FUNDAMENTALS OF SUBSTATION

PROTECTION
LIST OF DEVICE NUMBER
LIST OF DEVICE NUMBER
21 – DISTANCE RELAY.
25 – SYNCHRONIZING OR SYNCHRONISM CHECK RELAY.
27 – UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY.
30 – ANNUCIATOR RELAY.
32 – DIRECTIONAL POWER RELAY
46 – REVERSE PHASE OR PHASE BALANCE CURRENT RELAY.
50 – INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT OR RATE OF RISE RELAY.
51 – AC TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY.
52 – AC CIRCUIT BREAKER.
52A – CIRCUIT BREAKER UXILLIARY SWITCH – NORMALLY OPEN.
52B – CIRCUIT BREAKER AUXILLIARY SWITCH – NORMALLY CLOSED.
59 – OVERVOLTAGE RELAY.
67 – AC DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAY.
79 – AC RECLOSING RELAY.
81 – FREQUENCY RELAY.
86 – LOCKING OUT RELAY.
87 – DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIVE RELAY.
 LEGENDS
• 50-51– PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY WITH INSTATANEOUS UNIT 1.0 – 12
A (6 -14 A ITT).
• 51G – TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL GROUND OVERCURRENT
RELAY 0.5 – 2.5 A.
• 51N – RESIDUAL GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 0.5 – 2.5 A.
• 63 – SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY.
• 63X – AUXILLIARY RELAY FOR SUDDEN PRESSURE.
• 79 – RECLOSING RELAY, 3 SHOT DC OPERATED TIMER.
• 86 – TRIPPING & LOCKOUT RELAY.
• 87B – BUS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY, HIGH SPEED, HIGH
INPEDANCE VOLTAGE UNIT
• WITH LOW INPEDANCE INSTANTANEOUS
OVERCURRENT UNIT.
• 87T – TRANSFORMER BANK DIFFERENTIAL RELAY,
PERCENTAGE, 2 RESTRAINTS.
 LEGENDS
• 87G – RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY.
• 94 – AUXILLIARY TRIPPING RELAY.
• A – AMMETER
• KWH – BILLING KILOWATT HOUR METER W/ DEMAND INDICATOR.
• VAR – VARMETER
• V – VOLTMETER
• W – WATTMETER
• AS – AMMETER SWITCH
• VS – VOLTMETER SWITCH
 Part 1:
Power System Protection
 Electric Power System

Electricity is generated at a power plant (1), voltage is “stepped-up” for

transmission (2). energy travels along a transmission line to the area where the
power is needed (3). voltage is decreased or “stepped-down,” at another substation
(4), and a distribution power line (5) carries that electricity until it reaches a home
or business (6).
 Power System

Delivery Delivery
Substation Substation
B
A
Backbone
Looped Lines

Distribution
Radial Lines

Power System Protection

 INCOMING INCOMING
115kV LINE 1 115kV LINE 2
Bus No. 1 LEGEND:
Initial
Ultimate

115KV Switchyard

Bus No. 2

Bank #1 Bank #2 Bank #3

83 MVA PXF
with OLTC

34.5kV switchgear No. 1

34.5KV Switchyard

F1 F2 F3 F4 Bus tie F1 F2 F3 F4 7.2 MVAR

Bus tie F1 F2 F3 F4 7.2 MVAR
7.2 MVAR
Capacitor Bank Capacitor Bank
Capacitor Bank

TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

Single Line Diagram
 What is Power System Protection?

also known as Protective Relaying

branch of Electric Power Engineering

Science, Art and Skill in applying and
setting protective relays & devices.
 What is a protective relay?

Protective relays are devices which

monitor power system conditions and
operate to quickly and accurately
isolate faults or dangerous
conditions. A well designed
protective system can limit damage
to equipment, as well as minimize the
extent of associated service
interruption.
 Purpose of System Protection

• To prevent injury to personnel

• To minimize damage to system
components
• To limit the extent and duration of
service interruption
 Components of Power System
Protection

• Relays
• Circuit Breakers
• Transducers
• Tripping and Auxiliary Supplies
Components of Power System Protection
Decides whether system
quantities are normal or
abnormal (Brain of the
System Protection)

Transducers
Power Circuit
(PT & CT) Relay
System Breaker

These devices change * If quantities are normal,

electrical quantities to no signal is sent to breaker
level relays can use, i.e., * If quantities are abnormal,
5 amperes, 115 volts signal is sent to breaker to
trip
Components of Power System Protection

Sensor (Instrument
Transformers)

Feedback
Signals

Relay

Power Circuit Breaker

Components of Power System Protection

CB CT
Transmission
Line

Trip Coil

Station
Battery
Relay Contacts
 Abnormalities in Power Systems

• Overcurrent (overload, short circuit, open circuit)

• Ground Potential (ungrounded equipment, touch
potentials, step potentials)
• Surge Voltages (lightning strokes, switching
surges, harmonics)
Frequency of Types of Faults

Type of %
Fault Occurrence

SLG 85
LL 8
DLG 5
3L 2 or less
Frequency of Fault Occurrence

Equipment % of Total

Overhead lines 50
Cables 10
Switchgear 15
Transformers 12
CTs and PTs 2
Control Equipment 3
Miscellaneous 8
 Factors Which Influence Design
of a Protective System

• Reliability
– Dependability
– Security
• Sensitivity
• Selectivity
• Speed
• Economics
• Experience
• Industry Standards
 Factors Which Influence Design
of a Protective System

Reliability

The level of assurance that the relay will function as
intended.

Reliability denotes:
◦ Dependability - certainty of correct operation
◦ Security - assurance against incorrect operation
 Factors Which Influence Design
of a Protective System

Sensitivity

Relaying equipment must be sufficiently sensitive so that
it will operate when required

Must discriminate normal from abnormal conditions.
 Factors Which Influence Design
of a Protective System

Selectivity

Performance of protective devices to select between
those conditions for which prompt operation and those
for which no operation, or time delay operation is
required.

Isolate faulted circuit resulting in minimum interruptions.

Implemented through “Zone of Protection”
 Factors Which Influence Design
of a Protective System

Speed

Remove a fault from the power system as quickly as
possible

Classification:
◦ Instantaneous - no intentional delay
◦ High Speed - less than 3 cycles
◦ Time
Time--Delay - intentional time delay
 Factors Which Influence Design
of a Protective System

Economics

Maximum protection at minimum cost

the cost of installation, operation, and maintenance of the
protection system which must be weighted against
potential losses due to equipment damage or service
interruption.
 Factors Which Influence Design
of a Protective System

Experience
History and anticipation of the types of trouble likely to be
encountered:

Actual Relay Performance

Nature of Faults

Operation and Maintenance
Factors Which Influence Design
of a Protective System

Industry Standards
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and other
organization provides industry standards through ANSI or IEC. These
include specific standards for many applications.
ANSI-C37.90-1989 Relays and Relay System
Associated with Electric Power
Apparatus
IEEE STD 242-1975 Recommended Practice
for Protection and Coordination
of Industrial and Commercial
Power System
 Part 2:
Principles of
Protective Relaying
Development of Protective Relays

• Electro-mechanical relay

• Solid-state relay

• Digital relay
 Electro--mechanical Relay:
Electro
( 1st Generation )

• The most commonly used

• Uses the induction disc principle
(watthour meter)
• Provides individual phase protection
 Electro--mechanical Relay:
Electro
( 1st Generation )

Time Adjustment:
Spring
Tension controlled
Contacts
Operator Rod

Sensing Coil

Core
Disc
 Electro--mechanical Relay:
Electro
( 1st Generation )

Critical Components:
• Composition of the rotating disc & Coil
• determines the torque produced in the disc per unit current.
• Rotating & Tripping mechanism
• Lubrication & alignments.
• Spring & tension adjusting mechanism
• Fatigue & Temperature dependence.

Design Approach:
• Periodic re-calibration & maintenance
• ‘Draw-out’ connections.
• High burden CT, low sensitivity at higher currents.
 Static Relay:
( 2nd Generation )

• Characteristic curve is obtained through

use of RC timing circuits
• No moving parts
• Used to retrofit electro-mechanical
relays
• Fast reset
• Less maintenance
 Static Relay:
( 2nd Generation )

Set Value
Comparator Timing Output
Circuit

AC - DC
Conversion
A B C E RC Based Timing

Current Sampling
From CTs
 Static Relay:
( 2nd Generation )
Critical Components:
• RC Timing circuit.
• Temperature dependence
• Low repeatability V

Time
 Static Relay:
( 2nd Generation )
Critical Components: (continuedB)
•AC/DC Conversion.
• Offset problem
• Effects of harmonics & Noise
 Static Relay:
( 2nd Generation )
Design Approach:
• Periodic re-calibration & maintenance
• ‘Draw-out’ connections.
• RC & LC Based filters - Slow tripping actions

Without Filter

With RC Filter
 Digital Relay:
( 3rd Generation )

• Computer-based-with CPU
• Selectable characteristic curves and
protection functions
• Metering and control functions
• Event and/or disturbance recording
• Remote communication
• Self-monitoring
• “All in”
 Digital Relay:
( MicroProcessor Based )

Crystal Micro-processor
CPU

Data & Address Bus

Memory EPROM

Output Control Control Relay Contacts

AC - DC
Conversion
A B C E Current Sampling
 Digital Relay:
( MicroController Based )

Crystal
µ-controller Output Control Relay Contacts

Steady state data

AC - DC
Conversion
A B C E Current Sampling
 Digital Relay:
( MicroController Based )
Design Principle:
• Lesser no. of components, hence less chance of failure.
• All necessary peripherals in-built into the chip.
• More functions can be built in a compact space.

µP µC
• Controller • Controller
• RAM • A2D Converter
• EPROM • Output driver
• Decoding logic
• A2D Converter
• I/O Ports
• Output driver
 Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle:
• AC attenuation
• Analog to Digital Conversion
• Numeric filtering & measurement

A to D
 Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continuedB)
• Digital Signal Processing concepts
Time Domain Representation

• The normal representation i.e. with time in the X axis

• The signal is sampled periodically, a different value obtained every
time, thus a series of numbers are needed to represent a signal.

Amplitude

Disadvantages
• No Phase Angle information.
• No Frequency information.

Time
 Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )
Features:
• Very quick operation.
• In-built immunity to DC & harmonics (tuned
characteristics)
• Possibility of providing additional filtering or
inhibiting actions without sacrificing speed of
response.
• Possibility of disturbance recording & thus,
‘post-mortem’ analysis of fault & relay behavior.
• Highly stable & repeatable performance.
• Very less no. of components.
 Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )

Additional Features:
• Communication to external laptop/ computer.
• Large number of functions that that can be
programmed in a single enclosure, instead of a
combination of multiple discreet relays.
• Possibility of using non-conventional
transducers for input sensing. Eg. Hall effect
Current Transducers.
• A ‘Bay-level controller’ instead of just a
‘protection relay’.
Zones of Protection

Regions (zones) of power system that can be protected

adequately with fault recognition and removal resulting in
isolation of a minimum amount of equipment.
Requirements: All power system elements must be
encompassed by at least one zone

Zones of protection must overlap to prevent any system
element from being unprotected (no “blind spots”).
Zones of Protection

3 6
52

5 87B
1 50/51
52
87B
50/51
2 4 CT REQUIREMENTS FOR
OVERLAPPING ZONES
G
Zones of Protection

Overlapping zones of protection

Zones of Protection

3
5 1 - Bus Protection
2 - Generator Protection
3 - Subtrans Line Protection
1
4 - Feeder Protection
5 - Transformer Protection
2
G 4
Feeder Protection

Fault

G
Bus Protection

Fault

G
Transformer Protection

Fault

G
Subtransmission Line Protection

Fault

G
Generator Protection

Fault

G
 Primary and Back-up Protection

• Primary Protection - Main protection system for a

given zone of protection
• Back-up Protection - Alternate protection system in
case the primary protection fails
 Back-up Protection

• Local Back-up - Alternate protection at the same

substation when its main protection fails.
• Remote Back-up - Alternate protection at the
remote substations in case the main protection
fails.
 Local Back-up Protection

B1 B2 B3

B4 B5 B6

B7 B8 B9
F1

L1 L2

Fault F1
Main: B8,B9, L2 remote protection
Local Backup:

If B9 fails, trips B6 and B3

If B8 fails, trips B7 and sends signal to trip L1
remote protection
 Remote Back-up Protection

B1 B2 B7 B8
F1

F2
F3
B5 B6

B3 B4 B9 B10

Fault F1 Fault F2
Main: B5,B6 Main: B2,B4,B5
Backup: B1,B3,B8,B10 Backup: B1,B3,B6

Fault F3
Main: B3,B4
Backup: B1,B6
Methods of Discrimination

Current Magnitude

100 A 60 A 20 A

Time

1.0 sec 0.35 sec Inst.

Methods of Discrimination

Current Direction

Distance Measurement

Z = V/I ohms
Methods of Discrimination

Time and Current Magnitude

Time

Current
Methods of Discrimination

Time and Distance

Zone 3
Time
Zone 2

Zone 1

Distance
Methods of Discrimination

Current Balance

87T
Methods of Discrimination

Phase Comparison
Types Of Protective Relays

Overcurrent Relays - are operated when

the current passing to the relay
exceeds a preset value. They are
not directional in nature.

Bus

I
51
 Radial Line Protection

CT
A

B 52
C

51N

51 Ground
Relay
Phase
Relays
Types Of Protective Relays

Directional Overcurrent Relays - are operated

when the current passing to it exceeds a
preset value but with the addition of
another condition and that is provided
that the direction of the fault is correct

A B

1 2 3 4
I @ CB2 I @ CB3
Directional Overcurrent Relays
I @ CB4

1 A
2 3 B
4
I @ CB3

So for a fault just after CB4 a directional over-current

relay at CB3 will see the fault in reverse while at CB4
the fault is forward looking thus it will trip CB4 only to
isolate the fault

The scheme is now selective and a little secure

Types Of Protective Relays

I @ CB4

1 A
2 3 B
4
I @ CB3
G1 G2

Suppose G1 generation becomes stronger, the

directional overcurrent relay of CB2 might see the
fault. Therefore, the scheme is now not secure.

The use of distance relay is preferred.

Types Of Protective Relays

Distance Relays

Measures the impedance of the line it being

proportional to the distance of the line from
the substation hence the name implies.

Widely used protection scheme for Double-

Ended Transmission Line from 69 kV up to as
high as 500 kV by Transco & MERALCO.
Types Of Protective Relays

Differential Protection
Differential Relay
A relay that by its design or application is intended to
respond to the difference between incoming and
outgoing electrical quantities associated with the
protected apparatus.

Input = Output
Transformer Protection

CT

PCB

50/51
86T

87T TRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT

POWER HS AND LS PCB
TRANSFORMER

PCB
151G

CT
Busbar Protection

Typical Bus Arrangements:

Single bus
Double bus, double breaker
Breaker-and-a-half
Main and transfer buses with single breaker
Ring bus
Busbar Protection

Bus differential connection (single-bus)

87B

86B

TRIPS AND LOCKS-

OUT ALL BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO BUS

NOTE: All CTs connected to the bus

BUS differential must have same ratios.
Differential Protection

Load or External Fault Case

Primary Element

600/5 600/5

600A CT 5A 5A CT 600A

Relay 0A

5A 5A
Differential Protection

Internal Fault Case

Primary
Fault
Element

600/5 600/5

600A CT 5A 5A CT 600A

Relay 10A

5A 5A
 Part 3:
Relaying Philosophy
Power System

Delivery Delivery
Substation Substation
B
A
Looped Lines
(System Backbone)

Power Transformer

34.5kV Bus
Distribution
Radial Lines Capacitor Bank
Standard Protection

 Radial Lines
 Looped Lines
 Power Transformer
 Bus Bar
 Capacitor Bank
Radial Line Protection
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
OVERCURRENT RELAY
BUS

TARGET
INST.
TARGET
3 TIME
50 50N
51 51N
CT

52 43R 79

LEGEND:
50 – INSTANTANEOUS, PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY
CT 51 – TIME, PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY
50N – INSTANTANEOUS, GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY
51N – TIME, GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY
43R – RECLOSER SWITCH
79 – AUTO RECLOSER RELAY
52 – POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER
CT – CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 Radial Line Protection
Four (4) units of
A B C single-phase
CT overcurrent
relays are needed to
protect a feeder
52

Ia

Ib In=Ia+Ib+Ic

Ground
Ic Relay

Phase
Relays
Looped Line Protection
BUS

21 21G 79 85
CT

67 67N LEGEND:
CT
21 – PHASE DISTANCE RELAY
21G – GROUND DISTANCE RELAY
67 – PHASE DIRECTIONAL OC RELAY
52 43R
67N – GROUND DIRECTIONAL OC RELAY
43R – RECLOSER SWITCH
METERING
79 – AUTO RECLOSER RELAY
85 – TELEPROTECTION
52 – POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER
BUS PROTECTION
CT – CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Looped Line Protection
Distance Relay

A relay that measures the impedance of the line
Principle of Operation ZLINE FAULT

IFAULT
VFAULT

IFAULT = VFAULT / ZLINE

Therefore: ZLINE = VFAULT / IFAULT

X ZRELAY = ZLINE * CTR/PTR
ZLINE

R
Impedance Relay is non-directional
Looped Line Protection

Types of Distance Relay

Impedance - Used mainly as a fault detector in most of
micro--processor based relay.
micro
Reactance - Needs the supervision of mho to obtain its
directionality.
Mho - Most widely used distance characteristic curve
due to its inherent directionality.
Quadrilateral - Made possible by combining reactance
type principle rotated along different axes.
Composite - Combined mho and quadrilateral
characteristic..
characteristic
 Looped Line Protection

Types of Distance Relay

X X

Zone 2

Zone 1

R R

MHO
REACTANCE
 Looped Line Protection

Types of Distance Relay

X
X

R
R

QUAD COMPOSITE
Looped Line Protection
Standard Protection
Mho Distance Relay, 21 – for phase-
phase-phase or 33--phase
faults
Quad Distance Relay, 21G – for line-
line-to
to--ground faults to
cover arc resistance
Phase Directional OC Relay, 67 – back
back--up for phase-
phase-
phase or 3-
3-phase faults
Ground Directional OC Relay, 67N – backback--up for line-
line-
to
to--ground faults
Teleprotection, 85 - POTT (Permissive Overreaching
Transfer Trip)
Auto--Reclosing, 79 – instantaneous (300msec), single
Auto
shot
Looped Line Protection
Implementing Distance Relay Characteristic with
Time Graded Scheme also called Step Distance Scheme

Z3

Z2

Z1
Z3 Time Delayed

Time = 1.0 sec

Z2 Time Delayed

Z1 Instantaneous Time = 0.35 sec

A Time = 0.0 sec D

B C

21

Relay Location
Looped Line Protection

Distance Relay - First Zone Setting

21

21

No intentional delay-for speed

Must under-reach end of the line for selectivity
Typically set for 80-90% of line impedance
Looped Line Protection

Distance Relay - Second Zone Setting

21

21

 Time delay of 0.35 second

 Must over-reach end of the line
 Must not over-reach the Zone 1 of adjacent line
 Typically set for 100% ZL1 + 20-50% of shortest
adjacent line impedance
Looped Line Protection

Distance Relay – 3rd Zone Setting

ZL3

ZL2
ZL1

 Time delay is 1.0 second

 Typically set for 100% ZL1 + 100% ZL2 (longest) +
0% - 120% ZL3 (shortest)
 Relay setting must be higher than the load
impedance.
Looped Line Protection

90% of ZL = instant 21

A B

21 90% of ZL = instant
120% of ZL = 0.35 s
What if the
fault occurs
as shown? On this condition CB B will trip instantaneously via
Zone 1 operation while CB A will trip after
0.35 second via Zone 2. This is not good since the
fault has to be cleared immediately.

So there is a need to solve this problem to cover

the protection of the remaining 10% of the line!
Looped Line Protection
Communication-Aided Protection
Z1 = 90% of ZL = instant 21
Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s
A B
Z1 = 90% of ZL = instant
21
Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s

TRIP
Z2 XMTR TRIP XMTR Z2
A B

AND
AND

RCVR RCVR
A B
Looped Line Protection
Communication-Aided Protection
Z1 = 90% of ZL = instant 21
Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s
A B
Z1 = 90% of ZL = instant
21
Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s

No TRIP
Z2 XMTR No TRIP XMTR Z2
A B

AND
AND

RCVR RCVR
A B
Looped Line Protection

Back-up Directional Overcurrent Relay

67
67N

67
67N

 Relay is set at fault at the adjacent bus

 3-phase fault for 67 while SLG fault for 67N
 Time is 0.70 second
 Instantaneous unit is blocked (distance relay must
initiate first the tripping)
 No auto-reclosure when tripping initiated by back-up
protection
Looped Line Protection

Auto-Reclosing

With Auto-Reclosing
 Zone 1 Tripping
 Zone 2 Communication-Aided Tripping

Without Auto-Reclosing
 Zone 2, Zone 3 or Zone 4 (reverse zone) Tripping
 Back-up Protection Tripping

Note: Auto-reclosing is single-shot and 300 msec time

delay to give time for the PCB to extinguish the fault
 Transformer Protection

Overheating
Normal maximum working temp. = 95 °C
8-10 °C rise will halve the life of the transformer.
Overcurrent
Fuses for distribution transformer
Overcurrent relaying for 5MVA and above
Characteristics:
– Must be below the damage curve
– Must be above magnetizing inrush
 Transformer Protection

 Differential - 87T
 Overload - 51
 Back-up Ground - 151G
 Overheating - Thermal Relay
 Gas Detection - Buchholz Relay
 Sudden Pressure - Pressure Relief Valve
 Transformer Protection

CT

52

50/51
86T

87T
POWER TRANSFORMER

LEGEND:
87T – TRANSFORMER
52 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
151G 86T – AUXILIARY LOCK-OUT RELAY
50 – INSTANTANEOUS OC RELAY
CT 151G – BACK-UP GROUND RELAY
52 – POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER
CT – CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 Transformer Protection

Differential Relay
A relay that by its design or application
is intended to respond to the difference
between incoming and outgoing
electrical quantities associated with the
protected apparatus.
Transformer Protection

Percentage Differential Protection

Constant Percent Slope Characteristic Differential Relay

K = 40 %

K = 25 %
Operate
I1-I2
K = 10 %

Min. Pick-up

Restraint = (I1+I2)/2
Transformer Protection
Percentage Differential Protection

Variable Percent Slope Characteristic Differential Relay

Operate TRIP ZONE

I1-I2 Slope 2

Pick-up Slope 1
NO TRIP ZONE

Restraint = (I1+I2)/2
 Busbar Protection

Typical Bus Arrangements:

 Single bus
 Double bus, double breaker
 Breaker-and-a-half
 Main and transfer buses with single breaker
 Ring bus
 Busbar Protection

Bus differential connection (single-bus)

87B

86B

TRIPS AND LOCKS-

OUT ALL BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO BUS

NOTE: All CTs connected to the bus differential

BUS must have same ratios.
 Busbar Protection

Bus differential connection (double-bus, double-breaker)

TRIPS AND LOCKS-
OUT ALL BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO
BUS 1 87B 87B

86B
86B

TRIPS AND LOCKS-

OUT ALL BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO
BUS 2

BUS 2
BUS 1
 Busbar Protection

Bus differential connection (breaker-and-a-half)

86B

TRIPS AND
LOCKS-OUT ALL 87B 87B
BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO
BUS 1 86B

TRIPS AND
LOCKS-OUT ALL
BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO
BUS 2

BUS 2
BUS 1
 Busbar Protection

Bus differential connection (main and transfer bus)

BUS 1

BUS 2

TRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT

ALL BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO BUS 1

86B1

87B1

87B2

BUS IMAGING 86B2

RELAY
TRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT
ALL BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO BUS 2
 Busbar Protection

Bus differential connection (ring bus)

NOTE: No bus differential protection is needed. The

busses are covered by line or transformer protection.
 Busbar Protection

Two Busbar Protection Schemes:

Low Impedance - using time overcurrent relays
 inexpensive but affected by CT saturation.
 low voltage application; 34.5kV and below

• High Impedance - using overvoltage relays (this

scheme loads the CTs with a high impedance to force the
differential current through the CTs instead of the relay
operating coil.)
 expensive but provides higher protection security.
 115kV and above voltage application or some 34.5kV
bus voltages which require high protection security.