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t-mintures-thatex-hit.it
So far , we have
ethnical
-
=
reaction dq= Udp
- Sdtt Eteidni
.
A And
studied system what if
A:B
A and B react with
where B
are not reacting p each other
"""
chemical Potential
( fi )
Fugacity *.
"""
" ""
ironed""
activity coefficient
of ( ri )
Fugacity Minturn
Ideal
in ( Non
*. a component Excess Gibb
's
( %) ( GE )
mixture energy
Chemical
-
Reaction
Equilibrium ②
( At given
Pressure
AtT
Lemp.J
a
Reaction :
Enample and
1-
CHG
+ H2O
CO t 3112
G
where
Handle mixtures Gibbs
in chemical . . .
energy
species are
with each
equilibrium
other Coordinate
Reaction
.
=
-
: =
at
At equilib .
a
At
da
da
dG = Eui Ui
E villi = 0
dG
For chemical eg
.
=
°
Id
Representation in terms of extent of Reaction ③
= CHG 1- Hz 0
+ " 2°
CO + 3
Hz
""
? Hz ← ↳ "
co t initial nz 4
n n
z
0 t=0 ,
3112
=
CH ↳ 1- H2O -
CO -
this reaction
Generalized way
represent to after
0 Reaction
nz -3£ nztt nqtt
t 03^-3+04^-4 I
= n - ,
+ UzAz
-
,
U A , , t= to
coefficient ( after eq
.
'
stoichiometric is achieved)
vi. :
-
a
- a
0 32
Eui Ai =
Changes ✗
reaction in equilibrium .
dn , =
-
✗ = V14
=-3 ✗ = V24
Criterion of chemical Equilibrium : dnz
dG 0 dm } =
✗ = V34
=
-d, L =
V42
Ing =
Can we find a value to
④
Chemical Potential 0
d Eui Mi =
Mi =
= Cte +1^20
Co + 3h2 ↳
?
-
en f -
2
,
Tilt) + RT
? Gi T= 500k
=
U =
in ±
n?
=
RT
th -
^
state
af ? standard
G ? + 12Th fi
lnfyfio
=
y
µ?
RT
Ii
+ , = so ,
µ; =
Pressure 1 atm
Tilt)
-
eliminate
=
conv
p
.
way to
=
one
state
Visualize a standard
st¥eure
-
Euilnfi
?
.
and at a RT
Evi G
-
lnf÷, ] Fi
=
[ G ? + RT = ☐
Eui Mi =o
Equilibrium
?_??M
Gi RT Euilnfi the subtle
( note
=
Eui Please
-
P )
°
T
......;.-
fil
,
between
-
difference
tie
.
,
and f?
Ooi =
- RT it
ln
P° )
-
f ? ( T,
of a
Reaction
change
lectures su_mmaryo_f Last ①
" re
sect.com# 2 Co + 3h2
CH
↳ 1- " 20 ✓
O
1000th
3. Hz
=
CHL, 1- Hzo co
10 atm
-
-
SAT t Eteidni -
p=
da = Vdp -
I
#
Equilibrium
1-ve for Product
Representation go ; Ai = o o ,
=
this equation
to
for chemical for Reactants
applied
a ve
we vi.
-
=
y÷
E
mi vida = 0
0
Eui Ui
=
← Equilibrium
"int "
d%=° a
lnfi
.
RT
Tic-1 ) 1-
[
Mi =
Extent of Reaction
, , , + Relent ? -
standard
µ , g =
state
1
,
Pure substance at
we visualize a -1=1000 k
standard Pressure
P= / atm a
standard state
but at system
eliminate Tilt)
to
¥tre
-
0
=
+ -
-
µ, constant
T.io Equilibrium
1q?gk_ui
-
: ÷ ÷÷÷±
,
p.L.to?aq:a-tatey.- . -=-=E
0
Evite ; =
- n
f
¥ )=0
,
lm ""
Evi ( G ? +
RT
,
n -
p= Press
0
E °
tnfi =
° - are
RT of
qq.cn , +
Fifi React
oa°
Eh( ¥;)
= - RT
-
oof
=
= - RT ln
ñ(¥÷ )°i .
Ptn
standard Gibb 's energy Po =/
atm
09° :
500k , ←
Reaction
r
of
Change
Gibb 's
Difference b/w
standard energy
atm
Po =/
of reaction weighted by 298k
change
,
stoichiometric coefficients
constant ③
'
Equilibrium
-
p= loatn
i 1120-298.15
" Hzt 1-202
/ -1¥;)
Eln
690 =
-
RT
Ini -
state = eatin
Std .
7=298 . 15k
☐ Go M K"
÷
=
"
¥ 2°
1202
-
Mzt
0
oG° =
{ vi. Gi
=\ .
Go - 1 .
G°µz -
1-2%02
1120
?
09°F Hz -1-204%02
Omo M
-
= Evi
;µzo
pab
1-
Evite ?
OG
-
9-
=
" = >
be read from
= 09° ( This can
fitizo
.
ka= enpf¥¥w )
How do we calculate 060 and
keq ④
chemical reaction at
a
15 k
298 .
reaction
following
at 298 . 15 k
1- H2o (g)
co (g)
Hzcg )
G°hz
t °
Coz (g) ↳
Go
Ciao
-
06° + Coz
-
¥i )
H2O
,
ka = enfnf -
0
.
OG } D
Gftezo
☐
Gf
-
=
t 2
co
,
Goo Goo I
OG° .
= G°eo - -
Iz -
,
f, co
-
from table
G Read
oG°f#
=
= co
for five
By convention OG°f ,
zqg.is n
elements is 0 .
How do we calculate keg ⑤
other than
at Temp .
298 . 15 k at
090 for reaction
(
Find
Steffi .
for the
Eq constant 298 15k .
Fmd
. -
reaction at ,, k
following zag
.
ka at
,
pin,
gyygz ,
(-9-2%298-15)
350 K .
Ka =
emf
0
CO 1- Hz
coz 1- Hz
at 350k .
with Temp .
in
How do we find change ⑥
ka with Temperature
Evite ?
d( § )
=
¥ ,
did -
¥-2
"
÷( Eoi Gig ) ,
=
-
RF
,
P
µ:!=-i
✓
ai
4¥ ) ]
-
IT '
,
we can write at
µ. every species , '
on
]
state
④
standard
a
(lnka ) =
RF
( ( ] ¥+2
Gi
)
-
/ Rt = P
"
when
the
For every species we multiply on
°
lnka
,
÷÷=÷
resultant equations :
It Hofftquation
"
÷
"
days
=
1¥ link
.
.
-
'
° almost constant
01>
den " - ←
=
a-
d÷-
with
change
]
Doesnt
ln =
-
-0¥ [¥ ÷ -
0,1¥ :
Temp .
Ka , T' of
-
constant for a wide range
[ Temp .
set of reactions
.
vomit Hoff
equation -
Valid for a
Lange
?⃝
mat.IE#ation sltate
Assume reaction gaseous
)
"
't moderate Pressure
en low
enka
-
g
"
Kai 1T
,
)
n
Vi Vi
)
)
IT P
ka=
=
it ( Yi
.
vi.
i F.)
-
is not Ideal
49 kid Mintune
.
Sol
"
Model "
Ideal
"i
ka= IT ( 8in ;)
n
e
ka=
IT @ c)
fi = Nifi -
t referred
1- = ) is also
?
To
f = f ( p=1 atm , This
"
of Mass Action .
as
Law