1

College of Engineerin

Name:‫أنور ثابت عبد الحفيظ‬

Sec: 2

Objectives
1) Earthing Systems.
2) Circuit Breaker (1pole-2pole-3pole-4pole)
3) Earth fault Circuit breaker.
4) Earth Fault Loop impedance.
5) Earth Fault loop tester.
 2

Types of Earthing Systems

a) TT Earthing System

In this type of Earthing System, connection to the supply

source is directly connected to earth & load end is also
directly connected to the earth.
‫كال من المصدر والحمل متصال علي حده باألرض‬
 3

b) IT Earthing System

The distributor system does not have any connections to

earth or it has only a high impedance connection.
.‫في هذا النوع ال يتم تأريض نقطة تعادل المحول‬ -1
.‫) بشكل مستقل‬Load(‫يتم تأريض الحمل‬ -2

c) TN-S Earthing System

In this system, the Ground Conductor & Neutral Conductor
are separate throughout the distribution system.
 4

TN-C Earthing System

The Neutral and the protective earth are combined into a
single conductor throughout the system.

d) TN-C-S Earthing System

The Neutral and the protective earth are combined in a
single conductor in a part of the system
 5

Types of Circuit Breaker

What is CIRCUIT BREAKER??
The circuit breaker is a switching device which also offers protection by tripping & cutting off
the supply to load in case of fault. Primarily the circuit breakers are used for switching of
different kinds of load in Industries, Buildings, Commercial Complexes, and Hotels, etc.

NEED OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

Many kind of abnormal conditions are there which exist in our electrical system that have the
potential to damage the circuit & its components. These conditions are defined as
‘FAULTS’.Further, fault is categorized as mentioned below:

 Overload
 Short Circuit
 Earth

In order to keep our electrical components & system safe, it is mandatory to protect our
system against the above faults. This leads to the need of circuit breaker.

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Circuit breakers mainly are categorized on the basis of application as per voltage:

1) Low Voltage Circuit Breaker

 MCCB
 ACB
 MCB
 RCCB
2) Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers
 6

3) SF6/VACUUM Circuit Breakers

4) High Voltage Circuit Breakers

 VCB
 SF6
 OCB
 ABCB
 7

1- pole breakers;
are designed to serve low-voltage circuits. These are the
MCBs that you usually use to control specific electric lines –
socket outlets or lighting systems – in your home. They can
be used for general lighting outlets, fans, vacuums, outdoor
lighting, hair dryers and air compressors.
 8

2- pole circuit breakers;

are usually used as the main switches in most consumer
control unit panels. The power from the energy meter goes
through this MCB before it’s distributed to various parts of
the house. Therefore, if there is a fault in any distribution
points that come after this circuit breaker, the switching
unit will trip and cut off the power supply to the whole
wiring system.
 9

3-pole circuit breaker;

is required to protect each of these conductors from overloads

and short circuits. Three-pole circuit breakers are usually used
for overload and short-circuit protection in three-phase
 10

4 pole breakers;
provide the neutral isolation capability that is
advantageous for low voltage switchgear applications
where multiple separately derived power sources are
individually grounded.

Earth fault Circuit breaker

 11

An earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used

in electrical installations with high Earth impedance to prevent
shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of
electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous
.voltage is detected

Earth Fault Loop impedance

;Earth fault loop impedance
 12

is the path followed by fault current when a low impedance

fault occurs between the phase conductor and earth, i.e.
“earth fault loop”. Fault current is driven round the loop by
the supply voltage. The higher the impedance, the lower the
fault current will be and the longer it will take for the
circuit protection to operate. So in short it is the impedance
of the earth fault current loop starting and ending at the
.point of earth fault. This impedance is abbreviated to Zs
The earth fault loop impedance can be used with the supply
voltage to calculate the earth-fault current, and hence, to
.properly determine earth cable size
13
 14

Earth loop tester

What is an earth fault loop test?

Should there be a fault in an electrical circuit, an earth loop
impedance test is conducted to ensure the fault current will
be strong enough to set off the circuit protection. If a fault
current is undetected or not disconnected fast enough,
circuits can overheat and catch fire.