‎The object has mass

‎The object is moving

‎ ero Momentum
Z
‎ auses:
C ‎What is Momentum? ‎Product of the mass of an object & velocity ‎-the momentum of an object that is not
‎~Use of water as a coolant by power plants ‎moving
‎and industrial manufacturers
‎~Soil Erosion ‎ = momentum (kg. m/s)
p
‎~Deforestation ‎ njoy sakong gihimo nga reviewer sizt,,,
e
‎unta way mabagsak satoa amen hallelujah ‎m = mass of an object (kg)
‎~Runoff From Paved Surfaces ‎v = velocity of object (m/s)
‎~Natural Causes ‎p = mv
‎~Retention Ponds
‎ sudden increase or decrease in the
A ‎ nit:
U
‎~Domestic Sewage ‎FORMULA
‎temperature of a natural body of water by ‎kg. m/s
‎~Thermoelectric and Hydroelectric Power
‎Generation ‎human influence. This normally occurs ‎Momentum and Impulse
‎when a plant or facility takes in water from
‎Thermal Pollution ‎ orce
F ‎force x time of contact

‎ ffects:
E ‎a natural resource and puts it back at an ‎-needed to change the momentum of the ‎I = ft
‎altered temperature. ‎object ‎ nit:
U
‎~Decrease in Dissolved Oxygen Levels
‎Newton (N)
‎~Increase in Toxins
‎~Loss of Biodiversity
‎ ero Impulse
Z
‎~Ecological Impact
‎-there is no Impulse or zero impulse for ‎I = ft = mv
‎~Affects Reproductive Systems
‎objects moving with a constant momentum.
‎~Increases Metabolic Rate ‎ Change of momentum.
~
‎~Migration ‎What is Impulse? ‎~If there's a change in velocity or an object'
‎s mass, there is also a change in momentum.
I‎ = Impulse
‎I = Δ x P ‎Δ/F = Force
‎ n object that is thrown & affected by the
A ‎P = Momentum
‎force of gravity. ‎FORMULA

‎ orizontal Motion
H
‎-if there is no force acting on an object, it
‎ omentum is a VECTOR QUANTITY
M
‎will continue moving at a constant speed in
‎~it has magnitude & direction
‎the same direction.
‎A two-dimensional motion
‎ aw of Conservation
L
‎ ertical Motion
V
‎- in a closed & isolated system, the total
‎-an object in free fall is only acted on by
‎momentum of the objects before & after
‎gravity.
‎the collision are equal.
‎-constant acceleration is -9.8m/s^2
‎Projectile Motion
‎ arabola
P ‎ initial = Pfinal
P
‎-curve of the thrown object ‎ aw of Conservation of
L
‎
‎R = Vi²sin2θ/g ‎Momentum ‎(m1v1 + m2v2)i = (m1v1 + m2v2)f
‎FORMULA
‎H = Vi²sin²θ/2g ‎dy = gt²/2
‎ ROJECTILE MOTION LAUNCHED AT AN
P
‎EQUATIONS ‎ lastic
E
‎ANGLE ‎dx = vxt
‎A-B = Visinθ/g ‎- the total kinetic energy of the system is
‎FORMULA
‎constant & colliding objects bounce off
‎ ollision
C
‎A-C = 2Visinθ/g ‎after collision.
‎ AM (Uniform Acceleration Motion)
U ‎- an encounter between two objects
‎-velocity is constant unless acted on ‎resulting in an exchange of impulse or
I‎nelastic
‎momentum.
‎- the total kinetic energy of the system
‎changes. Objects that stick together after
‎ ll objects regardless of their state of
A ‎collision is said to be perfectly inelastic.
‎Motion(at rest or moving) possess an
‎amount of ENERGY.
‎ emperature
T
‎ ravitational Potential Energy
G
‎-a measure of the coldness or hotness of an
‎-the energy possessed by an object
‎object
‎because of its location or position.
‎ otential Energy
P
‎-energy possessed by an object at rest. ‎ eat
H
‎ lastic Potential Energy
E
‎ echanical Energy
M ‎-energy transferred from one object to
‎-the energy stored in a stretched or
‎2 types of ME ‎-energy acquired by objects upon which ‎another due to the change of temperature
‎compressed elastic material such as spring.
‎work is done ‎between them.

‎ inetic Energy
K ‎ nergy is needed to perform work. When
E
‎-energy possessed by an object in motion ‎ aw of Conservation of
L
‎work is done on an object, energy is
‎Mechanical Energy ‎transferred to that object.
‎ inetic Energy:
K
‎
‎Physics ‎ hat is Energy?
W
‎- the ability to create work. ‎ aw of Conservation of Energy
L
‎KE = 1/2mv²
‎- energy can neither be created nor I‎nternal Object
‎destroyed. Only converted from one form ‎- energy is transferred to that object.
‎ otal Mechanical Energy:
T ‎of energy to another.
‎
‎ME = PE + KE ‎ an English physicist who established that
~
‎TE = PE + KE ‎the various forms of energy -[mechanical,
‎electrical, & heat]- are basically the same &
‎ otential Energy / GPE:
P ‎can be changed one into another.
‎ ‎~using this device, he found out that 4.194J
‎PE = mgh ‎Heat, Work, and Energy ‎James Prescott Joule
‎is equivalent to 1 calorie. A calorie is a unit
‎GPE = mgh ‎of energy that is equivalent to the amount
‎FORMULAS
‎of energy needed to raise the temperature
‎v = √2KE/m ‎of 1g of water by 1'C, ideally measured from
‎14.5'C to 15.5'C.
‎ nit for Energy:
U
‎Joule (J) t‎ he change of △U of the system is equal to
‎Unit for velocity: ‎the heat (Q) put into a system minus the
‎m/s ‎work (W) done by the system.
‎First Law of Thermodynamics

‎ eat Engine & Thermal Efficiency

H
‎△U = Q-W
‎- there is an energy transfer in the form of
‎heat.
‎FORMULA

‎ he energy converted as useful mechanical
T ‎heat is taken in by the engine from a heat
‎work is equal to the difference in the heat
‎input from high temperature reservoir and
‎the heat output that was received by the
‎work = heat input + heat output
‎ onduction
C
‎ pontaneous
S
‎- It is a transfer of heat due to direct
I‎s the sum of the molecular kinetic energy ( ‎- this heat flows from higher to lower
‎contact between two objects/materials with
‎ eat Transfer
H ‎due to the random motion of the ‎temperature and doesn't require any
‎different temperatures. The process of heat
‎- is a transfer of energy from a high ‎molecules), the molecular potential energy ( ‎external energy to occur.
‎transfer in solids is called conduction.
‎temperature object to a low temperature ‎Internal Energy ‎due to the forces that act between the
‎object. ‎atoms of a molecule & between the ‎ on-spontaneous
N
‎ onvection
C ‎molecules), and other kinds of molecular
‎- Once transferred, it can no longer be ‎- this heat flows from lower to higher
‎- It is the transfer of heat from one location ‎Methods ‎energy.
‎called heat. It becomes the thermal energy ‎temperature and needs mechanical energy
‎to the other by the movement of fluids.
‎of the body, transfer of energy from hot ‎to occur.
‎objects to cool objects stops when the two
‎ adiation
R
‎attain the same temperature. The objects
‎- It is the transfer of heat by
‎are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
‎electromagnetic. ‎ here are different types of power plants
T
‎depending on the source of energy that is
I‎f the energy that was used to perform work ‎used to generate electricity. (nuclear, coal,
‎was thermal energy or heat, then the engine ‎gas & wind)
‎is called a heat engine. To perform work,
‎ lectricity can be generated through a
E
‎source, also called the high temperature ‎variety of sources. These sources supply
‎reservoir. Heat Engines perform useful ‎Heat Engine ‎the energy necessary to turn large turbines
‎work. However, as a result to other ‎which are connected to a device called a
‎low temperature reservoir. ‎interactions like friction, some heat is lost. ‎generator. This device converts
‎Electricity Generation
‎This is called waste heat, and this goes to ‎MECHANICAL ENERGY to ELECTRICAL
‎the low temperature reservoir or the heat ‎ENERGY. This is made possible by the
‎sink of the heat engine.
‎ lectricity Generation,
E ‎interaction between a charging magnetic
‎Transmission, and Distribution ‎field & conductor inside the generator
‎ eat is added. It is an input heat which is
H ‎Heat Engine and Efficiency ‎assembly.
‎relatively high temperature.
‎ iscovered the interaction between
D
‎ ome of that energy from that input heat is
S ‎electricity and magnetism that underlie the
‎Heat Engine's Full Cycle ‎Michael Faraday
‎used to do work. ‎principles of electromagnetic induction and
‎electromagnetic rotation.
‎ he rest of the heat is removed at a
T
‎relatively cold temperature. ‎ ransmission & Distribution
T
‎ = energy used (kwh)
E
‎- refers to the different stages of carrying
‎ xternal Combustion Engine
E ‎E = pxt ‎p = power (W)
‎electricity over poles and wires from
‎- burning of fuel takes place outside the ‎t = time (s,m,h)
‎generators to a home or a business
‎engine. Examples are steam and piston ‎FORMULA
I‎n combustion engine, heat is produced
‎engine.
‎using a combustion process, which in turn
‎makes use of a fuel and an oxidizer for that
I‎nternal Combustion Engine
‎fuel like air.
‎- burning of fuel takes place inside the
‎cylinder or turbine engine. Examples are
‎gasoline, diesel engine.

‎ or example, the engines of a cars are only

F
‎ he thermal energy produced from the
T
‎30% efficient. This means that for every 100
‎combustion of fuel-air mixture is
‎joules of thermal energy produced by the ‎Thermal Efficiency
‎transformed into mechanical energy which
‎combustion of gasoline, only 30 joules are
‎moves the car.
‎used to move the car.

‎ fficiency = Work Done/Input Heat x 100

E
‎ C = energy removed by heat / energy in
Q
‎
‎cold reservoir
‎Efficiency = QH-QC/QH x 100
‎QH = energy added by heat / energy in hot
‎
‎reservoir
‎Efficiency = (1-QC/QH) x 100

‎ C = absolute temperature in cold reservoir

T ‎FORMULAS
‎Efficiency = (1-TC/TH) x 100
‎TH = absolute temperature in hot reservoir