TECNOLÓGICO NACIONAL DE MÉXICO

Instituto Tecnológico de Pachuca

PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS PTL-1805

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 87

SUBTOPIC 8. PD OF BARS - EXAMPLE

TEAM NO. 4
MEMBERS:
• SALVADOR GUTIERREZ CRUZ
• RODRIGO GÓMEZ DÍAZ
NOVEMBER 2022
CONTENTS:
 INTRODUCTION.
 CONSIDERATIONSIN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE PROTECTION 87 BARS.
 ADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 87 IN
BARS.
 TYPES OF PROTECTION
 PROTECTION CHARACTERISTIC CURVE 87.
 CONCLUSIONS.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 INTRODUCTION
 A bar or bus is an element of the electrical power system, it is the point at which various circuits such as
transmission, generation or loads converge.
 The effect of a fault in a bus arrangement results in disturbances of large magnitudes due to the large amounts
of currents that are handled. That is why busbar protection is required to be very high speed, to limit effects
that could harm equipment connected to the busbar and thus maintain the stability of the electrical service.
 Under normal system conditions, the power entering a bus is identical to the
power leaving it; a fault within the differential circuit unbalances the system and
thus currents flow in the operating coil of the relay which then results in the
tripping of all breakers associated with that bus.
 NOTE: High impedance relays predominate due to better performance.
Most busbar failures involve a grounded phase and are due to various causes such as lightning
strikes or switchgear insulation defects, with the highest proportion of busbar failures resulting
from human error.
 The main reason substation bus differential
protection is used is to ensure that it de-
energizes the bus only when necessary,
thus justifying the large extra cost of a high-
speed bus differential relay.

The differential relay is also used to complement

the overcurrent protection. It is frequently used
on 15 kV up to 400 kV busbars and sometimes
on 5 kV busbars and very rarely on low voltage
busbars.
 IMPLEMENTATION OF
PROTECTION 87 IN BARS
 Degree of exposure of faults: Bars installed outdoors have a high degree
of exposure. A polluted environment increases the chances of failures.

 Stability of the electrical system: The ability of a system to restore itself

to a state of "equilibrium" after a disturbance occurs, requires a high-
speed relay that is obtained with differential relays.
 Sectionalized busbar arrangement: The application of differential
protection in sectionalized busbar arrangements makes this protection a
more useful and convenient system, particularly when secondary
distribution systems are used.

 Effects of bus faults on other parts of the electrical system:

Differential protection may not be economically justified when compared
to repair time, however in large or critical substations, the cost of the
relay is insignificant when compared to the cost of repairing damage to
equipment of the bus arrangement itself or of adjacent circuits.
ADVANTAGES OF THE 87 BUSHING
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
 he 87 busbar differential protection is completely stable in case of faults outside the
protection zone due to transformation errors of the current transformers or of the
different elements connected to the busbars.

 It has a high speed of operation in case of internal faults.

 The differential protection 87 comprises a high degree of sensitivity to function safely

when necessary and with the minimum operation setting.
Single line diagram of busbar differential protection in a
single busbar arrangement
CT PROBLEMS IN A BUS
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
SYSTEM
 The problems that occur in these devices can cause false or undesirable faults in the
protection system, because when a current transformer saturates it does not deliver
an appropriate secondary current to the differential relay.

 Another problem is that when the secondary circuit of the CT is open, no current
flows to the differential relay, so the absence of the contribution of any of the
phases can cause the undesirable operation of the relay by causing an imbalance of
the input currents. and out.
types of protection:
Voltage differential protection

Voltage differential relays use

conventional bushing type iron core
CT's and are connected differentially as
current differential protection; the only
difference is that it uses overvoltage
instead of overcurrent. The use of a
voltage sensitive (or high impedance)
coil makes this relay overcome the
saturation problems of the CT's. It is
then required that the CT's be separated
in each connection, that is, that they be
connected in parallel as shown in the
image.
  Voltage differential protection with linear couplers.
The problem of the saturation of a CT is eliminated with the air core CT's called
"linear couplers", these CT's are similar to the bushing ones but they do not have iron
in their core, and the number of secondary turns is much higher. Air cored TC's
provide high speed and extremely reliable rod protection. The operation time for this
type of protection is 1 cycle or below 150% of the "pickup".

Where:
IR: is the current in the relay and in the linear
couplers.
ZR: is the relay impedance
 Bus differential protection with
restriction or variable percentage
relays
An improvement in selectivity is
provided by relays with a "variable
percentage" characteristic, ensuring that
very high internal fault currents will not
cause sufficient holding to prevent
tripping. This protection equipment has
operating times of the order of 3 to 6
cycles (based on 60 Hertz), however
there are relays that work with shorter
trip times, making them high-speed
equipment. The use of the retention
characteristic, so called for having coils
that retain "false" or external fault
currents, makes the relay insensitive to
the effects of CT error.
 High impedance bus differential protection.
The high impedance arrangement tends to force a differential current flowing through the CT
instead of through the relay operating coil, thus avoiding misoperation due to external fault
or overload conditions when the secondary current of all the CT's is not the same, due to
differences in magnetization characteristics. When you have several circuits connected in
parallel on a bus, it is necessary to use connections of a number of current transformer
secondary in parallel
 se of common bus for each
phase
In conventional schemes, the
secondary terminals of the CTs
found in each of the phases are
connected to a common bar or
comparison bar so that through it the
outputs of the differential relays of
each phase are connected as shown.
shows in the picture
 PROTECTION CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
87 The operating current Iop corresponds to the sum

of the absolute value of the supply currents which
arrive at the bus.

The restraint current (Ires) corresponds to the arithmetic sum (sum of

absolute values) of the currents that are generated by rectification and
addition.

The operating current minus a configurable component of the

restraint current k · IRes flows through the measuring relay
sensitive to the polarity of the currents. To be emitted, the
current difference must exceed the activation value of the
differential relay coil. Therefore, the trip criteria is:
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 HARPER, G. E. (2003). Protección de instalaciones eléctricas industriales y comerciales. 2a EDICIÓN.
México, D.F.: Limusa.
 Ziegler Gerhard - Numerical differential protection _ principles and applications-Publicis Pub (2012).
 SISTEMAS DE PROTECCIÓN DE SUBESTACIONES Y TRANSFORMADORES
 GERS, Juan M, Aplicación de protecciones eléctricas a sistemas de potencia: Universidad del Valle.
 FIGUEROA, J. (s.f.). Protección de sistemas eléctricos. Obtenido de
http://files.informacionclasesiupsm.webnode.com.ve/200000047-61d7762d13/UNIDAD%20V.pdf
 Sergiodmg. (2 de octubre de 2013). PROTECCIONES ELÉCTRICAS. Obtenido de
http://proteccioneselectricas101.blogspot.com/2013/10/protecciones-101-87.html
 IEEE C37.110 (SELECCIÓN DE TRANSFORMADORES DE CORRIENTE)
 https://repositorio.tec.mx/handle/11285/632509