1 PAGE NOTES

CLASS 121 CHEMISTRY

DIGITAL NOTES made with
Sir
By-Bharat Panchal

video solution of these 2

Notes
for Notes pdf- Let's connect

harat Panchal sir

E

Bharatpanchal 92
2
Chapterwise one shot
of class 12 Chemistry
Chapterwise P Y Cq
. .

Class 12 Chemistry
S
·
 SOLUTION
AZEOTROPES Constant
boiling mixtures have same

1 PAGE NOTES of composition in vabour phase as well as in liquid phase

form minimum boiling form Maximum boiling

Solution -
It is a homogeneous mixture of two or A zeotrobes a zeotropes

substance 2 Acetone Ethand

more -
8 + accone
uloroform
e
g
.

component present in large amount is called solvent

Colligative Property : Those properties whose value
component present is small amount is called solute
depends only on the concenteration of solute particles
Mass Percentage -%
of Solute = Mass of solute
* 100 doesn't depends upon nature of solute or solvent .

Mass of solution
in Vapour
Parts per million of A
Relative
Lowering pressure :
ppm of A = mass x 106 in
mass of solution
Relative lowering Y P of .
an ideal solution containing
non-volatile solute is equal to mole fraction of
Molarity (M) -

no of moles of solute in per litre solution .

As
solute (4) at a given temperature .

X
By it i Pureusen
=

0 unit =
like Elevation in
Boiling Point :

of moles of solute in ber

BoPE
of solution containing a non

Molality (m) : no .

kg solvent.
volatile solute is
always higher
B x1000 E it isindependent &
Unit eis than b.pt of pure solvent
Kg A To < M

Mole Fraction(X) -
no of moles of a component to the total ATb =
Kom
no of moles solution
of
YA =
W
Watws PB*B Eitisaunitlespendent of Hap e
Where kp-molal elevation constat/Ebulioscopicant
Unit of Kb -KKymol
Given temb
At
SOLUBILITY :
Maximum amount of solute dissolved
nature of solvent.
,
value of Ko depends upon

solutionbecomesSaturated
in200m2Solventsothat Depression in Freezing Pot the

insolubleim Non-Polar
substance and
foot of solution
containing a

non-volatile solute is always

In exothermic , solubility decreases with increase in temp
.
-

lower than fibt of pure

In endothermic solubility increases with increase in temp,
,
Solvent
HENRY LAN >
-
Partial pressure of a gas is proportional
↑
Henry Constant ATFXM
its mole fraction b
Krill
to =

Atf =
If XM
RAOULT'S LAW mole brachion & gas
where kfmolal depression constant/Cryoscopic
At a constant temperature , the partial constant

vapour pressure of each component in solution is equal OSMOTIC PRESSURE: Pressure applied on soll
the product of vapour pressure of pure component side to stop Osmosis is called osmotic pressure
.

multiplied by its mole fraction π4C -

Q
↑ = RXCXT
TXT -C
-
Temperature
PA =
D'A XC4A i Pr b XCA
=

Gas constant molar

IDEAL SOLUTION conce

·
Interaction of A-B are equal to interaction of A-A MA MB =
,
A and B are isotonic
· which obey Raoult's law
and B-B Ai
.
MA > MB , hypertonic
Bi hypotonic
PA + PB
bi ·
AYmix 0
-

=
Pe
=

PF- ABNORMAL MOLECULAR MASS Such molecular mass

· AHnix = 0
either
i
that are lower or
higher than the expected

U-Heptan or normal values

equ-Hexahe +
i Normal
A 2 =
Mole Fraction CA = 0 Van't holf factor : =
molar mass
B =0
CCB 1=
Abnormal molar mass

NON-IDEAL SOLUTION A-B interactions are not

degree of dissociation degree of associdition
equal to interaction of A-A and B-B
.
(X) = i -
1 x
i 1 =
-

which doesn't obey Raout' -

3
.
· AV O H -
1
Law
Relating lowering in 10
Ap
·
AUTO B
POSITIVE DEVIATION NEGATIVE DEVIATION

A-B interaction are weaker

A-B interaction are Elevation in Boiling Point Ab = &XKbXm
A-A and
A-A and B-B interaction stronger than
Depression in Point Atf = xkXm
than
-B
B interaction Freezing
AVmix = tre & Vmix = -
Ve Osmotic i
pressure = &XCXRXT
Almix = Are -Umix = -ve
 conductors : substance which allow the electric current

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1 PAGE OF flow it.
to through
The power of an electrolyle to conduct electric current is
Conductance
Branch of chemistry that deals with the intercon-called or conductivity
.

Conductance (C) C H/R

chemical energy
=
-

version of electrical and

reverse of resistance Unit-ohmy
.

=
or S(siemens
Types of cells increases dilution
on as larger
glon
~ no

Elecholy Electrical energy into chemical energy e produced

PANIC ·
non spontaneous redox reaction. Conductivity (k) == Unit = ohmtm-
decrease on dilution number of ions ber Cm3 decrease
Electrochemical
Cell-chemical energy into electrical energy
as

LOAN
spontaneous redox reaction Cell Constant (4 ) * = /A Unit = Cent out

Cell Notation Molar Conductivity (Am) :

M/M" //
+ +
M /M Unit 2 CM Mot e

KX80000
nm
=
=
15 XX or
or Sm2 mol

Eiell =
Ered-Foxi -Increase with dilution due to large increase in V.

I standard ER-E
=

Conductivity Jain am
electrode potential
of cell]
Limiting Molar or

when concentration of electrolyte abbroaches Zero

variation of conductivity with concentration

Electrode Potential I tendency of an electrode
lo
Debye-Huckel
either lose gain 20 when itis

and
or
Onsager equ
placed in its own solution Or
D
1 - kx [Strongprote
measured
I

Am =
Ni AITC
The potential difference blu the electrode
cuscoon
and electrolytic solution is called electrode potential
.
Tweaktrolyte)
SoloE [Standard Hydrogen Electrode] iTC -
is the referance electrode KOHLRAUSCH LAW

#magamama
It choosen to
at
calculate standard electrode potential
Ni Electrolyte XinCation =
+ Xim Avion
of other electrodes
degreeof = -Dissociation =
-
&

() m

As Anode :
"2 -2n ++ Led

As Cathode : 24 + + 2e0 -H2 Faraday's first Law : Amount of substance depo-

Electrochemical Series :
Arrangement of various electrodes
-
sited or liberated at electrode is proportion
to the
in order of increasing standard reduction has amount of .
charge passed
·

potential
. W < Q wa amt Of substance deposited
Li Lithium 3 05V
Oxidising Power <S R P < 1 W = IXIXE 2 electrochemical equivalent
- .
=
. .

K Potassium
-

2 .
93V S . O A
.
W Mass xIxt += time in sec
# 96500C
Calcium
Reducing
Ca UXF
-

2 87V .

Power 45 . 0 .
P
= .

Al Aluminium 1 66V So Rop

Faraday'sSecond Law
- :

:
zu Zinc
0 F6V
Electrochemical series,
-

cut. of metal A & A

.

In Equivalent cit
·

E
.

Iron -

0 .
HAV =

Ni Nickel -

0025V reactivity of metal decreases wit

of metal B Equivalent cut.
If B .

lead 0 13 V from top bottom Li is Cell

Be to Pry
-
.

At Anode-
.

In >
-
In2 + + 200
Hydrogen 0 00V .

most reactive metal

At Cathodet [NUpT + 2MnO + 228 -2MnOCON) +
Cl Copper +0 37V &NUy
reactivity of non-metal
,
.

Aq silver + 0 80 V .

increases from top H-O2 Fuel Cell

Bromine to
Be + 1 08V :

Allode < H2 + 4010 -440 + te0

All Gold ↑ 1050V bottom , Fr is most reactive At

F flowing + 2 87V .
.
non-metal At Cathode O2 + 2420 + H20 >
-
&One

· concentration of soll
Lead storage Battery [During Discharging]
Electrode Potential At Anode : Pb S08-+
PbSO1 + Le0
>

4 .
Nature of metal
240
depends upon At Cathode PbO2+ SOP + In + 228 -PbSO4
+ +
:
·
Pressure temperature
,
NERNST EQUATION >
-

Corrosion of iron ...

Ecell Excell
0591 log I
-

At Anode-Sfe >
-
& fe2+ thee

At Cathode 02 + 44 + + 400 >

- CH O
,

14 -FEcel AG HF Ec Flee 091 ligke

=
= =
Overall reaction
-

<fe + 02 + 44 + >
-
LE ++ 2H0
 1 PAGE NOTES OF
Rate =
- dTR]/dt Orkt =
Ro-R or ty =
CHEMICAL KINETICS FIRST ORDER REACTION :
rate depends
2K

upon

of chemistry that deals with one concentration term of reactant

The branch the study of
Vale of reaction , mechanism and factor affecting + 09
303 log a initial
K 2
[a
=

. = =

rate of reaction ,
is called chemical Kinetics
.
COUCo] K

in the molar concentration in terms of pressure

RATE Of REACTION change K
203 log ,
: =

of reactant or product per unit time ot

ZERO ORDER FIRST ORDER
Rate of Ry4 +
R
-P
R
-
=
=

At .
Plot of rate US concentration

I Rate
X TYPES Le
Rate
Average Rate Instantaneous Rate .

rate over a long time interval rate at a particular instant COUC - COUC -

R > P
integrated
-

Plot of rate equations

ravg =
=
At
Vinst =
-dR =
To
E T
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF REACTION
-
- concentration of reactant Physical state on t t
Catalyst*
a
Temp -
surface Area of
Plots of half lives VS initial concentration
- Presence of sunlight reactant

Energy
*
Activation
RATE LAW : aA + bB - Product
t t
and is actual
Rate =
KTAJCTBJPC are
used concentration term - -
a - a

RATE CONSTANT It is equal to the rate of reaction PSEUDO FIRST ORDER -

Those reaction which

when the concentration of each reactant is unity
. are not truely of first order but under certain
· It is also called specific reaction rate ou
Velocity conditions becomes of first order inversion of sugar
·
It depends upon temperature constant
Es [sH1206 CH1200 Rate
C12H22012 + H2O + =
K [C2H22Oy2]
Order of reaction sum of power of concenteration
terms in rate law expression
. It is determined Arrhenius Equation
experimentally
. K = Ac- EaIRT
= Intercept = In A

aA + bB - Product Order = <+ B

log K =
lgA - Slope
Rate =
KTAJ TBJP RT
↑
↳

Ea
=
-

-It can be zero . where K =

Rate constant In K R
be fractional
aItcan Pre-exponential factor
A =

be explained for complex reachinthe

Ea = Activation Energy TiTemp 0

MOLECULARITY REACTION : number of molecules 2/ -

OF

logtEaRTET /T
plot blu Ink vs
of reactant
taking part in elementary reaction
·
It can be 1, 2 3
,
....
but can neither be zero The number of collision e

now tractional the molecules

taking place per second bew unit
reacting
.

·
It has no
meaning for complex reaction . volume is known as Collision
Frequency
UNIT OF RATE CONSTANT: Ea/RT P-Pcalled the probability or stevic factor
rate PEAB C
(concentration) -"Sec-
=
As + Collision
frequency for reactant A & B
=
1-h Role of Catalyst :
chemical substance which alters
(MOL
a
K = (-1) sec-1
the rate
zero order (n d = Unit of K moll Sect
of reaction without
undergoing any
chemical
=

change Path Catalyst

first Order (n 1)
Rx
= Unit of K =
Sect A without Reaction Path

-Ramanometa
e

Order (H = 2)
Second Unit of K =
mol (Sec
↳
----------------
-
·

ZERO ORDER REACTION :the rate does not

on the concentration of any reastant
depends
Reaction Co-ordinate
 1 PAGE NOTES OF cause - If orbitals have very poor
shielding effect
left to right nuclear charge increases and radius
devehe
The d-and -Block Elements
consequences
General Electronic Confi .

(U-1) d -10 490-2 ·

separation of
af elements becomes difficult
M Pt & B Pt
.
.
-

High due to
strong metallic .
bond Strength of metallic because there is small difference in their properties
.

bond due to unbaired 20

.
·

4d and 50 tramition series have same atomic radii

Enthalpies of Atomisation
High due to
strong interatomic interaction ·
Basic character
of hydroxides of Lanthanoides deceases
Oxidation State Variable Oxidation state dule to participation of
+
-

from left to
right Lacon), most Basic
us and (n-1) & electrons [Highest in 3d Series Mu InColl> least
Atomic Radi basic
Decreases from left to
right , in midway size remain
-

same and in the end of series

size increases. Difference blu Lanthanoids and Actinoid
COMPLEX FORMATION form complex due to nuclear charge , small
high Actinoids
size metal ions and availability of empty d-orbital
Lanthanoic -

0 n
to accept
↑

lone pair of 20 donated by ligands

C ompounds
coloured form coloured compounds due to d-d transition , que ·
They exhibit mainly +3 .
S They exhibit +3 Oxi State
to unpaired eo.
Alloy formation addition they show +2 and in addition they show
similar atomic radii alom of one metal
Due to small ,

metal
easily replace the atom of other
can
Oxidation +H +5, + 6, + 7 Oxi State
.

small aloms
+4 stat ,
·

Interstitial Compound Due to in their lattices

empty space ,

accommodated.
show Actinoid
can be easily paramagnetic They show Lauth avoid They
and their compounds
are .

Magnetic Properties Transition metal ions

in (n-1) & orbitals and
due to presence of
unpaired 20
contraction contraction
it is calculated formula M= ↑
n(n + 2)
by using is number of unpaired
co
where ·
Most ions lanthanoic Most ions Actinoids
of
n

Oxides in
higher oxidation state are acidic
,
lower oxidation state are of
Basic whereas in the intermediate oxi State are
.
amphoteric are colourless are coloured
.
+4 +F
+2 +
8/3
Mn8 MnzOx MnOz MuzO7 Greater
lesser tendency to form tendency to
·

Edic
Amphoteric
-

Basic
complex form complex
Potassium Dichromate [K> Cr201]
They do not give oxo
They give oxocations
· ·

2
- vost , Pub+ el
-

- Over↑ 7
179pM eg .

[ 00
-

cations
O Cu
CrOp2-
of 163pm -0-
/ ·
their compounds are · their compounds
Dichromate ion chromation are more Basic
less Basic
Prepara tion
they non-radioactive They are radioactive
·
H2SO & are
NaO7
.

NGzC03 Kulv, Of
N9CO >
-

Felson
bot Dichromate (except Promethium)
Dichromate
·

sod
.
Ferrochromate Sod .
Chromate

1 PAGE NOTES OF
cons - eor Karon K , Cr27
-
-

--
>
Iz
s S

CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
-
orang e

G
SU2 + Su4 +
oxidising
>
-

in acidic medium &+ febt

oxidising action
Property
>
-

X
-

>
- X2 Addition Compounds -
formed by combination of
CR20y2+ 14H+ + 600 >
- 2Cr3+ + FRO

Potassium
two or more
simple compounds
Permanganate (KMUO4) Double Salt Compound
Coordination
Deep purple crystalline solid
, oxidising agent , having m bt 240%
which dissociate its
O
completely retain identity both
I MnO2 Perolite ions
into its in solid state and in solution
Mu .
2
q K2S04 Alz (501)z 24 H O 3+
[CoCNHs) s]
·

KONT, N
e
g
.

se
.

Potash alum
Ht Y
WERNER THEORY
&

KMnO4 K MnO
Mor
[Permanganate [0] MnO2+ KMnOy 4- >
+
-

explain the nature of

Pot Pot Permanganate in
Manganate bonding complexes , metal show two kind of
. -

Oxidising Action in Acidic Medium

Oxidising Reactions in Neutral Medium
...
Valencies
Mnoci + 84 + + 520 - M + 4H0 MnOT +
2H,O + 32 O - MnO + 40H-
I t oxidise
,
Primary Valency Secondary Valency
-fet Oxalic acid >
-
CO2 +
H I
-

> 10 = Non-directional and ionisable Directional and non-ionisable

H > S
-

and to is equal to the coordin

2-
HpS SO >
HaSUD S20, SOU equal Oxi State of It
-

> S
-

MnOa
-
>
-
, MUSO + >
-
·

Mn2 + MUDz central metal ion number of metal

- - 12 HO, >
-

O NaS2Os >
-

NaySOp >
-

(thiosulphate
(
to sulphate
LIGANDS atom, ion molecule which donate
INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS [F-Block)
These are or

love pair of 20 to central metal atom

.

Lanthanoids (4f) Actinoid (55) ON THE BASIS OF CHARGE

enters in
last20 enters in #f last 20 ~
ve ligando the
ligande Neurtal ligands
obstal 5f orbital H: WH CO :
SN-, Fi, C -, NOz NOst , NOT, , ,

General electronic confit (U-2) fl (n-1)d""us & NOj ,

OH-, O- NH4T Cky"NHL
CANTHANOID CONTRACTION
decrease in atomic and BASIS OF NUMBER OF DONOR SITES

ionic radii from lanthanum to Intetium

. The gradual
Monodentale Bidentate Polydentate I

more that
only one donor Two donor o
and steady decrease across the period site site
 the metal atom ion under the
BASIS OF NUMBER OF DONOR SITES
influence
or

of ligands can use (n-1)d , us , ub , no

Orbitals for hybridisation
Monodentale Bidentate Polydentate
only one donor Two donor more than two Hybridisation CON Geometry Example

site site donor site

Sp 2 linear
[Ag(CN) ,
)
CH2COOP
H8: Fits C00' Trigonal planar [HgIzT
-

, oxalate NX CH COO- Sb2 3

boo- -
Tetrahedral ? NiCCO)n] Zu
ston
,
Sb3 4
CH2-NHz Ethylene CH 200 square planar <NICCN)
< dsp3 4
-

N
diamine
-Nitt ,
CH,COO-
square pyramidal fe((0)j
EDTA dSb3 5
3+
d <Sp3 6 Octahedral (inner [Cr (NH3)))
CHELATING LIGAND a bidentate or boly dentate ligand
than in Sp3d2 6 Octahedral (outer) (fefj73-
which form more one co-ordinate bond
such a that a ring is formed
way Paramagnetism < No .
eo
of unpaired
AMBIDENTATE LIGAND -

Monodentate ligand which

magnetic moment= 1
n(n + 2)

contain more than one ↳ no of unpaired ea

co-ordinating alons .

strong field ligand like Weak field ligands

MFNOL like u : Br Hi : are
MESCN MECN CNO , NOL, CN, NH, cause
MFOND
M + NC unable to cause pairing
MENCS pairing of ce
qe0

ISOMERISM : Two or more substance have same CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY :

molecular formula but different structure or

-

Metal-Ligand bond is ionic in nature

. So, there

is electrostatic force of attraction blu metal and

spatial arrangement are called isomers
eigands
Structural Isomerism for Octahedral Complex for Tetrahedral Complex
· Ionisation -
Hydrate
[Co Bu (NHs)5] SO+ [CU (H20)sT H=
5Co SO p (NM))5) Bu [ Cu (120)5 4J4: HO
- Linkage >
- Co-ordination

[CO (NOC)(NHS)= C [Co (NHy)6] [CU((N)6]

[ CoC(Np] [ Cr (NH3)6]
[Co CONO (NHs)5] C shake of d-orbitals

&
STEREO ISOMERISM
Et
=
>
-
x
Geometrical optical

This isomerism arises

↳ same ligands occupy due to non-super imposable
adjacent Position
mirror images # If Do < P
,
a high spin complexis formed .

Trans same ligands occuby

complex is fre
onlyinoctahedralcomplete
-
-

opposite Position EfDo)P, a low Spin one

You donate
-

in Square Planar In Octahedral Trans

can
Cis

Active) (optically
MA2Xz X- Coptically inactive)
MABX2 MAXXs MAjXz .
e
g [Co42(en),It

: <T Ri
MAzXY A Tt
↳
C
Cis Trans
L
4
MABXY Co Co -
I I
/

SPECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
en

Arrangement of ligands
in the order of increasing field strength
field
field
Weak
>
- Increasing order strong
ligande of (FSECDO) ligand

I < BUL SCNO < C-4 S2-(F < On < OX < 120 <

NCs - < edta"-/NHs < en < NOL < CNOCO

Valence Bond Theory :

ACC to this
theory metal-ligand bond arises
due to the donation electron
of pais from ligande
to central metal atom
 (

1 PAGE NOTES OF R-X +

AgNO2 -
R-NOz

HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

. R-X + KNO2
- R-OND

R-X + RIONa - ROR'tNax] Williamson

synthesis
obtained by replacing one or more Hatom
by Mydro us ELIMINATION REACTION
PREPARATIONS OF HALONKANES H H H

H-c C↓-C-H
f
-

+ KOH(alc) -CUs-CH CH2 =

U ·
#FROM ALCOHOL 4
R-OH +HX -R-X + HO nis

CUCUCK-CUs(major
R-OH + PXy - 3R-X + HyPOy
Kolcald)
CH3-SHz-CR-CM
+ a

R-OH + PH - R-U + POU + DU

,

R-OH + SOC-R-C + SQ(* ) + UU(*)

REACTION WITH METAL
#FROM ALKANES C Ry with
Mg R-X +
Mg dreacher *
R-MgX
CHy-CHz-CHz + H2 CHy-CHz-CKzD + CHz-CH-CHy Wurt Reaction R-X + 2N9 + X-R dinmer R-R +>
-
2 Nax
#FROM ALKENES
Fittig Reaction *X + 2Na +** deerK) -
+ 2 Na

CH-CH +He CHs-(M-Chy

= C
2
Br Wurk Fittig Ra R-X + 2Na + X- RuE) + 2 NaX

CH-CH CH2 + UB- R

M
=
BU Bu
CHs -CHz-CN2 A .
Ullmann Reaction X + 2M + x + 2CX

CH2 CH2 + BUz

= CH2-CH2 NOTE low reactivity of haloarene towards nucleophilic
Ch2
X2*K CHz-C substitution reaction due to
Ch = is C-X bond acquires
-

Chi-CH2-CHF CH2 +
some double bond character due to resonance
# HALOGEN EXCHANGE
presence of Eok G like -

NO2 , CN etc at 0 ·
and b-
dry
R-X + Nal-R-ItNaX
acetone
RoX + AgF -R-f + AgY positions increase its reactivity toward Nucleophilic Subaction
· Finkelstein Reaction ↳ Swarts Reaction is
*
Halogen atom slightly deactivating and 0-
b-directing
.

,
.
PREPARATIONS OF HALOARENES
#Halogenation
X
Electrophilic substitution Reaction
--
11ij +2 &I i e
Ann
ecks
- or L
- 0
- -
Chlorination
NHz Nell
C
+ C s + 1/
X
O

↳ FROM BENZENE DIAZONIUM 1 ke

↑
°

SALT -5 C
0

IFTNaNO2+ HU --
3/
/- - 4 &

# Conchos is
I
Nitration
is I I
Erwo
Not at
- NO2 I I
SAND MEYER +

neRMANN
·
REACTION iX
e -

A K

L sultation
I

Rxh with KI
NU
+ HBF> >
-
TS84
01 +
*

i - Ch 4 SOgH
Anhy All -
Friedal
RTIE 10) ,I
.

(C > ,
-
t 1
X craft Alkyl
.

'CHy ation

insoluble
A cons
i Friedal
water Chscoc
·
X
+
tL I / craft
Bopt < Mos Mass B Pt Alkyl Part Size B
PE nching locks Acylation
.
· .
.

·
Bond Strength R-F > R-C > R-BUL R-J POLYHALOGEN COMPOUNDS :

stability of C-X Bond R-F) R-U > R-BU) R-I with two halogen atoms
Pagens Compounds
BoPt lodoarenes) bromoarene (Chlow avene) fluowarene Vicinal dihalides Both halogens at adjacent C-aloms

x* x
MPE x D-isomers have highest
x mopt due to symmetrical
Geminal dihalides Both halogens at same C-alom
.

str .

) Chloroform CHCs
NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION is in the
Rox N40 -R-NU + XO
It slowly oxidised by air presence of light
+

SN2 [Unimolecular Nucleophilic) SN2 /Bimolecular Nucleophili

to an extremely poisonous carbonyl chloride
gas ,

Rate [R-x] [Nu8]

also knows as phosgene 2CHUs + O <COR taNU
- =
K [Rox] - Rate =
K
Phosgene
-Two step reaction - Single Step reaction
-
Favoured by Polar Profic favoured Polar Aprotic
Jodoform (CHIs) It is yellow coloured crystalline
-
by
Solvent Solvent solid with characteristics unpleasant odour .

Inversion of Configuration
* Racemic Mixture is Obtained Tetrachloromethane [Cc] is colourless
It oily liquid
>
-

Reactivity Order 3:2010 -

Reactivity Order 1>20)3e with sickly smell .

Leaving Group R-F <R-U /R-BU < R-I from Chlorofluoro carbon of methane and ethane

are collectively known as floors

.

R-X + NaOH -R-OU + NaY H

cag) DDT Dichloro Diphenyl Trichlow UEX' i
ethane
CYEXC-CI 4
-

R-X + NaCN -
A R-CEN -

R-X +
AgCN - R-NEC
 1 PAGE NOTES OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL

ALCOHOL, PUENOL AND ETHERS R-OH HX-R-X + BO

·
Rynwith HX : +

R-H
-
H
ROM
CH Kon R PRO-R ·

Dehydration 4

-G *
f I

Com
e
12 PM · H-
Y C
de

Str
. O -
96 PM 136 PM -
= Hee
, 1
:

* -
-- H
k
-O

My
T ...

-
Yo8
#
H - 1 1. 7
CH3 ge .

Ether has 112 70 due

·
Oxidation
Phenol have less To]
.

due to (p-1p repulsion ToS

bond length due to bulky alkyl group 1 alcohol , Aldehyde > Carboxylic Acid
to double bond character

1 Alcohol E Aldehyde
PREARATION OF ALCOHOL Ol
ut f To)
zo alcohol , Ketone
·

By Catalysed hydration
Acid (Hz-CH =
Ch
, +H0 >
-
CHJCH-Ch
3

Hydroboration Oxidation ACIDIC NATURE OF PHENOL

Bos One
·

chs-Cn =
CU, CUzCh n
On Phenol > HOL Alcohol
on ofis
2
FROM GRIGNARD REAGENT on

H20/4+ E WoG increaseacidity -

Y2- 04 Mg
.

i = 0 +
RMgX -Y c -0 + I
...
> -/
---
-- E
-
DoS decrease acidity
"ingx .

No ch
i) RMg X LUCAS TEST FOR ALCOHOL :

YC = 0
ii) mount 1 :
Alcohol Y C= 0
isRMgX> 2 Alco e
:

: alcohol
1
netince > No
Turbidity
RMg X 2 Alcohol UC + Inc Turbidity in 5 mins
.
PROTC is
30 Alcohol
,
+>
immediately
0
3 alcohol
Turbidity
=

ii)
:
Un + Tuck
420/n ,

BY CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
R = 0
NaBUP
> I Alcohol =0
NaBha
,
2 Alcohol
:
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PHENOL
n Off COUc UNOs .

> ON - - PR-NOz
I I-OI
PREPARATION OF PHENOL /- Ol
"NOL
Los
S
SO3U Brz Br X Br -

[a9.) 10/
-

i) NaOU, It
kil
<

i Yr
X

/
o Bruin CS2
Mis
I
- 120 warm / /
-
I

Lo
BV
I
Dows -
f KOLBE'S REACTION ONC On
NaOU 623K , 300 ah
10 1 ii +
,

o+Naon-Kot
I
> i
I i) CO2 C ook
X-
-, UC , 10/
Phenot in Ut &
Chy-CU-CH3
I i) Oz
-
Camene REIMER- TEMANN REACTION : NG
Loy
O
ii) H20 /l + On
I I
P NO -- CHO

o
CHO
NaOU ** M
·

CHC + NaoU - E I of -
PREPARATION OF ETHER
>
Los -

CHy-CH2At CzUgO
Oxidation Reduction

Li
-i Dehydration of Alcohol

on Nascrof +
re s e
Get
X-R-R-O-R + NaX
, in o the e

·
Williamson Synthesis R-ONG + -

be used in this method Benzoq, vinone

Ary halide can not
-
NOTE

because ary halide do not undergoes TEST OF PHENOL

nucleophilic substitution reaction Fells Test >
- Violet colour
-
If
alkyl halide is 1, then other will be formed
. BUz-H20 Test -> while pot
-If alkyl halide is 3 , then alkene will be formed
. Azo-Dye test ->
Orange Colour

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHER

· BoPt < no .

of Carbon atoms R-O-R + UX -

R-X + R-OH

· BPt <
1/Branching CH34 - OkCh on
Sch
>
Anly Alz 1-I t - /
B Pt of alcohols and phenols are
higher ·
·

-
Cly
.

lol
PCH3
than those
of hydrocarbons haloalkanes & haloarenes Bre in ocUsBr
Loy
x
X
, S + I ·I
CUCOOM
solubility in water due -Bonding
-
to
·

. X 'Br
<4 size
Solubility of alkyl Cons H2SO4
OCUS
Pocs
·
or any group I
&
--
NO2
·
0-Nitrophenol is more volatile than p-nito CONC HNO 3 .

Les +

phenol due to intramolecular -Bonding

 1 PAGE NOTES OF
REDUCTION [Uz/Ni Or Pt or Pd , LiAlUq , NaBUa]
ALDEHYDE, KETONES R ( Red
R-CH2-04 [19Alcohol]
AND CARBOXYLIC ACID
0
.
=
>
U

Red
RYSHOON
.

C = 0 > [20 Alcohol

Carbonyl compounds are sp2 hybridised containing
i c 0 functional group are called aldehyde
RemmencedTo TheHg
Ich th
=

o
and kelone
(T 0 Chic 0) = =

Wolf-Kishnevic = 0 -
N-NH
Konlethylene
> Y <H2+ 40
PREPARATION OF ALDENYDE : Reduction
&
HALOFORM REACTION by compounds having Given

Pd/BaSO4 R-"
R--c H
chs-di- Clz-i-group
-

Rosenmund Red4 : +He and Halo form

-

Stephen Redh : R-CEN

SuC2+ H4
, R-CHO
R-B-CHy N9OX
,
RIOONa + CUX> + NaOU

HyOt ALDOL CONDENSATION > Aldehyde and Kelones

having at
-

CHO
Gattermann Koch Ry"
↑ least in the presence
:
<CO 14 4-hydrogen undergo reaction
10 &
+
> T one a

-/
~ Anly Alls/Cese of dil. Alkali to give B-unsaturated Carbonyl compound
CHz SHO
.

C= 0
I
CrOzUz G + CH,
,
ES
Etard Reaction - CHz (n-Cech-Ger
l
-
C= -

Los The
,
Naon
Hoot ↳ ↳ I
PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDE & KETONE : CANNIZZARO REACTION - Aldehydes which do not have
↑

I alcohol
H
Cl Aldehyde
-Hydrogen atom undergo disproportionation on
heating
- -
[B -
< -
04 - CUs-CH0 with concenterated alkali
573K
H
as
2
(ETCH0) + ConcNaOn -Eychon +** COONG
CUs-so , skyP
2 : alcohol e = 0 Keto
- -
573K PREPARATION OF CARBOXYLIS AGID
From R-CH-OK R-CHO E R-coon

9309 CHzECh
Alcohol :

from Alkyne CHECK + 10

from Alkylbenzene :
<Chs 14M404-10n x
> 10 F Co
Ho + X
CH-C-1 ,
a from Griguard Reagent : R-M9X
!
o= C= 0 > O = C- Oh

ki
Hy Of

From Benzene CO-AUIR from Nitriles : &

+ Ar/ K R-CEN + 40 , R--NK ThO R-C-ON

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ·

They exist in dimeric form due to intermolecular

· Boot order :
hydrocarbons < ether <aldehyde < Ketone
hydrogen bonding
Calcohol < Carboxylic acid -

Higher bept than aldehyde kelones .

alcohols
·

or
Soluble in bonding
,
·
water due to hydrogen ·

solubility decreases with increase in Coatoms

.
·

Higher members are insoluble in water due to

ACIDIC NATURE :

large hydrophobic part

.
due to the
Carboxylic acids
·
are most acidic format-
ion
of carboxylate ions
-

which is resonance stabilised

.
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTION NG
·
EW G increase the acidity & E D 4 decrease acidity
Y on
NU
.
.

St
No
.
.

YC 0
100
=

L
·
More is of s-character more is acidity
*

·
More is Electronegativity of E .
kG more is
acidity
Reactivity order : steris and
[dueelectronic
to DECARBOXYLATION Ry R-COONG + NaOU , R-U + NGCOs
Aldehyde) Kelone
E
reason] X2 + RedP
HV2 Reaction R-CH2-Coon
Ruch-cook
,
. . .

HCH0 > RCHO) PhCHO >RCOR) RCOPh > PUCOPH

R /04/1 +
- OR +HO > R

> <= 0 + HCN - >C -

on R--on -

Pls PCS
or
Riccs Tho
ca or 300 in Pyridine

Addion-Elimination Reaction NU3 /A R BN4 H &

-

T -2 - YEN- +He
<= 0
HN is deactivating and directing
*
+ -
Cook meta

Cook 400k cook

Brz -
2 = H
, Alkyl , aryl , -04
, NU2 , NU-Ey
NOz
T L ConCNNs
107
V
LoI
Febry
> -
By

NH CONN2 i
1 -
-

NH-* NO
 1 PAGE NOTES Of AMINES DIAZONIUM SALT
NH2 N
Amines formed by the replacement of NaU + &H O
4 of
EL/
*
are A
NANO2 + HG C
Lo!
+ + ,

ammonia by alkyl /args group

.
This reaction is also know as diazotization
1 Amine : Amine
2 30 Amine reaction
.

R-NHz R-NH-R R-N-R Diazonium salt are colourless , unstable , soluble

k in water and neutral to litmus
PREPARATION NIC
:

e
I
su/H4 Cl/UC - sandmeyer reaction
L↳
or

R-NO2 ES/HU
x R-NH2 x))
/
R-CEN LiAlHP
R-CH2-NH2 Lo UX/C Powder
↳
X

l'os Gattermann reaction

> X
Y .

R-X + R-NU2
NHy * -
-
5
KI
"Los
O - Iodobenzene
R- Y -NH R-CH2-NU2
*
- Schiemann Ren
Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation HBF4
Y K Balz

R-CONH2+ BU + &KOH -R-NH2 + 2 KBU + K,LO + CHO

HzPOz+ H2O -

Gabriel puthalimide Synthesis > H O

on

aliphatice
I

only H2O -
XCO- KOH, RX
LXco-NH no na , Run I Los
,

CHICH2OU -
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Y L + N2* +
CHzCHO THU
-
CARBYLAMINE RXY
R-NH2 + S44 y +3KON -RuNC
Ex-on
ACYLATION R-NPz R-NU-G-R tHU
+ R'COU -
-Ny-
-
on
Coupling reaction
HINSBERG
R-NM U-S0 -Ex
R-N-SO Xsoluteall
+
-
-
- b-hydroxy azobenzers
REAGENT
corange)
R-NH-R U-SO2 X -RN-SO2Ex Ensoluble
+

XXNreaction X-N-Ex a
R-N-R + 2- S02- - No Reachin
e D-amino 920 benzene .

· The
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
solubility decreases but boiling point increases
You can donate
with increase in molecular

Ri
mass.

·
The order of boiling point - 1
:

>2 ° 3 amine
·
The order of solubility - 10720 30 amine

the order of
basicity
in gaseous state : Jamines 2 Amine lamine
in aqueous solution ;
20 amine > 30 amine > 10 amine > NHS
[for R < 245]
=

[for R = CHz]
20 amine > 10 amine > 30 amine > NHS

ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION

NHz
NU
Br N Br
1
-
id
-
+ By =>
-

I ·,1
-

·
Bre
NHz i
Chor's C
-ChNO
-
O
Y
-

>
+ BV -

-
NH2
o video solution of these Ia
NH2
x

1) + HNB E
NH2
-
I
+
-
·

-NO2 I
(0) &
e for
Notes

Lo
Notes pdf- Let's connect
X -
No Marat Panchal sir
(47Y) (2 %) wa Bharatpanchal 92
NHz :G of -Ch NHz
(52 %)
Chapterwise one shot
2
Ch ,

Koo Chemistry
I
HNO , of
-

-
+ _ class 12
Jo/1

osh
-

NUT
-

-
+ MaSo -
Sulphanilic Acid)
1 PAGE NOTES OF
PROTEINS
BIOMOLECULES
These are the polymers of 4
-

amino acids connected to each other by

Those chemical substance which form the basis of life peptide bond or peptide linkage .

in they buld up living system as well as responsible Proteins rolysis

, Peptide Mydrolysis 4-amino acid
for their growth
. str .
of proteins R
Peptide linkage
CARBOHYDRATES : Optically active
polyhydroxy
↳
UN-K-coo
4-CH-CO-N-P-Co
e
↳
aldehyde or ketones , or the compounds which produce
such units on hydrolysis . Neutral Amino Acid no ·

9-NU2 90 = no ·

Of-Coongb
classification on hydrolysis de
Basic Amino Acid no -q-NH2 96 > Ho ·

Of-coongb
Monosaccharides
de

Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides Acidic Amino Acid no ·

9-NU296 < no ·

of-coongb
.
I
Simplest carbohydrates Give 2-10 mono- gives 100-3000 Essential Amino Acid Non-essential Amino Acid
saccharides monosaccharides
can't be hydrolysed
-

can't be synthesised in can be synthesised in

BASIS OF REDUCING PROPERTY body must be supplied body eq alanine ,
I ↳
Reducing
Sugar Non-reducing
Sugar through diet e .

g Valine aspartic acid ele

can reduce Tollen's Reagent can't reduce Tollen's Fibrous Protein Thread like
eq Keratin , myosin ele.

and felling solution Contain

.

reagent fehling sol"

and Globular Protein Spheroidal eg insulin , albumin ele

free aldehyde and Ketone gb . e.

g Sucrose polysaccha
,
rides Tertiary Overall folding Primary -

Sequence of
ribose
G Glucose, fructose ,
-

.
e He 2-amino acid
of the polypehicle ⑳
*
chain Stro
secondary-shapeonding
de
Note ·

starch-storage in plants Quaternary spatial -

arrangement of subunits
Glycogen-in animals DENATURATION OF PROTEIN :
Protein loses its biological
Cellulose - cell wall of basteria and plants
. activities due ph change
to and temperature change

SENI YMES
2 and remains intact (
FAldosesContain aldehydegroupSoe
it str destroyed 10
Tybes 30 . .

: These are biocatalyst used to catalyse

Disaccharides
ef sucrose -DCA Glucose & DCE Fructose biochemical reaction. They are very specific
Maltose-X-D-glucose + X-D-Glucose [12(4] VITAMINS small organic molecules required for proper
Lactose-B-D-Glucose + B-D-Galactose [4 & (2] functioning of cell -

Sucrose (Non-Reducing) 4 of X-glucose and 2 of A Xerophthalmia E Muscular

Weakness

B1 Beri-Beri [Biotin] loss of hair

B-fructose are held together by glycosidic linkage H

time .
On hydrolysis it changes from dextro (t) to laevolt
L
Scurvy
K Blood Clotting
B12
·

Pernicious Anaemia
is called invest sugar D Rickets

CHEMICAL Vitamin B & C are water soluble A D, E, K fat soluble

-cook ,

PROPERTIES This reaction confirm

NUCLEIC ACID Also known as polynucleotide
OF GLUCOSE ('non) &
the presence of
Str Of
PhosphatePenhose Nikogeneous [A , e G

conGluconic aldehydegroup e.
= ,
Nucleotide Sugar
A-Adenine 4-Guanine (*Cytosine
4- This reaction
N T Thymine [in DNA] U-Uracil [in RNA]

Carbala
U -
C= 0 *

cimons & I
McN (noul As
confirm the
presenc a
Nucleoside - Penlose
Sugar + Nitrogeneous base
Ro No A
·Ho con straight Do No A
[Ribo Nucleic Acid]
chain of [Deoxy RiboNuclicAcia]
Glucose Cyanohydrin n-hexane
--atom
This reaction confirm ↓ HNO 3
·
Sugar-p-D-2-DeoxyRibose Sugar -BD-Ribose
·
Base - A 4, CT Base -A, 4 C, U
the presence of This reaction confirm the , ,
COOH ·
Str .
-
Double helix Str .-

Single helix
carbonyl group .

(anon) presence of Primary

a
·
can replicate can't replicate
alcohol
joon ·

Transfer heredity effect ·

Responsible for
Saccharic acid from one generation to protein synthesis
next generation
STARCH Polymer of 4-glucose have2 components

we diden
,

Amylose (15-20 % ) water soluble

Amylopectin (80-85 %) -water insoluble

- Linear

branched
w a
M