Unit IV - Lecture 12

Chapter 3

Chemistry
The Molecular Nature of Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations
Matter and Change
Fifth Edition

Martin S. Silberberg

Copyright ! The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems Figure 3.7

The formation of HF gas on the macroscopic and molecular levels.

3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

3.4 Calculating the Amounts of Reactant and Product

3.5 Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry

Figure 3.8A three-level view of the chemical reaction in a flashbulb. Balancing Chemical Equations

translate the
statement

balance the atoms

adjust the coefficients

check the atom

balance

specify states of
matter
 Sample Problem 3.8 Balancing Chemical Equations Molecular Scene
Molecular Scene
Combustion of Octane
PROBLEM: Within the cylinders of a car’s engine, the hydrocarbon
octane (C8H18), one of many components of gasoline, mixes
Combustion of Octane
with oxygen from the air and burns to form carbon dioxide
and water vapor. Write a balanced equation for this
PLAN: reaction. SOLUTION:
translate the C8H18 + O2 CO2 +
statement H 2O
balance the atoms C8H18 +25/2 O2 8 CO2 +
9
H 2O
adjust the coefficients 2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 +
18H2O
check the atom 2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 +
balance 18H2O
2C8H18(l) + 25O2 (g) 16CO2 (g) + 18H2O
specify states of
matter (g)

Sample Problem 3.9 Balancing an Equation from a Molecular Table 3.5 Information Contained in a Balanced Equation
Depiction
PROBLEM:This molecular scene depicts an important reaction in nitrogen Viewed in Reactants Products
chemistry (nitrogen is blue, oxygen is red). Write a balanced Terms of C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
equation.
Molecule 1 molecule C3H8 + 5 molecules 3 molecules CO2 + 4 molecules
s O2 H 2O

PLAN: Determine the number and formulas of each molecule. Arrange this
information in equation format using the smallest whole-number
coefficients. Add the appropriate states of matter.
SOLUTION: Reactant circle has one type of molecule with two N and five O, Amount 1 mol C3H8 + 5 mol O2 3 mol CO2 + 4 mol H2O
N2O5. (mol)
Mass (amu) 44.09 amu C3H8 + 160.00 amu 132.03 amu CO2 + 72.06 amu
Four molecules present. Product circle has two different
O2 H 2O
molecules. Mass (g) 44.09 g C3H8 + 160.00 g O2 132.03 g CO2 + 72.06 g H2O
First molecule
4 N2Ohas
5
one N8and
NO2two
+ O,2 NO2, and the other two O,
Total Mass 204.09 g 204.09 g
OO2. 2 (g)
2 N2O5 4 NO2 + O2
There are eight NO2 and two O2 molecules.

Summary of the mass-mole-number relationships

Solving Stoichiometry Problems Figure 3.9
in a chemical reaction.

write balanced
equation

convert mass to moles

use mole ratios

convert moles to mass

 Sample Problem Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Sample Problem Calculating Amounts of Reactants and
3.10 Products 3.10 Products
PROBLEM: Copper is obtained from copper(I) sulfide by roasting it in SOLUTION: 2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)
the presence of oxygen gas) to form powdered copper(I)
oxide and gaseous sulfur dioxide. (a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol of copper(I)
sulfide? 3 mol O2
(a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol of copper(I) 10.0 mol = 15.0 mol O2
sulfide? Cu2S 2 mol Cu2S
(b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0 mol of copper(I) (b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0 mol of copper(I)
sulfide is roasted? sulfide is roasted?
(c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86 kg of copper(I)
PLAN: 10.0 mol 2 mol SO2 64.07 g
oxide? write and balance equation = 641 g SO2
Cu2S SO2
2 mol Cu S mol
2 SO 2

(c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86 kg of copper(I)
find mols O2 find mols SO2 find mols oxide?
2.86 kg Cu2O 10 g mol Cu2O
3
Cu2O
Cu = 20.0 mol
kg2O 143.10 g Cu2O
find mols O2 Cu2O Cu2O
find g SO2
3 mol O2 32.00 g kg O2
20.0 mol O2 = 0.959 kg O2
find kg O2 Cu2O 2 mol Cu2O mol O 2 10 3g O
2

Sample Problem Writing an Overall Equation for a Reaction

3.11 Sequence Figure 3.10 An ice cream sundae analogy for limiting reactions.
PROBLEM: Roasting is the first step in extracting copper from
chalcocite, the ore used in the previous problem. In the
next step, copper(I) oxide reacts with powdered carbon to
yield copper metal and carbon monoxide gas. Write a
balanced overall equation for the two-step process.
PLAN: Write balanced equations for each step. Adjust coefficients so
common
product in step 1 is used up in step 2. Add equations and cancel
common 2Cu S(s) + 3O (g)
SOLUTION 2Cu2O(s) +
2 2
: substances.
2SOO(s)
Cu 2(g) + C(s) Cu(s) + CO(g) multiply all coefficients
2
by 2
therefore: 2Cu2O(s) + 2C(s) 4Cu(s) +
2CO(g)
add boxed equations:
2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) + 2Cu2O(s) + 2C(s) 2Cu2O(s) + 4Cu(s) + 2SO2(g) +
2CO(g)
or 2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) + 2C(s) 4Cu(s) + 2SO2(g) +
2CO(g)

Sample Problem Using Molecular Depictions to Solve a Limiting- Sample Problem Using Molecular Depictions to Solve a Limiting-
3.12 Reactant Problem 3.12 Reactant Problem
PROBLEM:Chlorine trifluoride, an extremely reactive substance, is
formed as a gas by the reaction of elemental chlorine (green Cl2(g) + 3F2(g)
spheres) and fluorine. 2ClF3(g)
(b) When the reaction is run again with 0.750 mol of Cl2 and 3.00 mol
(a) Name the limiting reactant, and draw the container of F2,
contents what mass of chlorine trifluoride will be prepared?
(b) after
Whenthethereaction
reactionis iscomplete.
run again with 0.750 mol of Cl2 and 3.00 PLAN: (b) Determine limiting reactant and calculate grams of ClF3.
mol of F2, what mass of chlorine trifluoride will be prepared?
SOLUTION:
PLAN: Write a balanced chemical equation. Determine the number of 2 mol ClF3
reactants available, number of products that can be formed, (b) Moles ClF3 = 0.750 mol Cl2 x = 1.50 mol ClF3
1 mol Cl2
reactant used up first is the limiting reactant. Draw container
contents after reaction. 2 mol ClF3
SOLUTION: Cl2(g) + 3F2(g) Moles ClF3 = 3.00 mol F2 x = 2.00 mol ClF3
(a) 1 Cl molecules to2ClF
2 3 F 3(g)
2 molecules form 2 ClF 3
3 mol F2
molecules. There are 3 Cl2 and 6 F2. 3 Cl2 92.45 g ClF3
requires Mass (g) ClF3 = 1.50 mol ClF3 x = 138.7 g ClF3
9 F2 and 6 F2 requires 2 Cl2. Therefore, F2 is 1 mol ClF3
limiting
and 1 Cl2 will remain after the reaction that
forms 4
ClF3.
Sample Problem Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product Sample Problem Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product
3.13 in Reactions Involving a Limiting Reactant 3.13 in Reactions Involving a Limiting Reactant
2 N2H4(l) + N2O4(l) 3 N2(g) 4+
PROBLEM:Hydrazine(N2H4) and dinitrogen tetraoxide(N2O4) ignite on SOLUTION
: H2O(g)
contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapor. How many mol N2H4
grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00x102 g of N2H4 and Moles of N2 1.00x102 g = 3.12 mol N2H4
2.00x102 g of N2O4 are mixed? from N 2H 4 32.05 g
moles N2H4 N 2H 4
PLAN: Write a balanced chemical equation. Find the number of 3 mol N2
3.12 mol = 4.68 mol
moles of reactants given. Determine limiting reactant, number 2 mol N2
N 2H 4
of moles and grams of product formed. N 2H 4
mol N2O4
Moles of N2 2.00 x 102 g = 2.17 mol N2O4
from N2O4 92.02 g N2O4
mass of N2H4 mass of N2O4
moles N2O4
divide by M limiting mol N2 3 mol N2
2.17 mol N2O4 = 6.51 mol
mol of N2H4 mol of N2O4 multiply by M mol N2O4 N2
molar ratio N2H4 is the limiting
g N2 28.02 g
mol of N2 reactant because it 4.68 mol = 131 g
mol of N2 N2
produces less product, N2, N2 mol N2 N2
than does N2O4.

Sample Problem Calculating Percent Yield

Figure 3.11 The effect of side reactions on yield. 3.14
PROBLEM: Silicon carbide (SiC) is made by reacting sand(silicon
dioxide, SiO2) with powdered carbon at high temperature.
Carbon monoxide is also formed. What is the percent
yield if 51.4 kg of SiC is recovered from processing 100.0
kg of sand?
PLAN: SOLUTION
write balanced equation : SiO2(s) + 3C(s) SiC(s) +
2CO(g) 3
10 g mol SiO2
100.0 kg = 1664 mol
find mol reactant SiO
kg2 60.09 g SiO2 SiO
SiO2 2
SiO2
find mol product mol SiO2 = mol SiC =
1664
40.10 g kg
find g product predicted 1664 mol = 66.73 kg
SiC
mol SiC 103g
SiC
actual yield/theoretical yield x
100 51.4 kg
percent yield x 100 = 77.0%
66.73 kg

Sample Problem Calculating the Molarity of a Solution

Figure 3.12 Summary of mass-mole-number-volume
3.15
relationships in solution.
PROBLEM: What is the molarity of an aqueous solution that contains
0.715 mol of glycine (H2NCH2COOH) in 495 mL?

PLAN: Molarity is the number of moles mol of

of solute per liter of solution. glycine
divide by
volume
concentration (mol/mL)
glycine 3
10 mL = 1
L
molarity (mol/L)
glycine

SOLUTION 0.715 mol 1000

: glycine mL = 1.44 M glycine
495 mL 1L
soln
 Sample Problem Calculating Mass of Solute in a Given Volume
3.16 of Solution Figure 3.13 Laboratory preparation of molar solutions.
PROBLEM: How many grams of solute are in 1.75 L of 0.460 M
sodium monohydrogen phosphate buffer solution?

PLAN: Calculate the # moles of solute volume of soln

using given the molarity and multiply by M
volume. The formula for the solute
is Na2HPO4. Determine mass of moles of solute
solute. multiply by M
grams of solute

SOLUTION 1.75 0.460 moles

= 0.805 mol A
: L •Weigh the solid needed.
1L Na2HPO4 C Add solvent until the solution
•Transfer the solid to a reaches its final volume.
0.805 mol volumetric flask that contains
141.96 g = 114 g Na2HPO4 about half the final volume of
Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4 solvent.
mol Na2HPO4 B Dissolve the solid
thoroughly by swirling.

Figure 3.14
Sample Problem Preparing a Dilute Solution from a
Converting a concentrated solution to a dilute solution. 3.17 Concentrated Solution
PROBLEM: “Isotonic saline” is a 0.15 M aqueous solution of NaCl.. How
would you prepare 0.80 L of isotonic saline from a 6.0 M
stock solution?
PLAN: Number of moles of solute volume of dilute soln
does not change during multiply by M of dilute
dilution but the volume does. solution
The new volume will be the moles of NaCl in dilute soln =
sum of the two volumes, that mol NaCl in concentrated soln
is, the total final volume. divide by M of concentrated
soln
L of concentrated soln

Mdil x Vdil = # mol solute = Mconc x

SOLUTION: 0.80 L soln0.15 mol VNaCl
conc
= 0.12 mol
L soln NaCl
0.12 mol L soln
= 0.020 L soln
NaCl 6 mol
28

Sample Problem 3.18Visualizing Changes in Sample Problem Calculating Amounts of Reactants and
Concentration 3.19 Products for a Reaction in Solution
PROBLEM:The beaker and circle represents a unit
PROBLEM: A 0.10M HCl solution is used to simulate the acid
volume of solution. Draw the solution after
concentration of the stomach. How many liters of “stomach
each of these changes:
acid” react with a tablet containing 0.10g of magnesium
(a) For every 1 mL of solution, 1 mL of
solvent is PLAN: Write ahydroxide?
balanced equation. Calculate the mass Mg(OH)2
added. moles of Mg(OH)2. Determine the moles
divide by
(b) One third of the solutions volume is boiled acid, then the volume of acid solution
PLAN: The total number of solute particles does not change only the volume M Mg(OH)
mol
off. needed to neutralize the antacid. 2
of the solution. Find the number of solute particles after each volume mol ratio
SOLUTION
change.
SOLUTION Ndil x Vdil = Nconc x : Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + mol HCl
: Vconc 2H2O(l) divide by
mol Mg(OH)2
0.10 g Mg(OH)2 = 1.7x10-3 mol
Vconc 1 mL 58.33 g L HClM
(a) N = N = 8 particles x = 4 particles Mg(OH)2
dil conc x 2 mL Mg(OH)2
Vdil
2 mol HCl
1.7x10-3 mol = 3.4x10-3 mol HCl
Vdil 1 mL Mg(OH)2 1 mol
(b) N
conc = Ndil x = 8 particles x = 12 particles Mg(OH)2
Vconc 2/3 mL 1L
3.4x10-3 mol = 3.4x10-2 L
HCl 0.10 mol HCl
HCl
 Sample Problem 3.20Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems for
Reactions in Solution Figure 3.15 An overview of the key mass-mole-number
PROBLEM:In a simulation mercury removal from industrial wastewater, stoichiometric relationships.
0.050L of 0.010M mercury(II) nitrate reacts with 0.020L of
0.10M sodium sulfide. How many grams of mercury(II) sulfide
form?
PLAN: Write a balanced chemical reaction. Determine limiting reactant.
Calculate the grams of mercury(II) sulfide product.
SOLUTION: Hg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) HgS(s) +
2NaNO3(aq)
L of Hg(NO3)2 0.050 L 0.020 L L of Na2S
Hg(NO3)2 Hg(NO3)2
multiply by x 0.010 mol/ x 0. 10 mol/Lmultiply by M
M )
mol Hg(NO L mol Na2S
3 2 x 1 mol x 1 mol HgS
1 HgS
mol
mol ratio 1 mol Na2S mol ratio
Hg(NO3)2
mol HgS = 5.0x10-4 mol = 2.0x10-3 mol mol HgS
Hg(NO ) is theHgS
limiting HgS
3 2
reagent. 232.7 g
5.0 x 10-4 mol HgS HgS = 0.12 g HgS
1 mol HgS