POWER SYSTEM

PROTECTION

J.B. Ekanayake
 Synchronous
Generator PROTECTION IS
33kV
INSTALLED TO :
CB1 (Auto Reclose)
Detect a fault occurrence and
isolate the faulted equipment.
T1

How do you detect the

11kV
CB2
fault?
CB3 (Auto Reclose) CB4

How do you minimise

Fuse
the disruption to
T2 adjacent loads?

What are the risks

Induction
T3
Generator associated with a fault?
FAULT
Fire in a 500 MVA transformer
Fault current contribution from
Synchronous generators
Fault current contribution from
Induction generators
 Fault current contribution from
Power electronically connected
generators
Power electronically controlled generators
are now emerging.
If the power electronic converter is:
‘Thyristor’ based converters can contribute to 2 -
3 times rated current during a fault.
The fault current contribution of an ‘IGBT based
converter is equal to full load current. Can
design with higher rating, but cost will go up.
 Types of Fault
a a
b b
Ø/E Ø/Ø/E
c c
e e

a
Ø/Ø b
c

a a
3Ø b b
3Ø/E c
c
e
 Generator Relay is a logical device,
which detects the faults and
instructs CB operation.

A relay takes a decision

Transformer based on the measurements
received from current
transformer (CT) and voltage
CB transformer (VT).

Relay CTs and VTs reduce primary

CT current and voltage to a low
level suitable to input to relay

VT
Instrument transformers

For voltage
measurements:
Voltage transformers

For current
measurements:
Current transformers
 Current Transformers
For currents > 100 A – bar type CTs
Primary current contains two
components
Excitation current (magnetising and core
loss components)
Component proportional to secondary
current – If turns ratio is 1:n, this
component is given by:
 Current Transformers
Iprimary

Iexec 
Icore
Imag
Isecondary
 Current Transformers

Instrument CTs
Measurements from 0 – full load current or
permitted over load
Should be accurate
Protection CTs
Measurement of fault current
Less accurate
IEC60044
CT accuracy

Network protection and automation guide, 1st Edition, 2002, Areva T&D Ltd
 Voltage transformers (VT)

Electromagnetic type – used upto 66 kV

n:1

V1 V2 Same as a power transformer but

output burden is much less (in Vas)
Capacitive Voltage transformers (CVT)
Capacitor type – used for 132 kV and above
Capacitor divider – HV
Burden (measuring device to MV voltage
or a relay)
Series reactor – to
compensate for the
phase shift introduced by
the capacitor divider

Step down transformer –

MV to 110 V
Protection relay

A protection relay is a smart

device that receives inputs,
compares them to set points,
and provides outputs
 Rules for design of protective relays

Security - ability to reject all power system events and

transients that are not faults

Selectivity - disconnect only the faulted part (or the

smallest possible part containing the fault) to minimize fault
consequences.

It is the ability to correctly locate and classify the fault.

Discriminate whether the fault is in its jurisdiction or not.
This jurisdiction of a relay is called zone of protection.
 Zones of Protection
TRANSF-
BUSBAR OVERLAP ORMER BUSBAR
ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE

FEEDER
ZONE
GENERATION ZONE
CB1

BUSBAR
ZONE FEEDER
ZONE

CB1 provides protection for respective lines and back-up

protection for down steam lines - Called Non-unit protection

Generators and transformers have their own protection - Called

unit protection
 Rules for design of protective relays
Speed - minimum-operating time to clear a fault in order
to avoid damage to equipment and maintain stability.

Speed is classified in:

• Instantaneous - operate as soon as a secure decision is
made
• Time delay – an intentional time delay is inserted
between the relay decision time and the initiation of the
trip action
• High speed – operate in less than a specified time
• Ultra high speed – this term is not included in Relay
Standards but is commonly considered to be operation
in 4ms or less
 Rules for design of protective relays
Reliability – It is the ability to ’not to fail’ in its function. There
are two ways in which a relaying system can be unreliable.
• They may fail to operate when they should operate
• They may operate when they are not expected to operate.
Dependability: the ability of the protection to operate correctly
when required
Security: ability to avoid unnecessary operations
• Reliability can be achieved by redundancy.
• Redundancy in protection depends on the criticality of the
apparatus.
• Reliability can be improved by providing backup protection.

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 Rules for design of protective relays
Dependability - the ability to detect and disconnect all faults
within the protected zone.

R2 not operating
Unreliable through a
loss of dependability

R5 operates before R2
Unreliable through a
loss of security
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 Performance index

The performance of an overcurrent relay was monitored

over a period of one year. It was found that the relay
operated 18 times and out of that 14 were correct trips. If
the relay failed to issue a trip decision on 3 occasions,
calculate:
i. Total number of system faults
ii. No of false trips
iii. Performance index
iv.Percentage dependability
v. Percentage security
Number of tripping operations = 18
Number of correct trips = 14
No of failed trips = 3

Total number of faults = 14 + 3 = 17

No of false trips = 18 - 14 = 4

Performance index = (14/17) x 100 = 82.4%

Percentage dependability = (14/17) x 100 = 82.4%
Percentage Security = (14/18) x 100 = 77.7%
 Main types of protection
• Over current
• For distribution feeders and transmission and
sub-transmission circuits

• Differential
• For feeders, busbars, transformers, generators,
etc.

• Distance
• For distribution feeders and transmission and
sub-transmission circuits
 Typical relays according to
IEEE/ANSI designation
50 Three-phase instantaneous
51 Three-phase time-delayed overcurrent (IDMT)
51V Three-phase voltage controlled time-delayed o/c
51N Earth fault time-delayed overcurrent
32 Reverse power
40 Loss of excitation
87 Phase differential
87N Earth fault deferential
27/59 Under or over voltage
81U/81O Under or over frequency
46 Negative phase sequence
67N Sensitive directional earth fault
64 Rotor field protection
27 Under voltage
51 Over-current (phase)
51G Over-current (ground)
Over-current (voltage controlled or
51V
voltage restraint)
59 Over-voltage
67 Directional over-current (phase)
81 Under and over frequency
 Primary and backup protection
A protection system may fail to operate and, as a result,
fail to clear a fault.
It is essential to design some alternative protection to clear
the fault.
These alternative protection system(s) are referred to as
duplicate, backup or breaker-failure protection systems.
The main protection system for a given zone of protection
is called the primary protection system. It operates in the
fastest time possible and removes the least amount of
equipment from service.

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 R1 and R2 are
having same
operating time
This is to increase If R1 and R2 do not
the reliability operate
R3 provides back-up
S. Horowitz & A. Phadke, “Power System Relaying,” 3rd protection through a
Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd and RSP Ltd, 2008. scheme called ‘breaker
failure protection’
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