EPT 22419 Unit 2 (Transmission Line Parameter and Performance)

Q1) State line parameters of transmission line.W18

Ans: Following are the of Line parameters of transmission line: ( 2 Marks)
1. Resistance
2. Inductance
3. Capacitance

Q2) Explain various line parameters of transmission line. S23

Ans:
Resistance (R):
It is the property of line conductor which opposes the flow of current passing through it. It is
represented by „R‟ and its unit is ohm (Ω). The resistance of transmission line conductors is the most
important cause of power loss in a transmission line. The resistance R of a line conductor having
resistivity ρ, length l and area of cross-section a is given by:
Resistance(R) = ρ l /a ohms
Inductance (L): Inductance is property of coil or circuit or line which opposes every change in
current passing through it.
OR
Mathematically inductance is defined as the flux linkages per ampere i.e.,
Inductance (L) = ψ / I henry
where ψ = Flux linkages in weber-turns. I = Current in amperes.
Capacitance (C):
Any two conductors separated by insulating material constitute a capacitor. As any two conductors of
overhead transmission line are separated by air which acts as an insulation, therefore, capacitance
exists between any two overhead line conductors.
OR
The capacitance between the conductors is the charge per unit potential difference i.e.,
Capacitance (C) = q / v farad
where q = Charge on the line in coulomb. v = Potential difference between the conductors in volts.
Conductance (G): Electrical conductance is defined as the potential for a substance to conduct
electricity. Conductance is the inverse (or reciprocal) of electrical resistance, represented as 1/R.

Q3) State the effect of inductance or performance of transmission lines. W23

Inductance has several effects on the performance of transmission lines, and its
impact is particularly significant in alternating current (AC) transmission systems.
The primary effects include:
i) Voltage Drop: Inductance causes a lag in the current flowing through the transmission line
with respect to the applied voltage. According to Ohm's Law (V = I * Z), where Z is the
impedance of the line (which includes inductive reactance), this lag in current results in a voltage
drop along the line.
ii) Line Reactance: Inductance contributes to the reactive component of the transmission line
impedance. This reactive component, known as inductive reactance, is directly proportional to
the frequency of the AC system. Line reactance affects the overall impedance of the transmission
line, impacting the line's ability to transmit power efficiently.
iii) Power Factor: Inductive reactance influences the power factor of the transmission line.
Power factor is the cosine of the phase angle difference between the voltage and current
waveforms. In systems with high inductive reactance, the power factor tends to be lagging, and
power transmission becomes less efficient.
iv) Phase Shift: Due to inductive reactance, there is a phase shift between the voltage and
current waveforms in the transmission line. This phase shift can lead to complications in power
system analysis, especially in terms of accurate measurement and control of power flow.
v) Stability Issues: Inductive reactance can affect the stability of the power system. Sudden
changes in load or system conditions can lead to transient effects, and the inductive nature of the
transmission lines plays a role in how quickly the system responds to these changes.
vi) Line Charging Current: Inductive reactance contributes to the charging current of the
transmission line. Charging current is the current required to charge the capacitance between
conductors. In high-voltage transmission lines, the interaction between inductance and
capacitance becomes more pronounced

Q4) Draw circuit diagram and vector diagram of short transmission line. S23
Ans:
Circuit Diagram and Vector Diagram of Short Transmission Line:

Q5) State the effects of low power factor on efficiency and voltage regulation of short
transmission lines. W18
Ans: i) Effect of Low power factor on efficiency:- ( 2 Marks)
When power factor of load reduces current drawn by transmission line increases so
copper losses in transmission line increases, hence transmission efficiency reduces.
ii) Effect of Low power factor on voltage Regulation:- ( 2 Marks)
When power factor of load reduces current through transmission line increases, so
voltage drop in transmission line increases so regulation increases. (Become Poor)

Q6) Draw the vector diagram for a short transmission line connected to lagging power
factor load. Derive equation for efficiency & regulation. W23

Fig Show's the equivalent circuit (short transmission line representation) and it's
vector diagram.
Resistance (R) and inductance (L) are connected in series and the effect of capacitance c
is neglected
Let
VR=Receiving end Voltage
Vs =Sending end voltage.
R= Registance of conductor
XL= Reactance of line
ΦR = Receiving end p.f. angle
ΦS = sending end P.F. angle
cos ΦR = Receiving end p.f.
cos Φs = Sending end p.f.
I = Current flowing in the line
From the vector (phasor) diagram it is clear that,
OC2=OD2+DC2
But, OD = OE+ ED and
DC = DB + BC
OC²= (OE+ED)²+(DB+BC²)
But OC = Vs
OE= VR cos фR
ED = IR
OB =VRsinΦ R
And BC= IXL
VS2= (VR COSΦR+IR)2 + (VRsinΦR+IXL)2
Q7) Draw the circuit diagram and phasor diagram of T method. W22
Ans:
Circuit Diagram:-

Q8) Draw equivalent circuit diagram and phasor diagram of medium transmission line,
using T method. W23

Here,
Series impedance of the line Z = R + jX
Shunt admittance of the line Y = jwc
Receiving end voltage = Vr
Receiving end current = Ir
Current in the capacitor = Iab
Sending end voltage = Vs
Sending end current = Is

Q9) Compare nominal - T and nominal - method of transmission line (Any six points)
W18 W23
Ans: (Total: 6 Marks)
Q10) Draw the diagram representing transposition of conductor and state its
importance.W18 W22
Ans: (Figure : 2 Mark Importance of Transposition: 2 Mark , Total 4 Marks)
Figure of transposition of conductor: ( 2 Marks)

Transposition of conductor means exchanging the position of 3 phases (R-Y-B) at regular

interval.
Each phase occupies 3 different positions consequently on line support (Tower) as shown in fig.
OR
Transposition of line conductors means changing the positions of 3 phases on the line supports
twice over the total length of the line
The Importance of transposition of conductors: ( 2 Marks)
Due to transposition of conductor voltage at receiving end between any two phases are same
i.e. Vry = Vyb = Vrb
Q11) Draw figure for transposition of conductor. List out advantages of transposition.W22
Ans:
Transposition of conductors:

Advantages of the transposition of conductor:

1. The transposition of the conductor equalizes the mutual inductance and capacitance between the
lines.
2. Due to transposition of conductors, inductance and capacitance of each line becomes equal.
3. The voltage drop in each line becomes equal so balanced voltage is obtained at receiving end.
4. Transposition greatly reduces radio interferences with neighboring telephone lines.
5. Transposition of HV lines help to reduce the system power loss.
6. Transposition of HV lines help to reduce the effects of inductive coupling.
7. Transposition of HV lines help to increase the power transfer capability of line.

Q12) State the meaning of skin effect and how can it be minimised. W18 W22
Ans: ( Meaning : 2 Marks and effect minimized : 2 Marks, Total 4 Marks)

When alternating current flows through conductor it has tendency to flow away from center of
conductor.
i.e. maximum current density is near skin of conductor and goes on reducing towards centre core
is known as skin effect.( Since the inductive reactance (XL) at the centre of the conductor is more
than surface of conductor)
OR
The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor is known as
skin effect.
Skin effect can be minimized by: (Any two points are expected)
1. Use stranded conductors instead of solid conductors.
2. Use hollow conductors instead of solid conductor.
3. Use ACSR /AAAC conductors for transmission purpose
4. Use D.C. supply whenever possible as Skin effect is absent (Since frequency 0) instead of
A.C. supply.

Q13) Explain the proximity effect? How it can be reduced? List out factors affecting proximity
effect. W22
Ans:
Proximity effect:
When two conductors in close proximity (i.e parallel and close) with each other carry high
alternating current, the currents are non-uniformly distributed on the cross-sectional area of the
conductors. This effect is called proximity effect.
When the conductors carry alternating current, they produce alternating magnetic field round the
conductors. The varying magnetic field produced by any one conductor links with other adjacent
conductor and induces eddy currents in it, as shown in the figure.
When the nearby conductors carry currents in the same direction, then due to these eddy currents,
the conductor currents are concentrated at the farthest sides of the conductors. (Refer Fig. a)

When the nearby conductors carry currents in the opposite direction, then due to these eddy
currents, the conductor currents are concentrated at the nearest sides of the conductors. (Refer Fig. b)
The proximity effect results in the increment of the apparent resistance of the conductor due to the
presence of the other conductors carrying current in its vicinity.

Proximity effect can be reduced By:

1. By increasing the distance between two conductors i.e. by using longer cross arm.
2. By using overhead transmission system instead of underground.
3. By using small size, small current carrying conductor.
4. Use DC transmission system instead of AC transmission system to avoid proximity effect, since
frequency of DC supply is Zero (No rate of change of flux linkages).

Factors affecting the proximity effect:

1. Frequency: More the frequency, more is the effect.
2. Size: More the size of conductor, more is the effect.
3. Resistivity of conductor material: More the resistivity, less is the effect.
4. Permeability of material: More the permeability of conductor, more is the effect.

Q14) State any four factor on which skin effect depends.W23

Factors on which skin effect depends on:
1) Frequency
2) The shape of conductor
3) Diameter of the conductor
4) Permeability of the material
Q15) Explain proximity effect and state its two disadvantages. W23
The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused by the current flowing in a
neighbouring conductor gives rise to circulating currents which cause an apparent increase
in the resistance of a conductor. This phenomenon is called proximity effect. In a two-wire
system more lines of flux link elements farther apart than the elements nearest each other.
Therefore, the inductance of the elements farther apart is more as compared to the
elements near each other and the current density is less in the elements farther apart than
the current density in the elements near each other. The effective resistance is, therefore,
increased due to non-uniform distribution of current. The proximity effect is pronounced
in case of cables where the distance between the conductors is small whereas for overhead
lines with usual spacing the proximity effect is negligibly small.
Disadvantages of Proximity Effect:
1. Higher resistance
2. Increased heat generation, and frequency dependency
3. Impacting the efficiency of the transmission system.

Q16) State the skin effect of transmission line. Where this effect occurs? S23
Ans:
Skin Effect:
When alternating current flows through conductor, it has tendency to flow away from center of
conductor. i.e., maximum current density is near skin (surface) of the conductor and goes on reducing
towards center core, which is known as skin effect.
Where Skin effect occurs?
Skin effect occurs where
1. Supply frequency is more
2. Diameter of conductor is more.
3. High permeability conductor material.
4. There is long distance transmission line.
5. There is solid conductor.