Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
JVVS Narayana
Power Transformer Protection
Introduction
Introduction
TYPE OF FAULTS
1.Internal faults
2.External faults
Power Transformer Protection
2. Aging of Insulation
5. Reduced Cooling
7. Phase to phase
• The overexcited transformer flux is forced through metal tank and other
unlaminated parts of the transformer and result in heating up.
Turn-to-turn Faults
• The current in the short circuited loop is high (50-100 times of In) and
causes local damage and release of gas.
• Short circuits between the phases will give rise to substantial fault
current only limited by the source impedance and the leakage
impedance of the transformer
• When the faults current flows through earth return path, the fault
is called ground fault.
Power Transformer Protection
1.Differential Protection
2.Restricted earth fault Protection
3.Over Flux Protection
4.Back up Over current & Earth Protection 5.Over
Load Protection
6. Bucholtz relay
7. WTI, OTI & PRD Trip
8.Monitors
Power Transformer Protection
CHOICE OF PROTECTION
• Size
• Importance
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
1) the Diffl. Relay must not operate for load (or) exter-
nal fault
2) The relay must operate for severe enough
internal fault
Power Transformer Protection
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
How to Overcome?
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I.e ( I1 - I2 ) / ( ( I1 + I2 ) / 2 )= % Bias
( I1 + I2 ) / 2
Power Transformer Protection
• The moment when the Tr. Is switched in, Inrush current contain
a large content of several HARMONICs
Power Transformer Protection
REF. protection
• When the fault occur very near the neutral point of the TR.
the voltage available for driving E/F current is small. Hence
fault current would be low
• The practice is to set the relay such that it operate for E/F
current of the order of 15% of rated winding current.
Such a setting protects restricted protection of winding.
Hence the name is called
Restricted Earth Fault protection
Power Transformer Protection
• Same set of CTs should not be used for Diffl. And O/C. protn.
Consists of 2 units:
. Directional Unit.
. Non Directional or Inverse time current unit.
Unless Directional unit contacts are closed, the O/C unit is not energised.
I
Operation
I min
Non operation
V min
V
Power Transformer Protection
• Type of cooling
• Insulation class of transformer
• Higher O/L are permissible for a shorter duration
This voltage is fed to “Voltsper herz” relay and provided with enough
time lag.
Power Transformer Protection
Monitors:
• Monitors are very important devices which detect faults
and abnormal service conditions which may develop into
fault.
• Gas Detector Relay
• Temperature Monitoring