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,
t ) = o and u C L
,
t
) = o mean that the end
fu
Y ucsc )
graph
^
I
are .
,
o =
,
initial
The I boundary value
problem
initial condition
I L t
the initial shape of the
string . The utca ,
o
) =
g
ex )
Ux ,
=
Ute ,
0 < x a
,
> 0
the
*) • prescribes initial
velocity at each
point on the
string
I I
.
lo
,
t ) = o UCL t
) = o t > o
, , ,
initial value
Ul x
,
o
) =
fix ) , Ut ( x
,
o
) =
g
C x ) o Luc L To solve the / boundary problem # )
,
we
proceed as we did when
&
{
L t
U
Htt
C = O c x a > o
xx , ,
(* y
of separation
*
In
response
to
being plucked or struck ,
it starts
vibrating in the
y
.
direction .
Uco
,
t ) = o
,
u I L
,
t ) = o
To do that
,
we use the method
time
At
any t
,
the
of y = ucx ,
t )
gives
the
shape of the
string .
) x Cx ) Tt )
by
in ucx t = -
, ,
Iec ) is a
function of x only and Tct ) is a
function of t
only .
Differentiating
Ttt
"
into c2u××= '
eigenvalue boundary problem with and
If
and ) Xx ) ) which value
substituting Utt get
c I TX (1) is
eigenvalues
=
we ex ,
upon
,
an -
, ,
dividing by TH ) leads to
at
tf
It
follows that both ratios
eigenfunctions (E) I
I
-
ties = are x =
,
a ) = sin I n x ) n
-
- I
2,3 . . .
, ,
,
¥If
' '
"
the T
equal to same constant Thus and t )
x a 7
say = = 2
-
- . -
,
, 2
tht
'
YI ) differential equation
2T Lt )
E)
C
, For 7 the &) becomes T
TA
every o
= = .
,
" "
'
which be written as A- I and T a) 7TH ) t
can
ex , + X ① = o
,
o exe L t c = o
,
> o
,
solution
Its
general is T It ) K
( I ) (c I ) where
n n
=
,
cos c t + K2 sin t
,
Ki ,
Kz
conditions
respectively .
The boundary ul o
,
t ) = o and uh ,
t ) = o become
solutions
Ico ) = o
are
arbitrary constants .
Hence a
fundamental set
of of
Ilo ) Tft ) = o and ILL ) The = O .
Assuming
Tct ) ¥0 ,
leads to
{ CE U xx
=
Uet
o s x c L t > o
{
, ,
* ¢, = ,
is
A)
⇐
value
for problem
t
Hence solution
IN Tct ) to be
of the
boundary U I )
U C L t O
) t ) >
0 o
uh t = a ,
= O =
,
, ,
, ,
c2U×× Utt
O ' "
! t > O
Ex )
=
(n (c E Cn t
It
{
) ( )
satisfy ) Ex
,
* * ) we need six , and Tct ) to sin cos n
,
sin sin en
,
n = I
,
2
,
3
,
. . .
"
-
X cx ) X # x ) LL
f
-
+ = o O a x
"
c'
,
(" 7TH
and 12 )
} T it ) +
= o
,
Loko
-
-
x I = o
,
respectively .
f÷÷
step 2
Using
the
superposition principle look
for the solution
of
Iii
:*: ⇐ em
"
we
.
. .
, .
. .
⇒
C
Ect
L t
U xx
=
Uff ,
o L x a
,
> o
.
linear combination
form of
the
I
in a
=Z
" L
" " " "
::*
> o
.
the Fourier
b n sin
@
E x ) to be sine series
of f ⇐ ) ,
i. e.
,
envision
Ucsc o
) =
fix ) . . . . . . n = I
{ I ! fix )
, ,
bn sinkEx) dx n I 2 3
-
= -
.
,
. .
, , ,
fundamental
set of solutions
of the
,
i. e
,
N
and
Ibn
Ect
Cn
I )
Eat
Ict
ul ) sin ( Ex ) ( ) Pn ( Ex ) ( )
x t = n cos n sin n sin n
, +
÷ Ln
Ex ) the
n = I n
Ie e
Bn sin to be Fourier sine series
of g ,
i. e.
,
,
, = -
. . .
, , , ,
Then select
Ul xp ) =
fix )
coefficients {
we the bn and
P " meh that
and substitute back
we ↳ o ,
=g* ,
After computing bn pm into ucx
,
t ) to
get
We have
4. Cx , t ) = sin
@Ex ) ( - n
Ec bn sink
Ect ) + n
Ec pm cosy
Ict )
)
, ucx
,
t ) = sink D ( bn cos ( n
) +
pm sin ( n
) )
t
follows
Example
EcEct
Utt
Result
solve the initial -
boundary value
problem for the wave
equation
The initial and value problem
boundary
9 Uxx =
Uet o L x <3 t > o
|
, ,
2
C U
xx
=
OL Kc L t
in each
of the
following cases
|
> o
494=0 43,4=0 t
,
> o
, ,
UCO t ) = O
UCL , t ) = o t > o
, , ,
Ul ) f L
Ucsc
,
o
) =
fix ) , Utlx ,
D=
gcxl ,
Oc xc3
Cx ) utlx ,0)=glx )
x 0 = o exc
, , ,
fix )
@ ) fix
b
a . = -
12
sin
Is x
, gcx )
= o .
) = o
, g
Cx )=
of
sin ( 3T x
)
for the wave
equation with
fixed endpoints has solution
all solution
form
a
In cases the has the
,
ucx.tl Z sin ( n
Ix ) ( bn cos
@ ) t
pm sin
( n )
)
( )
=
n =L ucx t ) = sink x ) a)
bnwsln tpn sin ( n'
Ect I
,
where bn =
2h I ! fix )
sinkI x ) dx ,
n =L
,
2,3 ,
. . .
and txt ith II 9 ⇒
N
c =3 and L =3
,
ulx
,
t ) becomes
Ulx t ) Z sin
Ex )
@ ( bn cost net ) Pn
sin
@ It )
)
f!
= +
,
DX
n
Bn =
I gcx ) tinyEx ) ,
n=l
,
2
,
3
,
. .
.
n = I
and a
Utlx ,
t ) =
Z sink} x
) ( - ntbn sin @It ) t ut
Bn cos Cnet )
)
4=1
that
sink
a .
We select the
coefficients bn and
pn such that ucx.tt sortifies the b .
We select the
coefficients bn and
pm such ucx
,
t )
soitifies the
" 49=0
I
{
" " O
)
{
conditions " initial conditions
That's That's
equivalent
=
initial to
-
equivalent to
Utc x
,
0 ) = o
utcx ,
o )
=3 ,
sin a × ,
¥7 ¥? bn sin ( n
I x ) bn 4=1,2 3
@Is )
o
@
Ex
= o
bn )
/
=
be bn=o
I L
sin sin
. . .
= x n 't 2 , ,
/
-
= ,
{
-
|
, ,
⇒
⇒
hapu
sin
@
Ex ) =
?, sink 'D 9IBq= ? , pn=o ,
n 't 9
ne
Bn sin
@
Ex ) Bn o n=i 2
=o = . . .
, , ,
,
Thus bn 0 n
1,2 3
Bo, } Pn=0 ht 9
-
=
-
- - - . .
, , , , , ,
o
, , ,
Hence the solution is
N
The solution is then
Ulx
,
t )
=L sin
Ex )
@ ( bnws ( net ) +
Pn
sin
@ It )
) = -
f- sin
@
Et ) cos
@It )
n = I Ulxtt sin
Ex )
@ ( bn cost net ) +
Pn
sin
@ It )
)
@ }
2
= sin x ) .
sin It ) = sin tix ) sin It )
o
, , , 99 IT
Gut
Example Uelx§ ( bn )
25in
and ,
t ) = sin @x ) -
3h sin @ht ) +
3hpm cos Gut )
solve the initial -
boundary value
problem for the wave
equation ,
3hpm
that
9
satifies
t select
coefficients such the
Ula
Uxx Utt L x < IT > the bn and )
tzcxat
o
We
pm
= o a ucx t
|
, ,
.
in each
of the
following cases
Ulx o
) (x ) sin ( 3×7
,t)=o
=
t
{
494=0
-
,
conditions
> o
initial That 's
equivalent to
, ,
uecx ) 5 sin @ )
fix
x
D=
o
Utlx
=
Ucsc ) ) it
get
o axe
o = ) ,
, , , ,
N
sink I bn sin @ x
) 2 sin ( x) sink ) b b3= bn
fix )
=
2 ( ) sin ) 2
-
a Sin x I
) ( 2x 't 1,3
n
) 5 0
glx
=
I
-
,
-
. = -
=
-
, ,
{
,
4=1
x
if ocxc
I § sin @ x
) = 5 sin
@ ×
) Gp2 = 5
, An -
-
o ,
n
-1-2
fix =/
,
b )
J
.
Cx ) = o
,
bn
b3=
If
Thus b
I -
X
if ,
= 2
,
-
I
, P2
=
,
= 0
,
n
I I
,
3
, Pn = O
,
n I 2
Wx
,
t ) =
Z sink I ) x
( bn cos
@ ) +
Ect
pm
sin
Ect ) )
@ Ulx
,
t ) sin
@x ) .
( bn cost 3 n t
) +
Pn
sin )
)
h =L
wsf3tJ-sin@xj.pz.sinC6tJtsinl3x3.bz.ws t )
, , ,
.
ul x. t ) =
Z sin @ ) ( x bn cos ( 3h t ) +
Gutsin
pm ) ) = 2 sink ) wht ) +
5g
sin @x ) sink t ) - Sin ( 3×3 WSH t )
4=1
that the solution
select
coefficients such
soitifies the
"! "
?
b We the bn and ucx.tt Hence is
.
pm
A
=/ if
×
"
conditions
!! Z Gn sin )
°
initial
'
ucx
,
→ =
fix ) and utlx ,
o ) = 0 Ul x. t ) = sin @ ) ( x bn cos ( 3h t ) + pm t )
IT
IT . × 542 4=1
That's
equivalent to
II
+9,2
IT
= sin In x
) ( sin (n 't )
cos font ) t O
)
" t
?!
"
¥ lot " ,
"
"
=
" " "
= ' "
I
"
N
⇒
sink )
-2
4
3h X ) = O
2,3
= sin ( n x ) cos font )
pm = 0 n =L . .
m2
-
, , ,
I
4=1
sinus
integration by parts
x
To
compute ,
we use
"
)
tushy
( I
I -
)dx+ ok
bn fi ) sin
x sink x
-
Hsin
! ( fizwsrxhfzsinlnx
)
tnzsinlnx
o -
t
-
III )
'
2) )
'
= , t win " -
""
* sin * ,
f-
# )
=
¥ Incest's It # sink It In
cost
It sink I
-
I
-
Lhcosfnx)
4
=
, n
,
sin (n 't ) o -
tnzsinlnx
)