Chemical

Reactions
and

Bese
Equations
NOTES
pills

Designed with Baa

.

Shobhit Nisman
 Chemical Equation
1- Balancing chemical Equation

characteristics of chemical Reaction

change
ctehmarfeageaiinurechnasnfeatefflgtign formation
in of
colour precipitate
'→
Endothermic and Exothermic Reaction

Types of chemical Reaction

-

Combination Reaction
Chemical Reactions -

Decomposition Reaction
and Equations Thermal decomposition
-

Electrolytic decomposition
-

Photochemical decomposition
-

Displacement Reaction
-

Single displacement
-

Double displacement
-
Oxidation Reaction
-

Reduction Reaction
-
Redox Reaction

Effects of Oxidation
- Corrosion
-

Rancidity
 ①
Chemical Reactions
A
process in which one or more substances react to form new substances with
chemical identity and
new
property .

Chemical Equation
A chemical equation is the
symbolic representation of a chemical reaction .

Symbols
and formulae of the reactants and products are used for the same .

Reactants products
G- CHIEF ⑥_
condition for
coz tho
windy
Carbon dioxide * Water physical state of
methane + oxygen →
a reaction to q ,

↳ called word equation take place

the
compound
fse-isgfqididiagfgaq.ve out
.

: A chemical equation
# Balanced chemical Equation
element reactant side is
-

in which numberthe
side
of atoms of each on to equal that of product .

Balancing of chemical equation is done

created
to follow the law of conservation
Mass ( mass neither be be destroyed during
'
of can nor a
chemical reaction ) '

The method used for

trial method ( i e
balancing
)
chemical equations
is called hit and
make trials to balance the
-
.

Jugaad as we
the smallest Wh
equation by using number coefficient .

¥ : Balance : Fe H2O
+
Fez Ou t Hz -

set : steps : check the number of atoms of each elements on the reactant .

and products side of the equation .

No of atoms No . of atoms in
Products side
.

Elements in reactants side

Fe I 3

H 2 2

L
O 4
Hiatt salat difference oxygen Vale case Fett ¥ text 3¥ Balance
half Fi )
step : first of all , to balance
oxygen atom we
multiply H2O molecules by 4 .

Fet 44120) -
Fe , Oy t Hz
⑧ HI LT HT compounded tf LI et y af multiply etat (i.e .

Hielo) → Ht
Het at HH 1)
 ②

Steps : once
again check the number of atoms of each elements on both sides .

Elements LHS RHS

Fe I 3

H 8 2

O 9 4
1319 H tf diff .

AST 3112T D
step (: atoms
o

:
Balancing Hydrogen atom
by multiplying Hz with 4 '

Fe +411120) -
Fez Oy -19 Hk )
Now
,
Elements LHS RHS
f-e I 3

H 8 8

0 4 4

Steps : Balancing Fe
by multiplying by 3 on LHS
-

Hfe) t 411120) →
Fezoy t 4 ( Ha )
we Elements !
Bal a nced
can see LHS RHS

g
Fe

sa
s "
H
O
8
4
8
0¥91
III.I SomeZn equations you should practice balancing : (Most likely equations)
coz
→ -1ZnO Coz
Eli, Pbl Nog )z + KI → KNO, -1 PbIz
MiB Olg)
t
021g) → coz Ig)
( Tv) Fesoyls) →
Fez Ods ) t 5021g) t 5031g )
(b Al t Hzsoy -
Abelson ) , -1 Hz
HB Zn t HN Oz →
ZNCN 0372 t H2O -1 1420

answers : I Already Balanced (Lol ! )

EB Pbl NO, )zt 2kt → 2 kN Og t PbIz
this 20cg ) t 02cg )
→
202cg)
fr) 2
fesoycs) -
Fez 0315) t 5021g) t 503cg)
(vs 2 Al t 311250g -
Alzlsoy ), t 3172

HN0z-4ZnlN0gkt5Hz0tNz0@PeapItate.o.an
His 42N t 10

insoluble substance is called precipitate (ppt ) .

 ⑤
Characteristics of a chemical Reaction

colour Fe t cu soy -
Fe soy + Cu
egg :

1-
,
blue blue
green
Change in temperature Cao Hao Calo that Heat
°
t
egg
-

\
,

state
of Haupt 0dg ) Hillel
, -

\
d- to -
liquid
• Evolution of 2n G) t Hz soy Cag) Zn Soykag) t
Hzlg)
gas of
0 -
.

formation of
prece.pl#tateefPblN0z7zcaqItkIcaq1-PbIzEftK,Na0g
°

,
*

fellowsolidppt
Reactions in which
# thermic
E : Reactions
energy is absorbed
o
.

cinemas
ppnai.ws#hmuei:midea-.ca:oztachoeFa.IYaooIio9 @eneqtm.e,
°
Exothermic Reactions : Reactions in which heat is released along with the
T
") formation of products (Digestion is also an exothermic)
EKITI
.

egg Cao + Hao - Calo that Heat

K3④ Itis not always necessary to mention the physical states and reaction
conditions in a balance chemical equation .
so , we can left this step
romp
until it is asked in the question .

types of chemical Reactions fiI# sit example reactions fatale 2119 Heat FD

# t ) COMBINATION REACTION : In a combination reaction two ,

or more
reactants combine to
give a
single product .

Example :

¥15 Quicklime reacts with water to form slaked lime .

Ca Ots ) t HzOld) - Calo H) lag) + heat

,

calcium oxide calcium hydroxide 4 exothermic

quicklime)
( (slaked lime)

K3④ Solution of calcium hydroxide (slaked lime ) is used too white

washing
walls Calcium hydroxide reacts slowly with CO2 in air to form a thin
.

layer of calcium carbonate, on the walls which gives a shiny appearance

to the walls
finally after 2 to 3 days of white washing, calcium carbonate
.

Is formed: -
 ④
slaked home
f
Ca (OH)daq) t coalg) -
Cacozls) t Hold)
calcium calcium
hydroxide carbonate

eg formation of water from hydrogen gas & oxygen gas :

2 Hzlg ) t
021g) - 2 Hall)
hydrogen oxygen
water

egis Burning of coal :

Ces, +
02cg ) -
102197
Carbon carbon dioxide
oxygen
# 2) DecompositionReaction : In a decomposition reaction , a single
reactant breaks down into two or more simpler products .

Eb as
Rally opposite of combination reaction ) .

Decomposition reaction are of 3

types
:

Is Thermal
Decomposition theThese reactions
reactant
: use the
energy
in the form of heat
for decomposition of ,

Examples "
Tas calcium carbonate on
heating decomposes
,
to
give calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide :
D-
Ca ( Oz (s ) > Calls) t
coz Cg )
calcium carbonate Calcium oxide
( limestone) clutch lime)
⑧ → Calcium oxide is used for manufacturing of cement .

(b) ferrous sulphate ,

the
green colour crystals fesoy 7h20
.
on
heating
lose water of crystallisation dehydrated and forms fesoy ,
which on

decomposition gives ferric oxide , sulphur dioxide 502 and sulphur

,

trioxide Sos ferric oxide is solid while 502 and so, are
a
gases
.

, ,
.

2 Fe Souls) Heart Fez Bls) t 5021g) t 5031g )

ferrous sulphate Ferg de sukuk
sulifhuoxpde
ode

(c) On heating lead nitrate , it decomposes to give yellow lead monoxide,

nitrogen dioxide and
oxygen gas
.

Heats 2Pb0cs) -14N

2 Pb INOdds) 021g ) t
02cg)
dead Nitrate lead oxide Nitrogen oxygen
(colourless) (yellow) dioxide
( Brown fumes)
 ⑤

Electrolytic Decomposition or Electrolysis :These reactions involve the use

of electrical for the
energy decomposition of the reactant molecules .

Examples :
Tas electric current is passed through water , it decomposes
when to
give
oxygen and hydrogens
,you,
toughen 2
Hzlg ) t 021g )
water

* When electric current is passed through molten sodium chloride, it

decomposes to sodium metal and chlorine
give gas .

2 Nacelle ) Elev 2 Na is) t Ck Ig)

current
Molten sodium
chloride

iii) Photo Decomposition or

photolysis or Photochemical decomposition :

These reactions involve the use of light energy for the

purpose of
decomposition .

Examples : when
Tas silver chloride is exposed to sun
light ,
it decomposes to
silver metal and chlorine
give gas
.

calls) sunlight Ck Ig)

2
Ag 2
Agis ) t

Silver chloride Silver chlorine

( White) (greyish white) ( yellowish
green)
Cbs similarly ,
silver bromide gives silver metal and bromine in
gas
the
presence of sunlight
.

2 BND enlist
Ag 2A
gls) t
Brig)
⑧→ These reactions of silver Halides are used in black and white
photography .

# 3) Displacement Reaction : The reactions in which more reactive

element displaces a less reactive element from its compound,
it is called displacement reaction This reaction is of two
types :
.
-

Is single displacement Reaction It is type of : a chemical

reaction where element reacts with
an compound a and takes
the place of another element in that compound is called
single
displacement .
 ⑥

Examples :
Fascine Cvg displaces
being more reactive than
Cu soy solution and forms new
Cu from
zinc sulphate
product ,
and Cu metal .

Ents ) t Cusoycaql →
Ensoycaq) t Cuco
copper sulphate zinc sulphate
solution fblue) solution
(colourless)
④ Similarly Iron being more reactive than cu displaces
,

copper from aqueous solution of copper sulphate .

-
Fels) t
Cusoylaq ) -
Fe soy Capt cu
copper sulphate ferrous sulphate
( blue) org Iron III) sulphate )
( Green)
Double displacement Reaction : The reaction in which
two different irons or of atoms in the reactant
group each
molecules displaced by called
are other is called double
displacement reaction
Also precipitation
.

reaction as precipitate is produced in such reactions .

Ya
"
sodium sulphate to barium chloride
adding
white of barium sulphate and
,
a

curdy
solution
precipitate
sodium chloride
a
of are formed :
Nazsoylaq) + Back Cag) - Ba soy te t 2N all lag)
sodium sulphate Barium chloride Barium sulphate sodium
( White ppt) chloride

④ On adding silver nitrate solution to sodium bromide , a

yellow precipitate of silver bromide and solution of sodium
nitrate are formed .

Agnos
silver
lag) t Na Br lag )
sodium
-
Ag Brt
silver
t Ma NO, lag)
sodium
nitrate Bromide Bromide Nitrate
(yellow ppt)
 ⑦

# 4) Oxidation : A substance tin reactant sides is said to be oxidised

it
Oxygen is added ⑧ Hydrogen Removedis .

to it after the reaction and process is called oxidation .

egg cut Oz → Cvo ( Here cu is oxidised due to addition of Oxygen)

# 5) Reduction A substance On reactant side) is said to be reduced if

:

Oxygen is removed ⑧ Hydrogen is added

to it after the reaction and process is called reduction .

Hf ( Here Eis reduced due

addition of
of that Fz → to
hydrogen)
# 6) Redox Reaction : Reaction in which oxidation and reduction both
takes place simultaneously .

AYN" a redox reaction substance

getting oxidised is called Reducing
agent .

And , the substance getting reduced is called oxidising agent .

Examines: reduction
° Mn Oz t Hed - Min Ck t thot Cfa
oxidation
here , Mn Oa is reduced to Mnclz (removal of
oxygen)
HCl is oxidised to Cla Cremoval of Hydrogen)
Mn Oz is
Hdl
oxidising
agent .

is
reducing agent .

Reduction
°
ZnO t C - Eri + co
a

Oxidation
ZnO isreduced to En ceremonial of )
oxygen
C is oxidised to CO (addition of ) oxygen
ZnO is oxidising agent .

C is
reducing agent .

Effects of Oxidation
# L) Corrosion ( IT dat THT ite tf ) when a metal is attacked
:
by
substances around it such as moisture , acid , air , water etc It is .

said to be corroded this

process is called corrosion .
 ⑧

egoIt Rusting of metal

blackening of silver green coating onbodies
copper
-

, , .

causes damage to bridges iron railings

, ships , car ,
and all
objects made of metals
made
especially those which are
up of Tron)
# 2) Oxidation of fat and
Rancidity oils in the food items result in
:

changein the taste and smell We that food items rancid

.

say are
and the process is called
rancidity .

Methodstopreventrancidity :
wafers etc in packets containing
packing
of food items like potato Packed
①

nitrogen gas instead of air .

legs chips)
materials in direct
°
Avoid keeping the cooked food
materials
and food sunlight .

°
Keeping food in air -

tight containers .

o
Refrigeration of cooked food

2020
tmpyds

OR

Name and colour of the compound precipitated :

airs : as -

Lead Iodide ( Pb Ia ) colour is yellow .

b) Equation : PbIN Osh t 2 KI Pb Iz t 2 KNO,-

c) It is double
displacement
reaction .

⑧ of notes
⑧
Pg
-
.

2019

OR
and:
-

(a) Two observations are :

cis colour changes from green to white .

dis Formation of reddish brown ferric oxide ( feats or evolution

of SQ IS Oz gas ) .

④ Decomposition Reaction
(c) heat
2 f e soy Feds + SO, -150g
Ferro:* de Yukon:Easton:*
⑧
⑨ When copper is heated in air , oxidation takes place .

Lbs This black substance is Coo copper oxide)

④ The balanced chemical equation for the reaction
2 Cut Oz -
200

be turned reddish by
Cd, the black coating on theoversurface
the heated material
brown
passing hydrogen gas .

2018

an #I -

Thermal decomposition →
Pg⑨ of Notes .

She will observe colour in test tube A and B from

an 2%
change only
 to colourless in A because aluminium is more reactive
green ,
than iron it will displace iron She will observe colour
.

blue to colourless in test tube B Since aluminium

change
from
all the other 3 metals , It is the most reactive metal
.

.
displaces

an or It is an example of double displacement reaction .

Eton : Naz soy t Ba Cla -

Ba soy t 2N Cd -
a

Naa soy → Sodium sulphate

Back →
Barium chloride
B- a soy -
Barium sulphate
NaCl →
sodium chloride .

( before 2018 Cbse )

.

no
question from all India