Protection Relaying For Large Generator

DEBASHIS MAHAPATRA
Regd no:0801214276(B1)
Electrical Engineering.
Agenda
 Introduction of Protective
Relays

 Electrical System Protection

with Protective Relays

 Conclusion
 What are Relays?

 Relays are electrical

switches that open or
close another circuit
under certain
conditions.
Relay Purpose
 Isolate controlling circuit from controlled
circuit.
 Control high voltage system with low
voltage.
 Control high current system with low
current.
How a Relay Works
Advantages/Disadvantages
 Simplicity
 Not expensive
 Mechanical Wear
 No Mechanical movements
 Faster than EMR
 No sparking between contacts
 Much higher precision and more
reliable and durable.
 Capable of both digital and analog
I/O.
 Higher cost
Protection Functions

 Voltage Protection.
• Phase Overvoltage.
• Phase Undervoltage.

 Current Protection.
• Phase, Ground and Negative Sequence

 Frequency Protection.
• Overfrequency.
• Underfrequency.
Why A System Needs Protection?

 There is no ‘fault free’ system.

 It is neither practical nor economical to
build a ‘fault free’ system.
 Electrical system shall tolerate certain
degree of faults.
 Usually faults are caused by
breakdown of insulation due to various
reasons: system aging, lighting, etc.
Protective Devices Comparison
(Circuit Breakers V.S. Relays)
 Relays are like human brain; circuit
breakers are like human muscle.
 Relays ‘make decisions’ based on
settings.
 Relays send signals to circuit
breakers. Based the sending signals
circuit breakers will open/close.
Protective Devices Comparison
(Fuses V.S. Relays)
 Relays have different settings and
can be set based on protection
requirements.
 Relays can be reset.
 Fuses only have one specific
characteristic for a individual type.
 Fuses cannot be reset but replaced
if they blow.
Symmetrical Components
 Positive Sequence.

 Negative Sequence.

 Zero Sequence.
 Generator Grounding.
 Low Impedance Grounding.
Single phase to ground fault
current between 200 amp to
150%.
 High Impedance Grounding.
Single phase to ground fault
current between 5 to 20 amp.
Generator Protection
Phase Unbalance

 Negative Sequence Relay will

constantly measure and
compare the magnitude and
direction of the current.
Conclusion
 Relays control output circuits of
a much higher power.
 Safety is increased
 Protective relays are essential
for keeping faults in the system
isolated and keep equipment
from being damaged.
Reference:
 IEEE Red Book
 Ontario Power Generation
Training Course (Electrical
Equipment)
 www.howstuffworks.com
 SAVE ENERGY

THANK YOU

DEBASHIS MAHAPATRA
Regd no.-0801214276