RESOURCES AND O'EVELOPMENT

Resources

Origin Exhaustibility Ownership Status of

Individual develop
Biotic Abiotic
Renewable Non renewable
-

community Potential
( living) ( Non -

living)
National Developed
Continuous Recyclable non recyclable
International
-

•
flow Stock
Eg metals
.
Eg .

possie
Eg wind
.

,
fuel Reserves
water

•
Ownership :

it Individual :
e.g .

farm plot , ,
house etc .

④ Community :
e.g .
temple park playground
, , ,
etc .

iii National : All the land within political boundary and oceanic
area upto 92 nautical miles .

① International : The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of

exclusive economic
gone .

• Status of Development :

]i Potential : Not utilised to fullest (solar in

Rajasthan)
it Developed :
Quality and quantity is determined for usuage .

Eg . Coal , petroleum .

iii Stock : Not have sufficient technology for utilisation .

Eg .
Hao has two essential gases tea and Oz but we can 't
 Separate them with current technology .

ID Reserve : Can be used with present technology but is kept for

future .
Eg .

forest ,
dam water .

Why do we need development ?

1) Depletion of resources

ID Accumulation of resource in few hands

④ Exploration has caused global winning .

-
Due to these reasons ,
distribution of resources has become essential
for a sustained quality of life .

"
Sustainable development ( 9992) :

→
Development without damaging environment .

"
Rio earth summit :

900-1 heads First international

of state met earth summit

a
Agenda 29 :
→
Declaration signed by UNCED at Rio ,
which aims at achieving
global sustainable development .

Why Resource Planning ?

*
For balancing the use of resources at national state and
,
local level .

•
Eor Roe :

BIN Madhya Pradesh we have rich amount of minerals

, .

it On the other hand Arunachal Pradesh has good water resources

but lacks in infrastructure .

iii whereas , Rajasthan has good solar

energy but lacks water .
 Resource Planning in India

I Identification and inventory of resources :

Surveying mapping quality
, ,

and quantity analysis

it Evolving a
planning structure : Provided with appropriate technology
skills and institutional setup

Matching resources development plans with overall national

development plans .

What India had learn from Colonials atone

•
Resources can contribute to development only when they are
accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional
changes .

•
We need to conserve resources because over utilisation and irregular
consumption off resources lead to socio economic and environmental
may
problems .

Gandhi
"

raised his concern

saying that There is
enough for everybody's
•

"

need but not for anybody 's greed .

•
He blamed greedy men and modern tech for exploitation off resources .

Land Resources
* It is important because most of our activities are dependent on

land .

Eg . Economic activity transport

, , wildlife ,
farming etc .

Plan
~ Mountain
43% India 30%

Plateau 27%
 Land Utilisation

Forests Land not available Fallow Land Net sown Area

for cultivation ( net area sown

current other than with crops)

Permanent Land under

fallow land current fallow
cultivable
(uncultivated land (uncultivated
pastures and miscellaneous waste land
9--5 years)
for less than for
grazing tree crops ( incultivated
grows (not
9 year )
land
included in
for more

than 5
years)
sown area )

→
Epedarea : Area sown more than once in a
year
1-
Net sown area

Land use
pattern

Dependsuponphyseiod
factors Heman loaders
i)
Eg 9) Geography et population
'
-
.
→

ii) soil density

Climate ii) Technology
* Land Use pattern in India : Total geographical area : 3.28 million km

b) Available : 93%

c) Net sown area : 54%

Varies from 80% to

Haryana
and Punjab to 90% in Arunachal Pradesh
and Mizoram .
 Forest Area
If 33% is desirable area according to national forest policy ( 9952) .

ii. Important for ecological balance .

Livelihood of million people depends on forest .

* WAI Er :
Rockery ,
dessert and arid area .

Cause of land degradation

→
95% of basic needs are obtained from land .

→
Human activities .

→
Mining causes deforestation .
and dust to atmosphere .

→
Industrial waste is responsible for land and water pollution .

Total degraded area = 930 million hectare

28% 56%
forest degraded Water eroded

Solution
-
of
-
Afforestation
¥adation Proper management of grazing

Planting shelter belt

Management of waste land

Control activities
mining
Proper discharge of Industrial waste
 Layers offset :
→
Top soil
→ Sub Soil
→ Weathered parent rock
→ Unweathered parent rock

* Forces of nature such as temperature ,

action of running water ,
wind
ett contribute to
formation of soil .

Alluvial Soil

New alluvial Old aluvial

( Khadar) ( Bangar)
•
More fertile •
Less fertile
•
Fine particles •
Kankan particles

→ Most indespread in India .

→ Covers entire northern plains

)
.

→
Deposited by Himalayan rivers
(Ganga ,
Indus

→
Highly fertile .

→ Good in
potash ,
lime , phosphoric acid .

→ Wheat , sugarcane paddy pulse

, ,
crops .

{ Such
Duars ,
soil is
Chas and
common
Terai }
Black Soil
[ Regular Soil ]

[ Black cotton soil ]

→
Decare trap region of Decare plateau ,
Malwa , Madhya Pradesh ,

Chattisgarh .

→ Made of lava flows .

→
Develop during summer for aeration
cracks .

→
Clay particles high moisture hold capacity
,
.

→
Rich in Cacoz Mg Potash and lime , ,
.

→ Poor in phosphorus content .

→
Best for cotton .

Red and Yellow Soil

→
Develop on igneous rocks .

→ Low rainfall areas of eastern and southern part of Decare

plateau Orissa Chattisganh

, ,
.

→ Reddish colour due to iron deposits .

→ Occurs yellow when it is in hydrated form .

Laterite Soil
→
Tropical subtropical region with alternate wet and dry season .

→ It is result
of intense leaching due to heavy rain .

→ Acidic in nature .

→ Occurs in southern state ,

Maharashtra Orissa West Bengal
, ,
.

→
Appropriate technology and techniques can help in growing tea and

coffee in hilly areas

of Karnataka ,
Kerala , Tamil Nadu .

* Red laterite soil in Andhra Pradesh Tamil ,

Nadu are

suitable Cashew nut

for .

Arid soil
→
Mainly found in Rajasthan .

→ Red to brown in colour .

→ It is sandy in texture ; saline in nature .

→ Lacks humus and moisture .

→ The soil become cultivable with irrigation .

→ Kankan are
found in lower horizon due to Cat concentration .

Forest Soil

→ It is
found in mountains .

→ It is loamy and silty in

valley and course
grain in upper slopes .

→ This soil experiences denudation .

→ Acidic in nature with low humus .

Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation

Soil Erosion

Gully lion Sheet erosion

when soil is when water flows
washed away in as sheet over the
it wash
deep channels .

large area ,

away a complete layer

of soil .

ISIL Erosion : Removal of soil cover and subsequent washing down

of top soil .

{ Lasandbadafterand .
gully erosion become unfit for cultivation and known
}
{ In Chambal basin ,
such bad lands are called ravines .
}
*
Defective methods of farming also cause soil erosion is
ploughing
in wrong way .
 Soil Conservation
→
Counter Ploughing
•

Ploughing along the counter lines can decelerate the flow of water
down the slopes .

→
Strip cropping
•

Strip of grass to be grown between the crops .

•
This breaks up the force of wind .

→ Shelter belts
•

Planting lines of trees to create shelter .

This stabilising dunes

helps in sand
•
.
 1 Mark Questions

1. Being a tropical country, India has enormous possibilities of

tapping solar energy. Suggest any one way to popularize its
maximum use.
[1M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A1. Making people aware about renewable energy .
. resources/use of rooftop solar panels/solar street lighting
. system/any other relevant point.

2. A concerted effort has to be made for sustainable development.

Suggest any one step in conserving our mineral resources for
the future.
[1M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A2. Improved technologies/ Recycling of metals/ Using scrap
. metals and other substitutes / Any other relevant point
3. Define Sustainable development.
[1M, 2020]
A3. Present generation fulfils its needs while considering the
. needs of the future generation as well.

4. Classify resources on the basis of origin

[1M, 2018]
A4. Resources classification on the basis of origin:

(i) Biotic resources: All living organisms in our environment

are known as biotic resources.
Example: Tree, animal, insects etc.

(ii) Abiotic resources: All non-living things present in our

environment are known as abiotic resources.
Example: earth, air, water, metals, rocks etc.

5. What do you understand by a ‘Resource’? Give examples

[1M, 2015]
A5. Everything available in our environment which can be used to
. satisfy our needs, is called a resource. It should be
. technologically accessible, economically feasible and
. culturally acceptable. Only then, it can be termed as a
. ‘Resource’. Examples are: minerals, forests, fossil fuels etc

6. Give any two examples of non-renewable resources.

[1M, 2015]
A6. Non-renewable resources are resources which once get
. exhausted, cannot be remade. They take a long geological
. period of time, i.e., millions of years, in their formation, e.g.,
. minerals, fossil fuels, etc.

7. Which factor is mainly responsible for maximum land

degradation in India?
[1M, 2015]
A7. Over-grazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
. States where over-grazing has resulted in land degradation are
. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
8. In what broad category do the soils of Maharashtra fall?
[1M, 2014]
A8. Black soil region also known as regur soils.

3 Mark Questions

9. Suggest and explain any three ways to protect land from

degradation in various states of India.
[3M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A9. The ways are :
(i) Afforestation.
(ii) Proper management of grazing.
(iii) Planting of shelter belts of plants.
(iv) Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
(v) Control of mining activities. (Any 3)
10. Write the classification of resources on four different bases.
[3M, 2015]
A10. Resources can be classified in the following four ways:
(a) On the basis of Origin:
• Biotic
• Abiotic
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility:
• Renewable
• Non-renewable
(c) On the basis of ownership:
• Individual (Personal)
• Community
• National
• International
(d) On the basis of status and development:
• Potential
• Developed
• Reserve
• Stock

11. Explain three stages of ‘resource planning.’

[3M, 2015]
A11. Three stages of resource planning:

1. Identification and inventory of resources across the

regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping
and the qualitative and quantitative estimation and
measurement of the resources.
2. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate
technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing
resource development plans.
3. Matching the resource development plans with overall
national development plans.

12. Give the distribution of black/regur Soil.

[3M, 2015]
A14. This soil is typical of the Deccan Trap region.

• It is spread over north west Deccan plateau and is made up of

lava flows.
• This soil covers the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra,
Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh and extends along
the Godavari and Krishna Valleys.
13. “Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of
. resources in a country like India”. Justify this statement with
. two relevant points and an example.
[3M, 2013]
A13.
1. There are regions which are rich in certain types of
resources but are deficient in some other resources.
For example: Arunachal has abundance of water but
lacks in infrastructural development.
2. There are some regions which can be considered self
sufficient in terms of availability of resources. For
example: The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and
Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.
3. There are some regions which have acute shortage of
some vital resources.
For example: The state of Rajasthan is well endowed with
solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources.

14. Explain the concept of resource conservation as voiced by

Gandhiji.
[3M, 2014]
A14. Gandhiji voiced his concern about resource conservation in
. these Words: “There is enough far everybody’s need and not
. for anybody’s greed.” He placed the greedy and selfish
, individuals as the root cause for resource depletion at the
. global level. He was against ‘mass production’ and wanted to
. replace it with ‘production by the masses’.
1. Indiscriminate use of resources by human beings has led
to the depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few
individuals.
2. Irrational consumption and over-utilization of resources
leads to socio-economic and environmental problems.

15. Explain three types of soil erosion mostly observed in India.

Mention human activities that are responsible for soil erosion.
[3M, 2013]
A15.
1. Gully erosion
The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes
deep channels,
called gullies. They make the land unfit for cultivation. Such
lands are called ‘Badlands’.
2. Sheet erosion
Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a
slope. In this case top layer of the soil is washed away.
3. Wind erosion
Wind blows off loose and dry soil from flat and sloping land
causing erosion.
 5 Mark Questions

16. ‘The challenge of sustainable development requires control

over industrial pollution.’ Substantiate the statement with
examples.
[5M, 2020]
A16.
i. On one hand Industries lead to extensive industrial growth
and expansion, other hand these are also the cause of
environmental degeneration which prompt to the different
type of air, water pollution.

ii. There is an increasing requirement to use a further

sustainable model.

iii. Industries must produce eco-friendly products and dump

wastes responsibly.

iv. Use of latest technology can help industries to control

pollution and lead towards sustainable mode of operation.

v. Industries use- Reuse-Recycle-Refuse approach.

17. Write six characteristics of regur soils (black soils)
[5M, 2015]
A17.
1. They are made up of extremely fine, i.e. clayey material.
2. They have capacity to hold moisture that makes them ideal for
growing cotton.
3. They are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate,
magnesium, potash and lime.
4. These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents.
5. They develop deep cracks during dry hot weather, which helps
in the proper aeration of soil.
6. These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work unless
tilled immediately after the first shower.

18. Explain four types of resources based on ownership and give

one example of each type.
[5M, 2014]
A18. On the basis of ownership, there are four types of resources:
1. Individual Resources :- Resources, which are owned privately
by individuals, e.g., farmers own
pieces of land or houses. Plantation, pasture lands, water in
wells are some resources owned by individuals.
2. Community Owned Resources :- These resources are
accessible to all the members of the community, e.g., village
 ponds, public parks, playgrounds in urban areas are
accessible to all the residents of that area.
3. National Resources :- All the resources within the political
boundary of a nation including the territorial water (oceanic
area upto 12 nautical miles from the coast) extending into the
ocean and resources therein belong to the nation, e.g., all
minerals, forests, wildlife, water resources, land etc.
4. International Resources :- There are international institutions
which own and regulate some resources, e.g., The oceanic
resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone
belong to the open ocean and no individual country can utilise
these without the concurrence of international institutions.

19. Write some measures/ways to solve problems of land

degradation.
[5M, 2014]
A19. Measures to conserve land:
1. Afforestation.
2. Proper management of grazing to control over-grazing.
3. Planting of shelter belts of plants.
4. Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
5. Control of mining activities.
20. Write the main characteristics of arid soils.
[5M, 2014]
A20.
1. Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
2. They have a sandy texture.
3. They are saline in nature. In areas where salt content in high,
common salt is obtained by evaporation.
4. Arid soil lacks humus and is moisture deficient.
5. The lower horizons of the soil have kankars because of high
calcium content which restrict infiltration of water.
6. Proper irrigation helps make these soils cultivable, e.g.,
Western Rajasthan

21. “The future generation may not have sufficient resources as

compared to the present generation”. Justify the statement by
giving suitable examples.
[5M, 2012]
A21.
Present sources of energy in India are coal, petroleum, natural
gas, solar energy, wind energy, hydel power, electricity, wood
for fire, cow dung etc. Most of these are non-renewable
sources of energy which may get exhausted after some time.
These are available in limited quantities. The present rate of