18/03/2022

Stoichiometry

Review of 


is often used to balance chemical equations.
Make sure that the equation is balanced
For example, the two diatomic gases, hydrogen and oxygen, can combine

Stoichiometry
to form a liquid, water.
 2H2 + O2  2H2O
 is also often used for the molar proportions of elements in stoichiometric
compounds. For example, the stoichiometry of hydrogen and oxygen in H2O
is 2:1.
 In stoichiometric compounds, the molar proportions are whole numbers
(that is what the law of definite proportions is about).

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Stoichiometry Atoms or
 is the calculation of quantitative relationships of the reactants and products in
Flowchart

chemical reactions.
rests upon the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions and the
Molecules
AVOGADROS NUMBER
law of multiple proportions.
Divide by 6.02 X 1023
Law of Conservation of Mass
 “The total weight of the substances entering into a chemical change is equal
to the total weight of the substances produced.”
Multiply by 6.02 X 1023
 Whatever you used in the reaction, that is the total weight produced after Moles Multiply by
the reaction atomic/molar mass
 Reactants and the product from periodic table
Divide by
atomic/molar mass
from periodic table
Mass
(grams)
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Law of Definite Proportions Moles

 “When elements combine to form a  The mole does not describe the weight or shape
compound, they do so in a definite of a compound. It describes the quantity. One
proportion by mass.” mole is 6.02 x 1023.
 The mole is just a number like pounds or yards
the abbreviation for moles is mol. Just like
Law of Multiple Proportions converting yards to feet, the mole can be
 “The masses of one element combined converted into different things too.
with a fixed mass of another element in a  There are different kinds of mole conversion
different compound of the two elements problems. There are moles to grams, moles to
molecules, moles to liters, and vice versa.
are in the ratio of small whole numbers.”

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Molar Mass of Compounds Cookies and Chemistry…Huh!?!?

 The molar mass (MM) of a compound is  Just like chocolate chip
determined the same way, except now you add cookies have recipes,
chemists have recipes as well
up all the atomic masses for the molecule (or
 Instead of calling them
compound) recipes, we call them reaction
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 Ex. Molar mass of CaCl2 Ca
equations
 Avg. Atomic mass of Calcium = 40.08g 40.08 17
Cl
 Furthermore, instead of using
 Avg. Atomic mass of Chlorine = 35.45g 35.45 cups and teaspoons, we use
moles
 Molar Mass of calcium chloride =
40.08 g/mol Ca + (2 X 35.45) g/mol Cl  Lastly, instead of eggs, butter,
 110.98 g/mol CaCl2 sugar, etc. we use chemical
compounds as ingredients

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Calculations Chemistry Recipes

 Looking at a reaction tells us how much of
molar mass Avogadro’s number something you need to react with
Grams Moles particles something else to get a product (like the
cookie recipe)
 Be sure you have a balanced reaction
Everything must go through before you start!
 Example: 2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl
Moles!!!  This reaction tells us that by mixing 2 moles of
sodium with 1 mole of chlorine we will get 2 moles
of sodium chloride
 What if we wanted 4 moles of NaCl? 10 moles?
50 moles?

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Chocolate Chip Cookies!! Practice

1 cup butter
1/2 cup white sugar
1 cup packed brown sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 eggs
2 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 teaspoon salt
2 cups semisweet chocolate chips
Makes 3 dozen
How many eggs are needed to make 3 dozen cookies?
How much butter is needed for the amount of chocolate chips used?
How many eggs would we need to make 9 dozen cookies?
How much brown sugar would I need if I had 1 ½ cups white sugar?
 Write the balanced reaction for hydrogen gas
reacting with oxygen gas.
2 H2 + O2  2 H2O
 How many moles of reactants are needed?
 What if we wanted 4 moles of water?
 What if we had 3 moles of oxygen, how much hydrogen
would we need to react and how much water would we
get?
 What if we had 50 moles of hydrogen, how much oxygen
would we need and how much water produced?

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Stoichiometric Calculations
The coefficients in the
Mole Ratios
balanced equation
give the ratio of  These mole ratios can be used to calculate
moles of reactants
and products the moles of one chemical from the given
amount of a different chemical
From the mass of  Example: How many moles of chlorine is
Substance A you can use needed to react with 5 moles of sodium
the ratio of the (without any sodium left over)?
coefficients of A and B to
2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl
calculate the mass of
Substance B formed (if
it’s a product) or used (if
it’s a reactant) 5 moles Na 1 mol Cl2
= 2.5 moles Cl2
2 mol Na

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Stoichiometric Calculations Mole-Mole Conversions

C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O  How many moles of sodium chloride will
be produced if you react 2.6 moles of
chlorine gas with an excess (more than
you need) of sodium metal?

Starting with 1.00 g of C6H12O6…

we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O…
and then turn the moles of water to grams
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Molar Ratio Moles - Mass

Ratios are found within a chemical equation.
 Most of the time in chemistry, the amounts
2HCl +1 Ba(OH)2  2H2O + 1 BaCl2
are given in grams instead of moles
 We still go through moles and use the
coefficients give MOLAR RATIOS mole ratio, but now we also use molar
mass to get to grams
2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole  A student had 12 grams of carbon and needed to find
of Ba(OH)2 to form 2 moles of out how many moles of carbon he had. First what he
H2O and 1 mole of BaCl2 would find the molar mass of carbon (the atomic
mass).
 The atomic mass of carbon is 12.011 g/mole
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Mole-Mass Conversions Practice

 Calculate how many moles of oxygen are
required to make 10.0 g of aluminum oxide
 Example: How many grams of chlorine are
required to react completely with 5.00 moles
of sodium to produce sodium chloride?

2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl

5.00 moles Na 1 mol Cl2 70.90g Cl2 = 177g Cl2

2 mol Na 1 mol Cl2

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Practice Mass-Mass Conversions

 Calculate the mass in grams of Iodine
required to react completely with 0.50
moles of aluminum.
 Most often we are given a starting mass
and want to find out the mass of a product
we will get (called theoretical yield) or how
much of another reactant we need to
completely react with it (no leftover
ingredients!)
 Now we must go from grams to moles,
mole ratio, and back to grams of
compound we are interested in

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Mass-Mole Moles - Grams

 We can also start with mass and convert to
moles of product or another reactant
 We use molar mass and the mole ratio to get
to moles of the compound of interest
Calculate the number of moles of ethane (C2H6)
needed to produce 10.0 g of water
 2 C2H6 + 7 O2  4 CO2 + 6 H20
10.0 g H2O 1 mol H2O 2 mol C2H6 = 0.185
18.0 g H2O 6 mol H20
 To find the number of moles, all you have
to do is divide the grams of the substance
by the molar mass.
 12 g / 12.0 g = number of moles of carbon
 1 = number of moles of carbon
 Therefore the student has 1 mole of
carbon.
mol C2H6

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Mass-Mass Conversion Limiting Reactant: Cookies

1 cup butter
1/2 cup white sugar
 Ex. Calculate how many grams of 1 cup packed brown sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
ammonia are produced when you react 2 eggs
2.00g of nitrogen with excess hydrogen. 2 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
1 teaspoon baking soda
 N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3
1 teaspoon salt
2 cups semisweet chocolate chips
2.00g N2 1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 17.06g NH3 Makes 3 dozen

28.02g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol NH3 If we had the specified amount of all ingredients listed, could we make 4
dozen cookies?
What if we had 6 eggs and twice as much of everything else, could we make 9
= 2.4 g NH3 dozen cookies?
What if we only had one egg, could we make 3 dozen cookies?

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Practice Limiting Reactant

Most of the time in chemistry we have more of one reactant than
 How many grams of calcium nitride are 
we need to completely use up other reactant.
produced when 2.00 g of calcium reacts  That reactant is said to be in excess (there is too much).
with an excess of nitrogen?  The other reactant limits how much product we get. Once it runs
out, the reactions. This is called the limiting reactant.
 It limits and stops the reaction
 It produce less or least amount of the product produced

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gram ↔ mole and gram ↔ gram conversions

When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:

Limiting Reactant
2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)
 To find the correct answer, we have to try all of the
reactants. We have to calculate how much of a product
a. How many moles of N2O5 were used if 210g of NO2 were produced? we can get from each of the reactants to determine
2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)
which reactant is the limiting one.
? moles 210g Units match
 The lower amount of a product is the correct answer.
 The reactant that makes the least amount of product is
210 g NO2 mol NO 2 2mol N 2O 5 the limiting reactant. Once you determine the limiting
= 2.28 moles N2O5 reactant, you should ALWAYS start with it!
46.0g NO 2 4mol NO 2  Be sure to pick a product! You can’t compare to see
b. How many grams of N2O5 are needed to produce 75.0 grams of O2? which is greater and which is lower unless the product is
the same!
2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)
 You cannot easily determine the limiting reactant unless
? grams 75.0 g
you compute how much product is/are produced
75.0 g O2 mol O 2 2mol N 2O 5 108g N 2O 5
= 506 grams N2O5
32.0 g O 2 1mol O 2 mol N 2 O 5
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Limiting Reactant: Example Finding the Amount of Excess

 10.0g of aluminum reacts with 35.0 grams of
chlorine gas to produce aluminum chloride. Which  By calculating the amount of the excess
reactant is limiting, which is in excess, and how reactant needed to completely react with
much product is produced? the limiting reactant, we can subtract that
2 Al + 3 Cl2  2 AlCl3 amount from the given amount to find the
 Start with Al: amount of excess.
10.0 g Al 1 mol Al 2 mol AlCl3 133.5 g AlCl3
= 49.4g AlCl3  Can we find the amount of excess
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol AlCl3
potassium in the previous problem?
 Now Cl2:
35.0g Cl2 1 mol Cl2 2 mol AlCl3 133.5 g AlCl3
= 43.9g AlCl3
71.0 g Cl2 3 mol Cl2 1 mol AlCl3

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LR Example Continued Finding Excess Practice

 15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of iodine.
 We get 49.4g of aluminum chloride from the given 2 K + I2  2 KI
amount of aluminum, but only 43.9g of aluminum  We found that Iodine is the limiting reactant, and
chloride from the given amount of chlorine. 19.6 g of potassium iodide are produced.
Therefore, chlorine is the limiting reactant. Once
the 35.0g of chlorine is used up, the reaction 15.0 g I2 1 mol I2 2 mol K 39.1 g K
= 4.62 g K
comes to a complete. 254 g I2 1 mol I2 1 mol K USED!

15.0 g K – 4.62 g K = 10.38 g K EXCESS

Given amount
Amount of Note that we started with
of excess
excess
reactant the limiting reactant! Once
reactant
actually
you determine the LR, you
used should only start with it!

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Limiting Reactant Practice Limiting Reactant: Recap

1. You can recognize a limiting reactant problem because
 15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of there is MORE THAN ONE GIVEN AMOUNT.
iodine. Calculate which reactant is limiting 2. Convert ALL of the reactants to the SAME product (pick
any product you choose.)
and how much product is made. 3. The lowest answer is the correct answer.
4. The reactant that gave you the lowest answer is the
LIMITING REACTANT.
5. The other reactant(s) are in EXCESS.
6. To find the amount of excess, subtract the amount used
from the given amount.
7. If you have to find more than one product, be sure to
start with the limiting reactant. You don’t have to
determine which is the LR over and over again!

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