Aug. 23 , 1867.] ENGINEERING .

161

the
the bending MR BOURNE AND THE DUNDERBERG

toof of of

of
ferencebetween limits these strains force upon

is
variation more limited space which

.
of ,

.
less
thethe

to a
the

the
ained TO THE EDITOR OF ENGINEERING
ilibetter
tena

dynamic effect changes which take therefore capable repeated

or
to

resist effects

.
very
kar

SIR —Perhaps the following extracts from discussionwhich

This
The
the

a
,
placeduring strains vibrations

us
, or
impor

to
variation

the
strain amount

the
seems

the

.
the strains has recentlyoccurred New York impregna

. :
ofa
absolute breaking tant fact when considering

to
relation

in
in

,
total variation equal nature
of

ram
11

and
are

the
It to
practice bility great French
T

of.be 15

of
exposed general construction Dunder
,of

thisin
strength fibrous iron has been found between which iron and steel often
and

,
into
tons and for the best soft caststeel

Mr.
possible that further inquiry

it
is
is

by
is
subject

, so
flippantly alluded

,
224

your correspondent
and

John Bourne

to
the

,
some not very distant time prove that the William Watt C.E.
25

static limit

at
tween tons Within may strictly correct

I-- ,

the

a the
.

is
of
the

of the

.
gentleman Dunderberg

for of
interested construction

is in
superposing cylindrical rings con-

onlyhasA
elasticity
inof
variation method

in
same amount admissible
with

gun
is

the
TILLO

of
manner
no

on
equalsafety total struction quite impossible
,

,
matter what ordnance which causes series such stated believe board

it
:
a
the

iron of
structure
differencebetween strains arrived is

her

hull
at
Alter- sudden changes

her
of

is
.
section

of
,
1P

a
source weakness and way wreck The

3 to

at of
the
conformation

,.

solid
FOST such

is
itsthanfeet
nating strains opposite directions are acting

the
danger since interferes with the freedom

in

it
in

of
of
,

by
vibra that

, of
in
the
gun and caused places which compose cannotbacked seven

; ;
tion the whole mass timber

}
.
be

be
of
samedestructive sense and must therefore
,

added

an
in
struck except such

as
angle
find

it
the

. thehasthe

not the
of

to of
of of
TIST real difference dynamic effect There are render penetration unlikely

seem
or
to

at

to

at
weakness each break section worst much more

,
.

the
Clarga M. and unless shot werefired from gun having noselevel

bea
the
changeBesides these general laws Wöhler some more facts which point
,

?be ,
same

in
.

with water likely penetrate The

to
would even

it
,

.”
accidentally discovered several other facts

This
,
gathered from

to
direction wobleres exposes opposition replied
Fig

with
a

it ,
random assertion evidently made

:" the
greatestinterest connected with these experiments

is
shows steel bar broken across
hadT'he

ments ignorance great number heavy guns

of
in

of
and
of .
trials

a
.
at his

testing apparatus

in
barsoccasionally inserted

its

be v
in

.
largest section consequence

of
the weaken- armour conducted Shoeburyness Washington glance

at
-pres

ton A
theby

12 .
ing influence produced

the
that place the through
on they

to
sudden change these experiments proves
of

a of

one their ends

of

at

, of
section records
a

the

it the

the

the
in

for
collar being sure end spindle apparatus utterly fallacious Take example Wool
in

,
where were inserted machine

- this in
.Fig
,

-
.

.
the

wich rifle gun now common the English pavy Scores

in
by

has
par
as

that spot

a
shown
,

the4.
turned

,
,

to

.
sketch was fastened

It
which

send
,
been found esperiments prove conclusively that

of
all

.
piece would

shot

,
one
these casesthe experiments ticularly with regard

the
proved that
In

ofbar of

its
strength the

to
steel that hard projectiles

on of

or
steel cleanthrough

,
at
bar
the

the

that
by -
ofbar

by
spot where this sudden

the

the
strength
of

about one third through influence the Dunderberg

be

31
reduced may

It
veneering
is
true

of
feet

in
we of of is theby
-

,
:
the
of
upon
- of

is

change section takes place very pressure

of
that hull
,

between one fourth moderate exerted iron backed seven solid timber
Theand
one

of is
this
a
the

the
·

.
-

that for
the plain bar the conical hole

of
strength the centre the mandril speciesused armour backing the
of

of
in
third below timber was

If

drypieup ; and
and
.

.Fig

the
by

the of
the
M.

into which the end English French statement

at

ironclads monitors

,
samples fractured bars shown Wöhler machine bar

the
of

1
(

is ),

be
the

quotedmight someimportance but what will Emperor

are

the

of

feet
of

Paris Exhibition most characteristic jammed

an
some

he
This analogous case shrinking

upto
Napoleon thinkwhen
.

informed this seven solid

is
specimensever brought before the public

by
There rings upon cach other building large pieces
is

timber almost wholly made soft white pine which

of
a

- of
as is

,
.
the of set

'
for

pro
the of

ques- will offer

all
such bars with their collars removed part ordnance and considering the importance

of

as
powerful
;

much resistance

hasto
crust
a

sure
any

a
and

one
of
the

of not
rot
afterwards inserted into tions connected with this branch engineering jectile

,
circumference that commenced

Is

The
,

of

:
:
the
,
can

the

in :
repetition
of

testingmachine The appearance the fractures shows only recommend experiments already pinebacking
myself who are fully competentfromconclusion
those beside

?
great experience

to
their
-

M.

effect this the most striking manner We have

of

of an ,
in

of
to

similar those Wöhler and the most earnest form accurate judgmenton such matters
,

that this soft

and

is
,
the

Figs

this
yet almost unknown subject mass timber adds greatly
11 of of

the
5

reproduced appearance investigation

in

as
6,
7,

this danger

to
.

31 to
,

8,

which vessel

in ,

the
viz

for
be
the laws the fatigue metals We have exposed from the enemy's projectiles and this
of
will
.,

;
of .

iron
the
Figs
10

shown two sections steel fractured reason that ridiculously inadequate

of
and veneer

in
ing

.
bý
.Fig
.
by

shells that they will lodge well

M.

easily penetrable

so
Wöhler under normal
of

,
the apparatus

is

go
1

into the backing, not projected with sufficient force

)
(

to
and
if
conditions The radial shades Fig 11

the
in

an
to
are due clean through being confined backing will explode
.

in
.

,
at

in
those spots but they with terrific violence every direction toward the inside
of

unevenness fracture

. as
,

the
contain no cracks and are simply well

11
an
as
elongated shell

or
nor fissures outside

in

, in
A
,

9
.

.
the

the higher portions throwing shadows spherical shell with their heavy bursting charges penetrating
of

result

and
,

,
short distance below four feet this nicesoft backing there exploding
lie

or
upon

in
which three
a

those

the the
has.

it
side the vessel
fibrous iron which M. Wöhler
great hole

of
would inevitablyblow

in
of

.
a
The fractures scarcely possible imagine contrivance which could give

to
is

. a
the
Paris show that this process
at

also exhibited
of

alter- more effect

If

so
to
modern shell backingwas thin

not not
no

thethe
nate bending has tendency

be
change the nature
to

that

be so so
strongly confined
of

the or
shell could that

,
a

into
the

the
metal and induce crystallisation one projectile could with more certainty pass
to

sta2 There vessel

is

one
,
.

for
be
consequenceswould case

in
disastrous
be

specimen which was bent more than nineteen mil-

;
to

the
broke and yet the fracture

be
thethe explosion comparatively harmless and

,
is

would
of
force
of

lions times before

,
it

other the hole might plugged but how

to in

possible

is
it
as

as

:
fibrous the original bar from which the specimen

the
, theby
plug chasmtorn lodged and confined shell while
to a
“ sea

a
M.

was made Wöhler's modest exhibition may have rushes through capaciousopening
in
.

in to ?
by

ninety nine out every hundred As the casemate not absurd expect that narrow

is
been overlooked
to his, of

com
it
-

yet

40
backing

pine
brittle hammered plates with
very

by of
we believe

any,
professional visitors the Exhibition
in

of of ,
to

soft

'
4

.
will perform

of
saying that scientific and posed greatextent other
to

,
in

ourselves justified
a
to

Officethan
to

add the effect penetration modern shot

be

the

and

,
patient experiments will
by

referred long after supplying them withcords splinters

gun
- of
chunks broken
the

the
majority those things which have drawn
of

a of on
shower iron Remember terrible havoc made

of
deck
at a

?
done

by

medals and ribbons upon themselves present the Galena fragments

of

of

broken armour The

can

constructor
of

of

be

some these fractures

,
as

as

nearly

be !
be

30
this the Dunderberg thinks the
of

will dismissed and forgotten inclination the side armour

°
on

from hasty sketch made the spot

in

and casematefrom the perpendicular

any

the absence
.

very important
a

to
,

photographs other good representations feature

of

or

of

."

Figs projecting tail Dunderberg fol

as
The
of

the

to
these interesting specimens was alluded
The

and show

the
6
,

7
5,

On
.

30
soft .Figthe

Tuesday last tail which projects some

the R.—

THE SHEFFIELD SAW GRINDERS lows

by froin stern ft
,

,
. an in a

the"

bars with partly removed collars and public meeting called

thethe
of

.
side and
:
.

fractures
-

and
of ,

, ,
bar

Rev.
,

Stainton was held over propeller rudder

,

rudder post
,

,
shows with complete collar which contains
the

The parts Paradise square Sheffield that useful apparatus the steering
the8

a
a

objectbeing delivery gear even more inade

,

saw

a is
,
of
on-

the,
.

bythe
of

fracture shown dark have the appearance

of

fine address the recent resolution grinders quatelyprotectedthan

it the be
from

Sheffield

to
hence
;

is
vessel liable
was
and "
a the

-
the

de

steel grey colour while rest shows whitish Mr. Stainton proposed following resolution which car- placed hors projectile piece
that very

of

of
,

combat moderate
. a

this
It

fracture and wavy surface justification calibre And what will become projectingtail
if
, is

closegrained ried unanimously long address

of
,

delivered
in
-" a
-

it .

Do
his

the repairs put already upon

been

That this meetingdeclares vesselencounters gale

the

past and present conduct

by
of

arethe

perfectly
a
has

obvious from
,

of

appearance these samples that

the
:

resolutionspassed
on

the Saw grindersUnion the before

,

higher sea than

a

exposed
to

of
-

'

strains
all

fracturetook place gradually round the collar 13th runs bay any indication
in

as

the
to

as

inimical their own interest lower afford

to
and

union contrary what will

, andto
the

the

of ,
a
law
and the
did

not give way until

of

tothethe
as storm
to the at

first rest bar

,

violation the laws religion

, a

happen
an of

stem

basis social
infeels of

when subjected pitching

to

to
,

of

NorthAtlantic
it

a
the

it
had

and

noThe

; the
.

197
so

reached deep enough morality

of
duty
on

outrage humanity disgrace experiencewith overhang moni

,

,
or

to

crevice crack formed town

tocall

tors
the

and

this
?
a a
the

the

anthe

by

the unbroken right upou judge matter they

of

,
theto

has to

of

centre reduce section claims affords criterion which

it

as

expelthe two members question, and are strong the Britannia ridge being built
to

portionbelow union offer

of

iron
in
,

ultimate limit
of

strength
the

the

can the the

of inas -b
for

apology evil and disgrace brought upon connexionwiththe hull and

to

town most critical examination

.

it

,
,

Mr. Wöhler has also established the fact that has proved, were not injured the slightestdegreeafter having
.it
"
a a

the

of the

gradualchange THE Navy

on
by

appears that commencement the beenexposed very heavy gales

of

as

our
of at

to
—

section such produced

of

violence
It
,

the
, the
war
this.
foras not

tail
the

On
on

spring year Dunderberg's

,

employed
of

sufficiently large diameter does other hand

of

boisterouscoast
is

vessels
of

number
.

round hollow
such

foreign and colonial service was

as

be

flimsy structure wood which

so

follows Mediterranean never strongly fas

the

bar

a
:

weakening effect upon

7590 tons 20
of

cause the aggregateburden be

sea
of

the
,

steel
as
; ,
a

station 34,617 tons Nortlı tened

to

to
;
for

able resistthe upward pressure

7, , the

, thecan
of

of

right angle this has been sought

the
29

The reason America and the West Indies

of
it

aggregateburden
be
in a

during pitching comparedwith

,
,

bur of

Neither very
.

theeast

.
a the

cutting tool whenworking 31,827

of

the aggregate strong short overhangs

of

coast
onor
,

Miar
built
of

of
tons

mode action south Africa monitors Kalamazoo

to

, 9
-
into

ita
tooland

.” Mr.
the

of the

are
|

by

think East Indies

Cape

sharp corner plausible aggregate tonomoly

;the;
is
,

,
of of

of

burden 7647 Delane which constructed sound

asmay

den

-
, , , the
of
the

aggregate mechanical principles

have similar cleaving burden tons Good Hope
,
of

cuttingedge
of

, 1419

The gentleman interested the Dunderberg has stated

of

of

3078 tons West Coast Africa station the

in
*

upon the solid steel

,
the be upon

the corner
thisof

diamond
a

15,179
view

the Pacific
of

thecrew
. tons ;
ness bas

forand
, of

plate According
of the

But

glass very true indeed

to

40

there aggregate burden 19,342tons China station the officers

,

,let
of

us
;;

glance
the
a a

at
or.

and

and
"

see
inthe
of

cleavage plane infinite small aggregateburden 30,246 quarters Dunderberg what

of

of

world crevice Australian station oficers

,
6
the

in for

place
.I
he

of

sort
to

produced corner between the collar and the aggregate burden that men live
at

seawhere she has not

is
of

6793tons
in
rest

,
yet
as

LIFE Liverpool except millpond weather The ward room

at

RAFT Last week therewas launched been

of

bar which weakens the section

is
of

the latter
on a
,

.-

-
.
'

ocean
to .
that

due

lifeboat constructed under deck

, the
,

,. ,

will
raft

She
islife
,

this effect
is,

however more probable the

is

sea
It

the

principle which lately crossed

by
of
the

be
,

ordinary
said

Atlantic
,
the

and

so
and

weather
the

washed
this
air

hatches
of

regularity
be-

bending action exerted

it
in

break
80

called could carry persons deck

be
,

Rescue ports secureddown water tight

,
is

in

must
the

fibres on the spot where two different

,

upon
be

as

elsethe ward roomwill

14

afloat has beenalready more

bay

sides crew
of

it
,

is told
a

me
.

No

sections meet abruptly the

in

how

my
his

the
the

o
.

.)
so
of to .

air
are

for
, , at

collap resembles very chief agent

for

provided
, ,

fracturedsurface next immigration annual report means artificial ventilation

and, in

Quebec
says Carpenters, masons bricklayers blacksmiths shoe- get into this den
The
tlie

?
,

strikingly those wedge shapedpieces makers tailors boiler makers

:

fracture following features

, in ,
are

the Dunderberg's hull may

be
is

,,

in
a-

iron

fitters
“
all

descriptions
withof
& are
, -

The

forced out when bar

the

steelwhich Upper Canada Flax interesting

the of

broken workers especially wanted

dead

naval architects
find in

join
to

bottom Dunderberg
of
side
.
the

.
and

and
ori fat

an
the

at

frossways which represent fractures through dressers spinners and competent hands acquainted and bottom eangre
,

,
linen
,

barn
in

girls areboth

frames
queste
is
thelike
.

roof
c
the

and

this
the

The darker portions manufacture will

over these

compressed fibres woollen employment

;
.

of

of

used

novelmethod constructionsaves
to , in
, byon
bars

a
per
the

the
M.

contrary resemble sections

,

' ,

per3 , ,

Wöhler's province where industry pensive curredfattocks always building

in
of

of

of

centre branches
bars

farm
( cafe

progress The average

the

of

month this
, years
oftheof

ruptured
.

from
It

the

seems making mapilding

; Boys

the
for
,

fractures
,

tension
,,
that

." 1c
,;
."

labourers strength
of

nothing
-

to to$
$ $8

vessel There
to
by

withstand
.

is

this
the
12
,

sharp corner
on

therefore interfering with hemade pressure

;

sedvandsins torso enormousupward hydrostatic

,
at
)day

bottom
the

si9
2 8

56c

Into
bar
the

the

the

amounting
to
of

flexibility several thousandtons except the weight

,

concentrates action methanics without board

of

the
,