedcurrent Thisvalueshouldbeabovemaximumpossibleinrushcurrent andlowerthantheCTsaturationcurrent C37.91,section5.2.3,states10puanacceptablevalue Canusedatacapturedfromenergizations tofinetunethe setting
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
CTIssues(cont.) BestdefenseistousehighClassCvoltagelevels
C400,C800 Thesehavesuperiorcharacteristicsagainstsaturationandrelay/wiring burden
Uselowburdenrelays
Digitalsystemsaretypically0.020ohms
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
PointonWaveConsiderationsDuringEnergization
Asmostcircuitbreakersaregangedthreepole,eachphaseisclosedata differentangleresultinginlessharmonicsononephaseandmoreonthe others Lowlevelsofharmonicsmaynotprovideinrushrestraintforaffectedphase securityrisk! Mostmodernrelaysemploysomekindofcrossphaseaveragingschemeto compensateforthisissue
Providessecurityifanyphasehaslowharmoniccontentduringinrushoroverexcitation Thiscanoccurdependingonthevoltagepointonwavewhenthetransformerisenergizedfora givenphase Crossphaseaveragingusestheaverageofharmonicsonallthreephasestodeterminelevel
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
87HSdoesnotemployharmonicrestraint
Fasttrippingonhighcurrentfaults
GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
IA IB
IC IG
GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
IA IB
IA IB
IC IG IG
IC
Internal
External
GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
RestrictedEarthFaultTripCharacteristic
87GDPickUp
Elementnormallyusesdirectionalcomparisonbetweenphase residualcurrent(3I0)andmeasuredgroundcurrent(IG)
Nousersetting
If3I0 greaterthan140mA,elementuses:
3I0 * IG * cos.Itwilltriponlywhenthedirectionsofthe currentsisopposite,indicatinganinternalfault Usingdirectioncomparisonmitigatestheeffectsofsaturationon thephaseandgroundCTs
GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
IA IB
Residual current calculated from individual phase currents. Paralleled CTs shown to illustrate principle.
IC IG
IG 3I0
90 IG
GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
90 -3IO IG 0
180
270
OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements
Fuses
Smalltransformers(<10MVA) Shortcircuitprotectiononly
Overcurrentprotection
Hside
Throughfaultprotection Differentialbackupprotectionforhighsidefaults
Xside
Systembackupprotection Unbalancedloadprotection
OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements
ThroughFault Category1
ThroughFault Category2
ThroughFault Category3
ThroughFault Category4
OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements
XsideOverCurrent Elements Usedtoprotect againstuncleared faultsdownstream ofthetransformer Mayconsistofphase andground elements Coordinatedwith lineprotectionoff thebus
51 51 G
Failed Breaker
OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements
46
OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements
Overexcitation:
Respondstooverfluxing;excessivev/Hz Continuousoperationallimits
ANSIC37.106&C57.12
1.05loaded,1.10unloaded
Inversecurvestypicallyavailableforvaluesoverthe continuousallowablemaximum
OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements
Causes: GeneratingPlants
Excitationsystemrunaway Suddenlossofload Operationalissues(reducedfrequency)
Staticstarts Pumpedhydrostarting Rotorwarming
TransmissionSystems
VoltageandReactiveSupportControlFailures
CapacitorbanksONwhentheyshouldbeOFF ShuntreactorsOFFwhentheyshouldbeON Generatorunittransformerconnectedtolonglinewith noload(Ferrantieffect) RunawayLTCs
OverexcitationCurve
Thisistypicallyhowtheapparatusmanufacturerspecsit
Overexcitation Curve
Thisishowprotectionengineersenterthev/Hzcurveintoaprotectivedevice
References: ANSI/IEEEC37.91,GuideforProtectiveRelayApplicationsforPowerTransformers ANSI/IEEEC57.12,StandardGeneralRequirementsforLiquidImmersedDistribution, PowerandRegulatingTransformers ProtectiveRelaying:Principalsandapplications,ThirdEditionByJ.LewisBlackburn andThomasJ.Domin DigitalTransformerProtectionfromPowerPlantstoDistributionSubstations,CJ Mozina GeneralElectricTransformerConnectionsincludingAutotransformerConnections GET2J,Dec,1970
87 T
High Side
Low Side
50 51 G
51