DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Group Members :
Emmanelle Leonor
Jay Sinfuego
John Rey Rilliones
Justin Carl Cuya
Mark Daniel Ibarlin
 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
• One of the most widely used methods for protecting power
transformer against internal faults. The protection for internal fault
that is fault within protected zone (boundary) of a transformer is to
be provided by using differential protection system. The technique is
based on the measurement and comparison of currents at both side of
transformer: primary and secondary lines.
• Are mainly used for protection against phase-to-phase faults and phase-
to-earth faults.
 What is DIFFERENTIAL
RELAYS
• A Differential Relay which
operates to the vector
difference between two or more
similar electrical quantities.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

• The differential Relay are current differential relays in which

vector difference between the currents entering the primary
winding and current leaving the secondary winding of a
transformer is used for sensing and relaying operation.
Schematic Diagram

2.5 𝑎− -1 𝑎=1.5 𝑎
 TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS
CURRENT BALANCE
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
A relay which senses and operates the
phase difference between the current
entering into the electrical system and the
current leaving the electrical system
VOLTAGE BALANCE
DIFFERENTIAL
This relayRELAY
compares the two voltages,
either in magnitude or in phase or both, and
trips the relay circuit if the difference
exceeds a predetermined set value
 BUSBAR
BUSBAR - a conductor or group of conductors used to collect
electrical power from incoming feeders and distribute them to
outgoing feeders.
 TYPES OF BUSBAR PROTECTION
SYSTEM PROTECTION USED TO
COVER BUSBAR
The system that is used to cover busbar protection consists of overcurrent or distance protection.
Making use of this system the busbar will be inherently protected.

REVERSE BLOCKING/INTERLOCKING
PROTECTION
These scheme is achieved by installed an overcurrent relay on a incoming fedeer. The overcurrent relay on the
incomer is set to trip for a fault at the busbar unless it is blocked by any overcurrent relays on the feeder. A time
grading is required to coordinate these overcurrent relays in order to avoid race conditions.
TYPES OF FRAME-EARTH
PROTECTION
 SINGLE-BUSBAR FRAME-EARTH
PROTECTION

This protection scheme in a single busbar

layout is seen as an earth fault system and is
utilized for measuring currents that flow from
the switchgear frame to the earth.
 FRAME-EARTH PROTECTION (SECTIONED
BUSBAR

This system divides the busbar into sections and the

protection is also done separately. This is done by
dividing the frame in to sections each using a dedicated
each conductor . Each section consists of a separate CT
and a protection relay.
 FRAME - EARTH SCHEME - DOUBLE BUS
SUBSTATION

In this system protection is provided as

single bus insulation with additional trip
circuits connected to the auxiliary bus
 Frame Leakage Protection of Busbar

One of the most simple forms of bus-bar protection available,

suitably designed to withstand the earth faults occurring
within the indoor installations. This type of protection is
applicable to metal-clad switchgear of small size.
 CIRCULATING CURRENT PROTECTION OF BUSBAR

Works on the principle of the circulating current.

States that the current enters into the bus-bar is equal to the current
leaving the bus-bar. The sum of the incoming and outgoing junction is
equal to zero. If the sum of current is not equal to zero, then the fault
occurs in the system.
 High Impedance Differential
Protection of Busbar
Is a method of differential bus protection using parallel set of current transformers (CT) from each phase
which is passed through a high impedance element in the protective relay.

Under normal conditions, based on Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL), current into bus will be equal to
current out of bus and no current flows through high impedance element. CT current simply circulate and
no ‘differential’ current exists. When bus fault occurs, current is forced to flow through high impedance
element in the relay creating a voltage drop. If voltage develop across the impedance is greater than the
set value, relay will trip the breakers.
 LOW IMPEDANCE BIASED DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS

An alternative to the high impedance protection described above is the biased

differential relay. This type of protection makes use of the fact that during
system conditions that give rise to high spill current (namely, heavy through
faults), there is high amount of circulating current as well between the in
feeding and out-feeding CT secondaries.
 Difficulties in Busbar Protection

Current levels for different circuits Due to various bus sections, the
are different scheme becomes complicated.

Saturation of cores of current

transformers due to DC component
in short circuit current is possible
which produces ratio error

Large number of circuits to be With large load changes, relay

protected settings need to be changed
 BUSBAR FAULTS

Failure of insulation due to material Earth fault due to failure of support Flashover due to sustained
deterioration. insulator. excessive over voltages

Errors in the operation and Accidents due to foreign bodies

Failure of circuit breaker.
maintenance of switchgear. falling across the busbars.
Any Questions?
THANK YOU!

PRESENTED BY:
JUSTIN CARL CUYA
JAY SINFUEGO
EMMANUELLE LEONOR
MARK DANIEL IBARLIN
JOHN REY RILLIONES