MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD - DRPN PDF

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Basic Concepts of Set Theory: Symbols & Terminology Defining Sets
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word description
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A set is a collection of objects.
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The set of odd counting numbers between 2 and 12
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A well-defined set has no ambiguity as to what objects are in the
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the listing method
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set or not.
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{3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
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For example:
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set-builder notation or defining property method
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The collection of all red cars
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{x | x is a counting number, x is odd, and x < 12}
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The collection of positive numbers
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The collection of people born before 1980
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Note:
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The collection of greatest baseball players
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Use curly braces to designate sets,
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Use commas to separate set elements
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All of these collections are sets. However, the collection of greatest
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The variable in the set–builder notation doesn’t have to be x.

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baseball players is not well-defined.

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Use ellipses (. . . ) to indicate a continuation of a pattern
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established before the ellipses i.e. {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , 100}
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Normally we restrict our attention to just well-defined sets.
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The symbol | is read as “such that”

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Set Membership Some Important Sets
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N — Natural or Counting numbers: {1, 2, 3, . . . }
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An element or member of a set is an object that belongs to the
W
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set W — Whole Numbers: {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }
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I — Integers: {. . . , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }

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The symbol ∈ means “is an element of”
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Q — Rational numbers: { pq | p, q ∈ I, q 6= 0 }
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The symbol ∈
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< — Real Numbers: { x | x is a number that can be written
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as a decimal }
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Generally capital letters are used to represent sets and lowercase

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letters are used for other objects i.e. S = {2, 3, 5, 7}
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Irrational numbers: { x | x is a real number and x cannot be

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written as a quotient of√integers√}.
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Thus, a ∈ S means a is an element of S

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Examples are: π, 2, and 3 4
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Is 2 ∈ {0, 2, 4, 6}?
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∅ — Empty Set: { }, the set that contains nothing
od
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Is 2 ∈ {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}?
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U — Universal Set: the set of all objects currently under
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Notes More Membership Questions
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Any rational number can be written as either a

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terminating decimal (like 0.5, 0.333, or 0.8578966)

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Is ∅ ∈ { a, b, c } ?
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repeating decimal (like 0.333 or 123.392545)

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Is ∅ ∈ { ∅, { ∅ } } ?
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Is ∅ ∈ { { ∅ } } ?
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The decimal representation of an irrational number never

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terminates and never repeats

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The set { ∅ } is not empty, but is a set which contains the empty
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at at th od W D th tic he de or rR 20
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M em s M r n ld 23 M
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YP at
in W D at at th od rR 20 he
at th od
M he ic e or m
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m in M n ld YP 23 at in W D
at o W D at
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in M YP 3 a a o W D t h t ic
elements
provided:
th od W D th tic th
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rR 20 s r l Y M in
Set Equality
e er or
ld 2 M em
in M n d P
23 a
M n YP 3 a a o W D at
h t i th
Set Cardinality
d e
Venn Diagrams
od W D 2 t h tic th
e e o r R 20 e cs
rR e m s r n rld Y 2 M m in M
or 02 M M 3
within the rectangle.

M
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i th
W D th th rR 20 he cs e
that set a finite set
tic de
od rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y 2 M m in M
er or
ld M m in M n d P 3 t
n YP 23
a a t o W D 2
at at
i h od
W D t h t i c h d o r R 0
he cs e er
rR 20 e s e er r l Y 2 M m in M n
m n d 3
A
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or
ld 23 M in M P a at t o d
YP a W D t h
beyond the scope of this course)
W D at th od he ic e
he tic
s e or rR 20
2 M m s M
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n
{ 3 } = { x | x ∈ N and 1 < x < 5} ?

or rR 20
M m i M
er
n l d Y 3 a in o W
ld n P a t
2. every element of B is an element of A

YP 23 at t od W D 2 th t ic he d e
{ a, b, c } = { b, c, a } = { a, b, a, b, c } ?
D at r
{1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4} all describe the same set.

i h R e s or
The “Universe” is represented by the rectangle

he e or 02 M m M rn ld
A0
rR 20 cs er Y i
l n
1. every element of A is an element of B, and

d M m i n M n d P 3 a a t o W
YP 23 at od W D th t ic he de
D at th or object is included. Thus, {1, 2, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 1, 4}, and
ic rR 20 s
The cardinality of a set A is denoted n(A) or |A|
rR 20 he s e er or
ld Y 2 M em
i n M rn ld
23 M m i n M n P 3 a a t o W D
YP o W D th tic h o rR
In other words, if and only if they contain exactly the same

at at
ic t d r R 2 s e de
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Set Equality: the sets A and B are equal (written A = B)

he or em M n rld
he s 02 M i
Note: Sets do not care about the order or how many times an
20 er YP
{ x | x ∈ N and x < 0} = { y | y ∈ Q and y is irrational} ?

23 M m i n M n ld YP 3 a a n o W D
P W D th
infinite set (there is a precise definition of infinity but that is
th tic rR
The cardinality of a set is the number of distinct elements in the
Sets are represented with circles, shaded regions, and other shapes
at de
If the cardinality of a set is a particular whole number, we call
od e
If a set is so large that there is no such number, it is called an
at th or
20 he ic
s e er or rR 20
2 M em s M r n l d YP
M m i M n ld 3 a in o W D
23 at n W D
YP a th tic th de rR 20
at ic th
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23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
3 at W D th tic th de rR 20
at ic th
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or
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U
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at ic th
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m M n 23 W D at
n(A) = ?
a
n(C) = ?
n(E) = ?
n(B) = ?
n(D) = ?
in o W D P at t i t h od r 2
at h o R 0
elements of A
at ic th de rR 20 cs e er M
Set Cardinality
he s e r
or
l Y M em
i n M n rld YP 23
m i n M n d P
23
a a t o W D 2
at
o W D t t i h d r he
U
at th d o r R 20 he cs e e or R 02 M m
ic
s e er rld M m in M r n l d Y P 3
i n M n YP 23
a a t o W D 2
at
h
at
i
relationships to each other
at o W D t t ic h d e r R
ic th d o r R 20 he s e r
or
Y
02 M em
The Complement of a Set

e ld
Venn Diagrams & Subsets
s er
n rld 23 M m in M n P 3 at
in M YP a at t o d W D 2
at
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discussion for a particular problem
W t r
A
A
th od r 2 he ic
s
he e or R 0 2 M em s
e o r R 02 M m M rn ld 3 a in
M
er
n l d Y 3 a i n o W D
YP a t t t
W D P a th he ics
th od r 2 th
e
tic
s e de o r
rR 20
2 M m
e or R m M rn ld 3 in
A0 = {x | x ∈ U and x ∈
M
er
n ld
02
3 M a in W D
YP at at th
YP a o i
A0
W D th t i t o 2 h e c s e
c rR 0
/ A}
od r R 2 s
he de
r l M m in M
er or
ld Y
02 M em
i n M rn d YP 23
a a t o
n P 3 W D t h t
The set A0 , the shaded region, is the complement of A

at t od 2 ic he
Venn diagrams can be used to represent sets and their
od W D at i h e o r R e s
rR 20 he cs er 02 M m in M
D = {1, 2, 3, 2, 1}, E = {x | x is odd, and x < 12}
or m M n rld 3
er
n ld 23 M a i n W D
YP a t at t od
W D
YP a t t t o d r 2 h i c h e
Universe of Discourse – the set containing all elements under
i h e R e s er
n
A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}, B = {2, 4, 6, . . . , 100}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7, . . . }
rR 20 he cs er or
Y
02 M m i M
In mathematics, this is called the universal set and is denoted by
l n
A0 is the set of all objects in the universe of discourse that are not
or
ld 2 M m in M n d P 3 a t W
YP 3 a a t t o W D 2
at
h ti c h od
e
W D t ic h e d r R em s e rn
or rR 20 he
m s M
er
n
or
ld
02
3 M in M
ld 23 M i n W D
YP a a th o W
D
YP a at t od r 2 th tic
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M n M P W
he ic e or rR 20
M em s M rn ld 23 M
m s M
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n ld YP 23 in W D
YP at
at th od
M he ic e or m
ic
s e er or rR 20
M m s M
er
n ld YP 23
at o W D at
h i t h o 2 0
he at od rR
ic th
in M n P
23 a t W D 2 t h
at
ic
o W D at t i h od
o r R e s
th
02 M m in
r 2 M m i M n d P 3 a a
Subsets
in M rn ld YP 3 a a n o W D t h t i
W D th tic th de rR 20 c s
th
e
od rR 20 s e r
or
l Y M em
in
er or
ld 2 M em
in M n d P
23 a
M n YP 3 a a o W D at t i th
and T = {2, 6}
W D t h th d o r 20 he cs e
od rR 2 e
tic
s e e R 2 M m i M
er or 02 M m in M r n rld Y P 3 n
M n ld YP 3 a a o W D at at
i th
W D th tic th rR 20 he cs e
Is or Is Not a Subset?
od e de
e s or 2 M m i M
T
rR 20 r l Y n
R
or m M n d 3
X
M
∅
∅
{a, c}
{a, c}
{a}
{a, b, c}
{a, b, c}
{a, b, c}
er
n ld YP 23
a a in o W D P at at
i th od
W D t h t i c t h d o r R 2 0
he cs e er
or M m in M n d P 3 a o
∅
n ld 23 a W D t at th d
X
What is: ∅0 , the complement of ∅ ?
YP ic
What is: S 0 , the complement of S ?
D od e
What is: R0 , the complement of R ?
W at tic th
e rR 20 he
m s er
n
What is: U 0 , the complement of U ?
rR 20 he s er or
l Y 2 M in M
S
or M m i M n d P 3 a a o W
{a, b, c}
{a, b, c}
{a, b, c}
{c, a, b}
ld YP 23 n W D th t ic t d
2
{a, b, c, d}
at t od he e
{a, c, d, f }
D at i h e r R e s rn
or
ld
or m M
{a, b, d, e, f }
rR 20
M
he
m
cs
M
er
n ld Y
02
3 M a in W
d YP 23 i n W D P a th t t o
D at at od ic he de
What element(s) are in the area outside all the sets?

ic th rR 20 s or
rR 20 he s e er or
ld Y 2 M em
i n M rn ld
M m M n 3 a o W D
Is the left set a subset of the set on the right?

YP 23 i n o W D P a t h
2 th tic de o rR
What element(s) are in the area where all the sets overlap?
at at
ic t he d r R s e r rld
20 he s er
n
or
ld
02 M em
i n M n YP
M m M 3 a o W D
Let U = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 8}, R = {1, 2, 5, 6}, and S = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8}
23 i n
YP a
Suppose U = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 8}, R = {1, 2, 5, 6}, S = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8},

P at at th od W D th tic th
e de or rR
20 he ic
s e er or rR 20
23 at n W D
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
he s rn rld M m in M n d P
23
M m i M YP 23
a a o W D
Notes
n W D th tic th rR 20
Subsets
at od e de
only if:
at th e or M
he ic
s e e o rR 20
M m s M r n l d Y 23
m M r n rld Y 23 a i n W D P at
in P
2. B ⊆ A
t 2
are subsets?
at o W D at
h t i h od
o r R 0
at ic th
e de rR 20 cs e er rld M
em M n 23
1. A ⊆ B and
he s or M
m i M r n l d Y 23 a i n o W D
YP at
n o W D P a t t i t h d r 2 he
ic
s e M m M r n l d Y 3
This is denoted A ⊆ B.
i M
er
n rld YP 23
i
h
T
n t t 2
R
at o d W D t ic h e d e r R
ic th
e o r R 20 he s r n
or
ld Y
02 M em
s er M m in M P 3
Any set is a subset of itself

M n rld 23 D at
in W D
YP a at t o d W r 2
at
h ic
th od r 2 t ic he e or R 0 em s
e o r R 02 M
he
m s M rn ld 2 3 M a in
Set Equality and Proper Subsets
M
er
YP a t t t
P a i
S
od W D 2 th tic th
e de o rR 20 he cs
th r m
Any set is a subset of the universal set

e or R e m s M rn r ld 2 3 M in
er 02 M YP
Proper Subset: A ⊂ B if A ⊆ B and A 6= B
M n ld 3 a in o W D at at th
W D
YP a t i t 2 h e ic e
od r 2 th c s
he de o r
rR 0 M m s M
er or R 02 M em
i M rn l d YP 23
a a in o
n ld Y P 3 n W D t t t
W D at at
i t h od
o r 2 h e ic
s
he
od e R m M
The empty set is a subset of every set including itself

he cs 02 M
of B. In other words, B contains all of the elements of A.
rR 20 er rld in
er
n
or
ld 23 M m i n M n YP 3 a at t od
D
YP a a t t o d W D 2 th i c h e
W t i h e r R e s er
n
rR 20 he cs er or
l Y
02 M m in M
Of the sets R, S, and T shown in the Venn diagram below, which
m M n d 3
Another definition for set equality: Sets A and B are equal if and
or 2 M a W
Set A is a subset of set B if every element of A is also an element
ld YP 3 a a in o W D P at ti th od
W D t t t h d r 2 h c s e e
rR 20 he ic
s e er or R 02 M em
in M rn
or M m i M n ld YP 3 a a o W
ld YP 23
a n W D th tic th o
D at t od r 2 e de
M n M P W
he ic e or rR 20
m s M
er
n ld YP 23 in W D
YP at
at th od
M he ic e or m
ic
s e er or rR 20
M m s M
er
n ld YP 23
at o W D at
h i t h o 2 0
he at od rR
ic th
in M n P
23 a t W D 2 t h
at
ic
o W D at t i h od
o r R e s
th d r he cs e r 02 M m
∅
e e o r R 20
2 M m M
er
n l d Y 3 a in
M rn ld 3 a i n o W D P a t t
YP a h i
∅
in W D th c
th od rR 20 th tic
s e de or rR 20
M em s
r l Y in
Set Equality
e or 2 M em M n d P
23 a
{c}
er ld in
M n YP 3 a a o W D at
h t i th
D d e
∅
od W 2 t h tic th
e e o r R 20 e cs
rR e m s r n rld Y 2 M m in M
er or 02 M M P 3
{a, b, c}
{a, b, c}
{a, b, c}
{a, b, c}
{a, b, c}
ld in t
{b}
M n YP 3 a a o W D at at
i h
od W D th tic th
e de rR 20 he cs e
∩
∩
∩
∩
∩
m
{b}
or rR 20 e m s M r n
or
ld Y 2 3 M in M
M P
{∅}
{∅}
{a, b, c}
{a, b, c}
{a}
{a, b}
{1, 2, 3}
er in
n ld 23 at t od
∅
YP a a t o W D 2
at i h
For any A, A ∩ ∅
t
{b, c}
D d e
For any A, A ∩ U
W t r
For any A, A ∩ A
h i c h e o R 0
he cs er
∅
rR 20 e s er
n r l d Y 2 M m in M n
or M m in M P 3 a o
{a, b, c}
{a, b, z}
t
{b, f, g}
I
n ld at
For any A ⊆ B, A ∩ B
23
{x, y, z}
YP a W D t ic h d
{}
Find the Following Intersections

{a}
W D at th od he s e
{a}
tic rR 20 er
rR 20 he s e or 2 M m i M n
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
er Y
{a, b}
m M n l d 3 n
{a}
or M a o W
i n P a
{a, b, c}
ld 23 W D t t d
the set on the right?
YP th ic
D at at t od r 2 he e
{a, d, e, g}
i h e or R e m s M rn
or
ld {a, a, c, b, c}
rR 20 he
m
cs
M
er
n ld Y
02
3 M a in W
the set is either in a particular subset, or it’s not.

M i P a o
{a}
d 23 n W D t t
The number of proper subsets is 2n − 1 (Why?)

YP at th ic de
Another Method for Generating Power Sets

D at th od he or
he ic
s e or rR 20
2 M em s M rn ld
The number of subsets of a set with cardinality n is 2n

rR 20
M m i M
er
n ld Y 3 a i n o W D
YP 23 n o W D P a t h
th o rR
{a, b}
at t 2 tic de
at ic he d r R s e r rld
20 he s er
n
or
ld
02 M em
i n M n YP
M m i M 3 a a o W D
{a, c} {a, b} {a, b, c}

YP
23 n W D th
Is the left set equal to, a proper subset of, or not a subset of
A tree diagram can be used to generate P(A). Each element of

at at th od th tic
e de or rR
20 he ic
s e er or rR 20
23 at n W D
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
at at th od W D th tic th
e de or rR 20
he ic e e o rR 20
M e m s M r n l d Y 23 M
m s M r n rld Y 23 a i n W D P at
Disjoint Sets
at at
ic th de rR 20 h cs e er o R 0 M
e rld
Set Operations
em M n 23
P({a, b, c}) =
P({a, b}) =
P({a}) =
P(∅) =
he s or M
m M r n l d Y 23 a i n W D
YP at
of both A and B.
i P a o
Is there a pattern?
n o W D t t i t h d r R 2 he
at th d o r he cs e e or 02 M m
A
ic R 20 r l Y
s e er rld M m in M n d P 3
i n M n YP 23
a a o W D at
h
at
i
A
o W D t t ic t h d r R 2
at
ic th d o r R 20 he s e e r
or
Y
02 M em
s e er rld M m in M n ld P 3
M n 23
a o W D at at
Cardinality of the Power Set
YP
in W D t at t d r 2 h ic
s
th od
o r 2 he ic
s
he e or R 0 2 M em
e er r R 02 M m i M rn ld YP 3 a a in
l d Y n t
Intersection
M n P 3 a a o W D t t i
W D 2 th tic th de o rR 20 he cs
B
I.e., their intersection is empty: A ∩ B = ∅

th
e
od r R e s e rn r ld 2 M m in
er
n
or
ld
02 M m in M YP 3 at
3
B
M YP a a t t o W D 2
at
h ic th
e
od W D 2 th ic he de o rR 0 e s
r m M
common to both: A ∩ B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
or R em s M rn r l d 23 M in
er
n ld Y
02
3 M i n W D
YP a t a t t o
W D P at at
i t h od r 2 h e ic
s
he
od rR 20 he cs e er o R 02 M m M
m M n rld 3 in
The intersection of two sets, A ∩ B, is the set of elements
or M
Disjoint sets: two sets which have no elements in common.
er
n ld 23 a i n o W D
YP a t at t h od
W D
YP a t t i t h d r 2 h e i c e
R s er
Find the following power sets and determine their cardinality.
Power Set: P(A) is the set of all possible subsets of the set A
e
For example, if A = {0, 1}, then P(A) = {∅, {0}, {1}, {0, 1}}
rR 20 he cs er or
l Y
02 M m in M n
In other words, for an object to be in A ∩ B it must be a member
or
at
h ti c h od
e
or rR 20 he
m s M
er
n
or
ld
02
3 M in M
ld 23 M i n W D
YP a a th o W
D
e de o
M n M P W
he ic e or rR 20
M em s M rn ld 23 M
m s M
er
n ld YP 23 in W D
YP at
at th od he M ic e or m
ic
s e er or rR 20
M m s M
er
n ld YP 23
at o W D at
h i t h o 2 0
at he od rR
ic th
in M n P
23 a t W D 2 t h
at
ic
o W D at t i h od
o r R e s
th
02 M m in
th od W D th tic th
e de or rR 20 em s
20 s M
{ a, b, c }
{ a, b, c }
{ a, b, c }
{ a, b, c }
{ a, b, c }
{ a, b, c }
{ a, b, c }
{ a, b, c }
{ a, b, c }
{ a, b, c }
e rR em r n l d Y 23 in
M
er
n
or
ld 2 3 M in M P a t
YP a a o W D at
h i th
∪
∪
∪
∪
∪
W D 2 t h tic th d e o r R 20 e cs e
and
and
and
and
and
od
e e 2 M m M
For any A, A ∪ ∅
rR s i
For any A, A ∪ U
r Y
For any A, A ∪ A
n
∅
or m M n rld 3
er 02 M in P
For any A, A and ∅

n ld 3 at t
∅
M a o W D at h
For any A, A and A0

W D
YP a th he ics e
For any A ⊆ B, A ∪ B
od th tic
e de rR 20
m
rR 20 e s r
or
l Y 2 M in M
Set Difference Example

er or M m in M n d P 3
{2, 4, 6} − {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} =
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} − {2, 4, 6} =
{ x, y, z }
{ b, f, g }
n ld at t
{ a, b, z }
{ a, b, c }
23 a W D at od
YP a o i h
Find the Following Unions

D t t d r 2 e { x, y, z }
{ a, b, z }
W
{ a, b, c }
t h i c h e o R 0
he
m
cs er
n
e s r 2 M M
{ d, e, f, g }
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
rR 20 er l Y n
Note, in general, A − B 6= B − A
or
ld M m in M n d P 3 a t o
n YP 23 a W D t at
ic h d
od e
Are the Following Sets Disjoint?
W D at tic th
e rR 20 he s er
rR 20 he s er
n
or
l d Y 2 M m in M n
or
ld 23 M m i n M P 3 a a t t o W
YP at t od W D 2 th ic he d e
or
ld
rR 20 he
m
cs er
n
or
ld Y
02 M m in M
d 23 M i n M P 3 a a t t o W
D
YP at at th od W D th ic he de or
he ic
s e or rR 20
2 M em s M rn ld
rR 20
M m i M
er
YP 23 n o W D P a t h
at at t d r 2 th tic
s e de o rR
20 he ic
s
he er or R 02 M em
i M r n rld YP
23 M m i n M n ld YP 3 a a n o W D
P at at th od W D th tic th
e de or rR
20 he ic
s e er or rR 20
23 at n W D
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
e de or rR 20
o 20 e s M
C =
B =
A =
U =
ic e e rR r n l d Y
he s M m i M 23
Set Union
Given the
m in M r n rld Y P
23 a n W D at
o W D at
h t i t h od
o r R 2 0
A∪U =
A∩U =
A∩B =
A∪B =
at at th e
cs M
Set Difference
sets:
ic de rR 20 er
he s e r
or
l Y M em
i n M n rld YP 23
of either A or B.
m i M n d 23
a a o W D at
{2, 4, 6}
n o W D P t t i t h d r 2 he
R
{1, 3, 6, 9}
{1, 2, 3, 4}
at
ic th d o r R 20 he cs e e r
or
l Y
02 M m
e m n d 3
Note: x ∈
M M
Find each of these sets:

s M
er
n rld 23 a in W D P at at
i n
YP a o h i
A
A
o W D t t t h d r 2
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9}
at th d o r R 20 he ic
s e e or R 02 M em
ic
s e er rld M m in M r n ld Y P 3
in M n YP 23
a at t o W D 2
at
h
at
ic
od W D 2 t ic he d e r R 0 s
th
e o r R
he s rn
or
ld 2 M em
in
r 02 M m M 3 a
= A ∩ B0
M
er
YP a t t t
P a i
/ B means x ∈ B 0
W D 2 th tic th de o rR 20 he cs
B
B
th
e
od r R e s e rn r ld 2 M m in
er
n
or
ld
02 M m in M YP 3 at
M YP 3 a a t t o W D 2
at
h ic th
either of the sets: A ∪ B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
od W D 2 th ic he de o rR 0 e s e
r R em s rn r l d 23 M m in M
er
n
or
ld Y
02
3 M i n M YP a a t t o
Thus, A − B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B 0 }
D P at t od W D 2 t h ic he
W at r
to set A and not to set B: A − B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈
od i h e o R e m s M
or rR 20
M
he
m
cs
M
er
n rld 02
3 M in
/ B}
er
n ld 23 a i n o W D
YP a t at t h od
W D
he cs e or R 02 M m s M
er
n
rR 20 er l Y in
The union of two sets, A ∪ B, is the set of elements belonging to
In other words, for an object to be in A ∪ B it must be a member
or 2 M m M n d 3 a W
The difference of two sets, A − B, is the set of elements belonging
rR 20 he ic
s e er or R 02 M em
in M rn
ld YP 23
a n W D th tic th o
D at t od r 2 e de
M n M P W
he ic e or rR 20
m s M
er
n ld YP 23 in W D
YP at
at th od he M ic e or m
ic
s e er or rR 20
M m s M
er
n ld YP 23
at o W D at
h i t h o 2 0
he at od rR
ic th
in M n P
23 a t W D 2 t h
at
ic
o W D at t i h od
o r R e s
th
02 M m in
M 3 a o W D t t
C =
B =
A =
U =
in W D
YP a th h ic
Given the
s
A0 =
th od th tic
e de or rR 20 em
e or rR 20
M em s M r n l d Y 23 M a in
er 2 in P
B−A=
A−B =
Find each set:
n ld
A0 ∪ B =
A0 ∩ B =
M 3 a W D at t
sets:
Given the sets:
YP a o h i th
od W D 2 t h tic th
e d e o r R 20 e cs e
m
A∩B∩C =
A∪B∪C =
M
{3, 5, 7}
{2, 3, 6}
B = {2, 4, 6}
or rR 02 M e m s M r n rld Y 2 3 M in
P
C = {1, 3, 6, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
er
(A − B) ∪ C 0 =
W D
YP a th tic th de rR 20 he ics e Find each of these sets:
od e
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
rR 20 e m s r n
or
ld Y 2 M m in M
or M M 3
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9}
er
n ld YP 23
i th od
A
A
W D t t t d r 2 e
Set Intersection and Union

h i c h e o R 0
he
m
cs
M
er
n
or rR 20 e m s M
er
n r l d Y 2 3 M in
n ld 23 M in P a at t o d
A ∩ B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
YP a W D t ic h
The intersection of A and B is:

W D at tic th
e
od rR 20 he s e er
rR 20 he s er
n
or
l d Y 2 M m in M n
or
ld 23 M m i n M P 3 a a t t o W
W D d
B
B
YP th ic
D at at
i t h od r R 2 e s
he e or
rR 20 he cs e er or
l Y
02 M m in M rn ld
D at ic th
e rR 20 em s rn
or
ld
rR 20 he
m s M
er
n
or
ld Y 2 3 M i n M
23 M i n D P a a t o W D
YP at at t o d W r 2 th tic h e de o rR
ic he R em s M r n rld
The union of A and B is: A ∪ B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

he s or 02 M
20
M m i M
er
n ld 3 a i n o W D
YP
23 n W D
YP a th
P at at th od rR 20 th tic
s e de or rR
20 he ic
s e er or 2 M em
in M r n l d YP
M m i M n ld YP 3 a a o W D
23 at n W D th tic th de rR 20
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
e de or rR 20
he ic e e o rR 20
at at th h cs e o R 0 M
Set Difference
A0 ∩ B 0 =
A0 ∪ B 0 =
ic de rR 20 er
e rld
Set Operations
he s r n
or
l d Y M em
i n M n YP 23
m i n M P
23
a a t t o W D 2
at
o W D t h d r he
A ∩ (B ∪ C) =
i R
(A0 ∪ C) ∩ B =
at
ic th d o r R 20 he cs e e r
or
l Y
02 M m
s e er rld M m in M n d P 3
i n M n YP 23
a a t o W D 2
at
h
at
i
W D t t d r
Common Set Operations
o h
A
at th d o r R 20 he ic
s e e or R 02 M em
ic
s e er M m in M r n ld Y P 3
are examples of set operations
M n rld 23 D at
in W D
YP a at t o d W r 2
at
h ic
th od r 2 t ic he e or R 0 em s
o R
he s 2 M
A
e r 02 M m i M rn ld 3 a in
M
er
n l d Y 3 a a n o W D
YP a t t i t
W D P
B
2 th tic th de o rR 20 he cs
th od r R e s e r 2 M m in
Describe the Following Sets in Words
e er or 02 M m in M rn ld YP 3
A0
M n ld YP 3 a a o W D at
h
at
i th
W D th t ic t o rR 2 0 e c s e
od r 2 s
he de
r M m M
Let A and B be any sets, with U the universal set.
er or R 02 M em
i M rn l d YP 23
a a in o
n ld Y P 3 n W D t t t
W D at at t od r 2 h ic he
The complement of A is: A0 = {x|x ∈ U and x ∈
rR 20 he
m
cs
M
er
n rld 02
3 M in
/ A}
or
The difference of A and B is: A − B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈

M i
are used to obtain another object (usually a set or number).
er
n ld YP 23
a a n o W D
YP a t at
i t h od
W D t t t h d r 2 h c e
/ B}
he i cs e or R 02 M e m s M
er
n
rR 20 er l Y i
An operation is a rule or procedure by which one or more objects
n
Finding intersections, unions, differences, and complements of sets
or
at
h ti c h od
e
or rR 20 he
m s M
er
n
or
ld
02
3 M in M
ld 23 M i n W D
YP a a th o W
D
e de o
M n M P W
he ic e or rR 20
M em s M rn ld 23 M
m s M
er
n ld YP 23 in W D
YP at
at th od he ic M e or m
ic
s e er or rR 20
M m s M
er
n ld YP 23
m in M n ld YP 23 in at W D
at o W D at
h i t h
at
o 2 0
he od rR
ic th
in M n P
23 a t W D 2 t h
at
ic
o W D at t i h od
o r R e s
th
02 M m in
Suppose,
th od W D th tic th
e de or rR 20 em s
rR 20 s r l Y M in
A∪B =
n(A ∪ B) =
e er or 2 M em M n d P
23 a
Now suppose,
in
n(A) = 97
M n ld YP 3 a a o W D at t i th
n(B) = 101
W D t h th d o r 20 he cs e
od rR 2 e
tic
s e e R 2 M m i M
r rld Y n
A = {r, s, t, i, v},
m n 3
and B = {t, v, x}
M
er
n
or
ld
02
3 M in M P at t
D
YP a a o W D at i h e
od W th tic th
e de rR 20 he
m
cs
M
A
e s or 2 M
rR 20 i
A
or M m M r n ld Y 3 n
A
A
er in P
97
n ld YP 23
a a t o W D 2
at at
i th od
he cs e er
Shade the Diagram for: A0 ∪ B 0

e s e r 2 M m M n
Shade the Diagram for: (A ∩ B)0

rR 20 er l Y i
Cardinal Numbers & Surveys

or M m in M n d P 3 a n o
n ld YP 23 a W D t at
ic th d
W D od e
U = The set of all students at EIU

at th he
tic rR 20 s er
Suppose U = {q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z},
rR 20 he s e er or
l Y 2 M m in M n
B
B
n d
101
m 3
A = The set of all male 2120 students

or M i M P a a o W
B
ld n t t
B
23 W D d
B = The set of all female 2120 students

YP th ic
D at at
i t h od r R 2 e s
he e or
rR 20 he cs e er or
l Y
02 M m in M rn ld
D at ic th
e rR 20 em s rn
or
ld
rR 20 he
m s M
er
n
or
ld Y 2 3 M i n M
ic R s r
Complete the Venn Diagram to represent U , A, and B
he or em M n rld
20
M
he
m s M
er
n ld
02
3 M a i n W D
YP
23 i n W D
YP a th o
s e de or rR
20 he ic
s e er or 2 M em
in M r n l d YP
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
e de or rR 20
ic e e o rR 20 e m s M r n l d Y 23 M
Suppose,
A
he
m s M r n rld Y 23 M a i n W D P at
in P t 2
A∩B =
A∪B =
at o W D at
h t i h od
o r R 0
at ic th
e de rR 20 cs e er rld M
n
C
or em M 23
n(A ∪ B) =
he s M
Now suppose,
m i M r n l d Y 23 a i n o W D
YP at
n o W D P a t t i t h d r 2 he
De Morgan’s Laws
at e R
n(A ∩ B) = 10
n(B) = 27
n(A) = 33
ic th
e d o r R 20 he cs e r
or
l Y
02 M m
n d
B
s er M m M P 3
(A ∪ B)0 = A0 ∩ B 0
(A ∩ B)0 = A0 ∪ B 0
i M n rld 23 a in o W D at at
A
n
YP a h i
one way to describe each?
at
ic th d o r R 20 he s e e r
or
Y
02 M em
s e er rld M m in M n ld P 3
in M n YP 23
a o W D at
h
at
ic
Counting via Venn Diagrams

W D t at t d r 2
C
th od r 2 he ic
s
he e or R 0 2 M em s
e o r R 02 M m M rn ld 3 a in
U = The set of all students at EIU

M
er
YP a t t t
W D P a th he ics
od r 2 th tic
e de o rR 20
m
B
th e s r 2 M
De Morgan’s Laws: For any sets A and B
R in
A
e er or 02 M m M rn ld YP 3
A
W D
YP a t i t 2 h e ic e
od r 2 th c s
he de o r
rR 0 M m s M
R l in
A = The set of all 2120 students that own a car

Shade the Diagram for: A0 ∩ B 0 ∩ C
or 02 M em M rn d 23 a o
C
er
n ld Y 3 i n
YP a t t
B = The set of all 2120 students that own a truck

D P at t od W D 2 t h ic he
od W at i h e o r R e s
he M m M
B
rR 20 cs er rld 02 in
or M m i M n 3
B
er
n ld YP 23
a a n o W D
YP a t at
i t h od
W D t t i t h d r 2 h e c s e
rR 20 he cs e er or R 02 M m i M
er
n
Y
Using A, B, C, ∩, ∪, −, and 0 , give a symbolic description of the
shaded area in each of the following diagrams. Is there more than
or 2 M m in M n l d P 3 a n W
ld YP 3 a a t o W D 2
at
h ti c th od
e
W D t t ic h d r R s e
rR 20 he s e er or
ld
02 M em
in M rn
or
ld 23 M m i n M n YP 3 a a o W
D
YP a at t od W D 2 th tic th
e de o
r
M n M P W
he ic e or rR 20
m s M
er
n ld YP 23 in W D
YP at
at th od
M he ic e or m
ic
s e er or rR 20
M m s M
er
n ld YP 23
at o W D at
h i t h o 2 0
he at od rR
ic th
in M n P
23 a t W D 2 t h
at
ic
o W D at t i h od
o r R e s
th d r e r m
Let,
e e o r R 20
M
he
m
cs
M
er
n l d Y
02
3 M a in
rn ld 2 i n P a
IV
th od W D th tic th
e de or rR 20 em s
e rR 20 em s r n l d Y 23 M in
I
er or 2 M M P a
n(A ∪ B) =
n(A ∩ B) =
n(B) =
n(A) =
B=
A=
M n ld 3 a in o W D at t th
W D
YP a t th d r he ics e
od 2 h e
tic
s e e o R 20
2 M m M
rR r Y in
of the diagram
II
or m M n rld 3
M
er
n ld
02
3 M a in W D P at at t
W D
YP a th tic th o de rR 20 he ics h e
od rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y 2 M m in M
m n d
III
er or M in M P 3
Venn Diagram for 2 Sets

n ld YP 23
a a t o W D 2
at at
i th od
W D t h t i h d o r 0
he cs e
Designate the universal set

c e R m
er
n
Describe the sets of interest

20 e s r 2 M i M
Inclusion/Exclusion Principle
rR er
n l d Y n
m M 3
Draw a general Venn diagram

or M o
n ld YP 23 a in W D P a t at
ic th d
W D at tic th
e
od rR 20 he s e er
20 he s or 2 M m i M n
number of elements in their intersection.
rR
IV:
III:
II:
I:
er l Y n
or
ld M m i n M n d P 3 a a t o W
23 W D t d
Infer the sizes of any remaining regions

YP th ic
at t 2 e
A
A
D at h od r he
A0
A0
i e s or
rR 20 he cs e er or R 02 M m i M rn ld
l Y n
There are four disjoint regions

M m i M n d P 3 a a o W
For any two finite sets A and B:
∩
∩
∩
∩
d YP 23 at n od W D th t ic the de
D at ic th rR 20 s or
Technique for Counting with Venn Diagrams

e em rn ld
n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)
or M
B
B
he s 2 M
B0
B0
rR 20
M m i M
er
n P a
{n | 1 ≤ n ≤ 100 and n is divisible by 5}
{n | 1 ≤ n ≤ 100 and n is divisible by 2}
YP 23 at t o W D 2 th tic t h de o rR
at ic he d r R s e r rld
he s or 02 M em M n
How many integers between 1 and 100 are divisible by 2 or 5?
20
M m i M
er
n ld 3 a i n o W D
YP
n
YP a
the sum of the number of elements in each of the sets minus the
Relate known information to the sizes of the disjoint regions

23 W D th
P th rR
In other words, the number of elements in the union of two sets is
at tic de
at ic th
e
od rR 20 s e r
or
l
20 he s er or
ld 2 M em
in M n d YP
23 M m i n M n YP 3 a a o W D
e de or rR 20
he ic e e o r
rR 20
M e m s M r n l d Y 23
M m s M rn ld 23 a in W D P
3 at i n W D
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
e de or rR 20
ic e e o rR 20 e s r l Y M
VIII
he s r rld Y M m i n M n d P
23
m in M n P
23 a t W D 2
at
o W D at
h t i h od
o r R 0
I
at at th e
he ic e de or rR 20
M em cs
M
er
n rld 23 M
s r l Y i YP
IV
m i n M n d P
23
a a n o W D at
W D t t d r 2
5
o t i h he
A∩B∩
R II
V
at th d r e e or m
VII
ic e o R 20 he
m
cs r n l d Y
02
3 M
A∪B
B
C0
M
A
s er M in P
VI
M n rld 23 D at
i n
YP a a t t o W 2
at
h i
A
o W D t h d r R
III
ic
S
at e
Venn Diagram for 3 Sets
e
10
ic th
e d o r R 20 he s r
or
Y
02 M em
4
s er rld M m in M n ld P 3
in M n YP 23
a t o W D 2
at
h
at
ic
8 total on which Simon sings

D at d
1
3
W t r
2
s
C
th od
o r 2 he ic
s
he e or R 0 2 M em
R
7 total on which Garfunkel sings

e m M rn ld 3 in
0
M
er
n r l d Y
02
3 M i n D
YP a a t t
a W t
2
P a o i
G
W D th o he cs
VIII:
VII:
VI:
V:
IV:
III:
II:
I:
th 20
B
od r 2 tic
e de rR
m
collection of 22 CDs, she has the following:

th R e s r 2 M in
e er or 02 M m in M rn ld YP 3
Back to Counting with Venn Diagrams
ld
A
A
A
A
M n 3 a W D at at
A0
A0
A0
A0
th
(A ∪ B) ∩ C
o
C −B
(A ∪ B) ∩ C 0
A0
YP a i
5 on which both Simon and Garfunkel sing

W D t i t 2 h e c e
There are eight disjoint regions
s
Find the cardinality of the sets:
od r 2 th c s
he de o r
rR 0 M m M
R
∩
∩
∩
∩
∩
∩
∩
∩
12 on which neither Simon nor Garfunkel sings

or 02 M em
i M rn l d YP 23
a a in o
1. How many of her CDs feature only Paul Simon?

er Y n
n ld P 3 W D t h t t
2. How many of her CDs feature only Art Garfunkel?

ic
Using Venn Diagrams to Display Survey Data
W D at at t od r 2 he
B
h
B
B
B
i e s
B0
B0
B0
B0
3. How many feature at least one of these two artists?

od rR 20 he cs e er rld R 02 M m in M
er or M m i n M n YP 3 a
∩
∩
∩
∩
∩
∩
∩
∩
n ld YP 23
a a t o W D 2 th
at
i c t h od
W D t t i h d r R e s e er
he cs e or 02 M m M n
C
C
C
C
rR 20 i
C0
C0
C0
C0
er l Y n
n d
Kim is a fan of the music of Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel. In her
or
ld 2 M m in M P 3 a t t W
at
h i c h od
e
or rR 20 he
m s M
er
n
or
ld
02
3 M in M
ld 23 M i n W D
YP a a th o W
D
e de o
M n M P W
he ic e or rR 20
m s M
er
n ld YP 23 in W D
YP at
at th od he ic M e or m
ic
s e er or rR 20
M m s M
er
n ld YP 23
m in M n ld YP 23 in at W D
at o W D at
h i t h o
at 2 0
he od rR
ic th
in M n P
23 a t W D 2 t h
at
ic
o W D at t i h od
o r R e s
d e
6.
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
th
e e o r R 20 he cs er
n r l d Y
02 M m in
rn r ld 2 M m i n M P 3 a a t
in M YP 3 a a o W D t h ic
th od W D th tic th
e de or rR 20 em s
e rR 20 em s r n l d Y 23 M in
songs about:
M
er
n
or
ld 2 3 M in M P a t
a W D at
Surveyed?
YP a o h i th
d e
n(T ∩ P )
n(W )
n(P )
n(T )
W D t r
drive trucks
2 h tic th e o R 20 e cs
od rR e s e r rld Y 2 M m in M
er or 02 M m M n P 3
=
=
=
=
n ld in at t
About prisoners?
3
28 people in love
M YP a a o W D at i h e
W D th he
13 prisoners in love
th tic de rR 20 cs
How many songs were. . .

od e
About truck drivers?

e or 2 M m M
28
57
50
45
rR 20 s i
T
or M m M r n ld Y 3 n
18 truck drivers in love

P
L
er in
Love, Prison, and Trucks
n ld YP 23
a a t o W D 2
at at
i th od
t d e
About people not in love?

W D t h i c h e o r R 0
he cs er
m n
About people not in prison?

rR 20 e m s M
er
n r l d Y 2 3 M in M
T
or
About truck drivers in prison?

M a o
W
n ld YP 23 a in W D P t at
ic th d
W D at tic th
e
od rR 20 he s e er
rR 20 he s or 2 M m i M n
P
er l Y n
or M m M n d 3 a o W
P
i P a
16 truck drivers who are not in prison

n
12 truck drivers in love while in prison
ld YP 23 at t od W D 2 th t ic the d e
or
ld
rR 20 he cs er or
l Y
02 M m in M
3 truck drivers in prison who are not in love
M m i M n d P 3 a a o W
2 prisoners not in love and not driving trucks
d 23 n D t t
n(T 0 ∩ P 0 ∩ W 0 )
n(T ∩ P ∩ W )
n(T ∩ W )
n(P ∩ W )
D
YP at at th od W th ic he de or
he ic
s e or rR 20
2 M em s M rn ld
rR 20 er Y i
=
=
=
=
M m i n M n ld P 3 a a n o W D
YP 23
o W D th tic t h o rR
9
at at t d r 2 e de
basic themes: love, prison, and trucks. A survey of the local
11
25
20
he ic
s
he or R 02 M em M r n rld
Country–Western radio station produced the following data of
20
m M
er
n ld 3 i n D
YP
8 people who are out of prison, are not in love, and do not
M i YP a a o W
There is the cliche that Country–Western songs emphasize three
P
23 at n W D th tic th de rR
at ic th
e
od rR 20 s e r
or
l
20 he s er or
ld 2 M em
in M n d YP
23 M m i n M n YP 3 a a o W D
e de or rR 20
he ic e e o r
rR 20
M e m s M r n l d Y 23
M m s M rn ld 23 a in W D P
3 at i n W D
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
e de or rR 20
he ic e e o rR 20
at at
e or em M n rld 23
n(T ∩ P )
M
n(W )
n(P )
he s i n(T )
Catching Errors
r Y YP
m i M n l d P
23
a a n o W D at
8
2
3
n t t 2
16
18
28
13
12
W D t d r
1 uses all three

o i h R
he
=
=
=
=
at th d o r 20 he cs e e or 02 M m
Number
ic R r Y
58 use gas ranges

s e er rld M m in M n l d P 3
i M n YP 23
a a o W D at at
i
28
57
50
45
n h
63 use electric ranges

report to the his manager:
at d e e
58 use microwave ovens

ic th
e o r R 20 he s r n
or
ld Y
02 M em
s er M m M P 3
Love?
M n rld 23 in o W D at at
in YP a at t d 2 h ic
2 cook only with solar energy

od W D 2 t ic he e r R 0 s
th
e o r R
he s rn
or
ld 2 M em
in
er r l Y
02 M m i n M YP 3 a a
4 use both gas and electric ranges

M n d P 3 a a o W D t t i t
W D th tic th o rR 20 he cs
Prison?
th od r 2 e de
r m
Siberia. Should he be reassigned yet again?

R e s 2 M
17 use microwave ovens and gas ranges

e er or 02 M m in M rn ld YP 3 in
M n ld YP 3 a a o W D at
h
at
i th
2 c
19 use microwave ovens and electric ranges

od W D 2 th t ic t he de o rR 0 e s e
r r M m M
n(T 0 ∩ P 0 ∩ W 0 )
n(T ∩ P ∩ W )
n(T ∩ W )
n(P ∩ W )
or R 02 M em s M rn l d 23 a in
i a o
Trucks?
er Y YP
n ld P 3 n W D t h t ic t
2
=
=
=
=
W D at at
i t h od
o r R e s
he
od rR 20 he cs e er 02 M m in M
9
the electric utility company. he interviewed 140 people in a

or m M n rld 3
He obtained the following results. There is a job opening in

er M i YP a
11
25
20
n ld 23 n at t
(P ), and spliced wire (W ). Donahue submitted the following
report. Why did management reassign him to a new section?
od
Donahue also stated that 100 employees were included in the
D
YP a a t t o d W D 2 th i c h e
W t i h r e s
Jim Donahue was a section chief for an electric utility company.
rR 20 he cs e er or R 02 M m i M
er
n
or m M n l d Y 3 n
suburban shopping center to find out some of their cooking habits.
2 M a W
Jim Donahue was reassigned to the home economics department of
The employees in his section cut down tall trees (T ), climbed poles
rR 20 he ic
s e er or R 02 M em
in M rn
ld YP 23
a n W D th tic th o
D at t od r 2 e de
M n M P W
he ic e or rR 20
m s M
er
n ld YP 23 in W D
YP at
at th od he ic e or M m
ic
s e er or rR 20
M m s M
er
n ld YP 23
m in M n ld YP 23 in W D at
at o W D at
h i
at t h od
o 2 0 rR he
ic th
e d e o r R 20 e cs e er r l Y 2 M m
in M n P
23 a t W D 2 t h
at
ic
o W D at t i h od
o r R e s
th
02 M m in
th od W D th tic th
e de or rR 20 em s
e or rR 20
M em s M r n l d Y 23 M a in
M
er
n ld 2 3 a in W D P at t th
W D
YP a t th o d r h i e
od 2 h e
tic
e e o R 20
M e m
cs
M
or rR 02 M m s M r n rld Y 2 3 in
M
er
n ld YP 3 a a in o W D P at at
i th
od W D th tic th
e de rR 20 he cs e
rR 20 e s or 2 M m i M
W
r Y
M
er or M m in M n ld P 3 n
n ld YP 23
a a t o W D 2
at at
i th od
he cs e er
or M m M n d 3 o
E
a
G
n ld YP 23 a in W D P t at
ic th d
W D at tic th
e
od rR 20 he s e er
rR 20 he s er
n
or
l d Y 2 M m in M n
or M m M 3 a o W
F
i a
E
ld YP 23 n W D P th t ic t d
D at at
i t h od r R 2 e s
he e or
rR 20 he cs e er or
l Y
02 M m in M rn ld
M m i n M n d P 3 a a o W
How many students were interviewed?

d YP 23 at od W D th t ic the de
D at ic th
e rR 20 em s rn
or
ld
rR 20 he
m s M
er
n
or
ld Y 2 3 M i n M
he ic
s
he or R 02 M em s M r n rld
20
M m i M
er
n ld 3 a i n o W D
YP
23 n W D
YP a th
s e de or rR
20 he ic
s e er or 2 M em
in M r n l d YP
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
at ic th
e
od
e o rR 20 e s e r
or
l Y
23
M m i n M YP 23
a a o W D
e de or rR 20
he ic e e o rR 20
at at
e n rld
n(W ∩ F)
n(E)
n(F)
n(W)
em 23
Student Values
he
m s M r n
or
l d Y 23 M i n M YP
i n D P a a t t o d W D 2
at
o W t i h r he
=
=
=
=
ic
s e er rld M m in M r n l d Y P 3
M n 23 a o W D at at
95
i n
YP a t 2 h i
130
140
160
at o W D t t ic h d e r R
ic th
e d o r R 20 he s e r
or
ld Y
02 M em
s er
n rld 23 M m in M n P 3 at
in M YP a at t o d W D 2
at
h ic
od W D 2 t ic he e r R 0 s
th
e o r R
he s rn
or
ld 2 M em
in
er
n r l d Y
02 M m i n M YP 3 a a t t
M P 3 a a o W D t i
od W D 2 th tic th
e de o rR 20 he cs
th
e r R e s rn r ld 2 M m in
er
n
or
ld
02 M m in M YP 3 at
M 3 a W D at
n[(W ∪ F ∪
YP a t o 2 h ic th
od W D 2 th t ic he de o rR 0 e s e
r R s r l M m M
E)0 ]
n(E0 )
n(W ∩ F ∩ E)
n(E ∩ F)
in
topped the list. Her findings can be summarized as:
or 02 M em M rn d 23 a
How many students were interviewed?
er
n ld Y 3 i n W D
YP a t t t o
W D P at at t od r 2 h ic he
=
=
=
=
or rR 20
M
he
m
cs
M
er
n rld 02
3 M in
er ld i n
YP a t
10
95
80
90
n 23 a o W D t at
h od
community college campus to determine what is important to
W D
he cs e or R 02 M m s M
er
n
rR 20 er l Y i
today’s students. She found that Wealth, Family, and Expertise
n d n
Julie Ward, who sells college textbooks, interviewed freshmen on a
or
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MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD - DRPN PDF

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i

The collection of positive numbers

The collection of greatest baseball players

Use curly braces to designate sets,

The variable in the set–builder notation doesn’t have to be x.

baseball players is not well-defined.

Use ellipses (. . . ) to indicate a continuation of a pattern

The symbol | is read as “such that”

Set Membership Some Important Sets

I — Integers: {. . . , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }

Generally capital letters are used to represent sets and lowercase

Irrational numbers: { x | x is a real number and x cannot be

written as a quotient of√integers√}.

Thus, a ∈ S means a is an element of S

∅ — Empty Set: { }, the set that contains nothing

Notes More Membership Questions

Any rational number can be written as either a

terminating decimal (like 0.5, 0.333, or 0.8578966)

repeating decimal (like 0.333 or 123.392545)

The decimal representation of an irrational number never

terminates and never repeats

within the rectangle.

{ 3 } = { x | x ∈ N and 1 < x < 5} ?

2. every element of B is an element of A

{1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4} all describe the same set.

The “Universe” is represented by the rectangle

1. every element of A is an element of B, and

In other words, if and only if they contain exactly the same

Set Equality: the sets A and B are equal (written A = B)

{ x | x ∈ N and x < 0} = { y | y ∈ Q and y is irrational} ?

The Complement of a Set

The set A0 , the shaded region, is the complement of A

What element(s) are in the area outside all the sets?

Is the left set a subset of the set on the right?

Suppose U = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 8}, R = {1, 2, 5, 6}, S = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8},

Any set is a subset of itself

Any set is a subset of the universal set

The empty set is a subset of every set including itself

Find the Following Intersections

the set is either in a particular subset, or it’s not.

The number of proper subsets is 2n − 1 (Why?)

Another Method for Generating Power Sets

The number of subsets of a set with cardinality n is 2n

{a, c} {a, b} {a, b, c}

A tree diagram can be used to generate P(A). Each element of

I.e., their intersection is empty: A ∩ B = ∅

For any A, A and ∅

For any A, A and A0

Set Difference Example

Find the Following Unions

Find each of these sets:

In other words, for an object to be in A ∪ B it must be a member

Set Intersection and Union

The intersection of A and B is:

The union of A and B is: A ∪ B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

The difference of A and B is: A − B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈

Shade the Diagram for: A0 ∪ B 0

Shade the Diagram for: (A ∩ B)0

Cardinal Numbers & Surveys

U = The set of all students at EIU

A = The set of all male 2120 students

B = The set of all female 2120 students

Counting via Venn Diagrams