INDEX

Date of
S.No Experiment Date of submission Remarks
experiment
Organic Analysis I
1
(Identification of glycerol)
Organic Analysis II
2
(Identification of Glucose)
Organic Analysis III
3
(Identification of Protein)
Organic Analysis IV
4
(Identification of Acetone)
Organic Analysis V
5
(Identification of Formaldehyde)
Organic Analysis VI
6
(Identification of Aniline)
Organic Analysis VII
7
(Identification of Benzoic acid)
8 Salt Analysis I
(Identification of (NH4)2SO4)
9 Salt Analysis II
(Identification of NH4Cl)
10 Salt Analysis III
(Identification of NH4CO3)
11 Salt Analysis IV
(Identification of Al2(SO4)3)
12 Salt Analysis V
(Identification of ZnCO3)
Salt Analysis VI
13 (Identification of
(CH3COOH)2Pb)
14 Salt Analysis VII
(Identification of ZnSO4)
15 Salt Analysis VIII
(Identification of BaCl2)
16 Salt Analysis IX
(Identification of Pb(NO3)2
17 Salt Analysis X
(Identification of MgCO3)
18 Salt Analysis XI
(Identification of MgSO4)
Quantitative Analysis
19
(Titration 1)
Quantitative Analysis
20
(Titration 2)
Quantitative Analysis
21
(Titration 3)
 Quantitative Analysis
22
(Titration 4)
Quantitative Analysis
23
(Titration 5)
Quantitative Analysis
24
(Titration 6)
Quantitative Analysis
25
(Rate of reaction)
 ORGANIC ANALYSIS I
[IDENTIFICATION OF GLYCEROL]
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Colourless, Odourless, viscous liquid on cooling crystallizes to
colourless solid, Boiling point 270oC

Experiment Observation

Take about 0.2 g of borax in a test tube and add

5 ml of water to it. Shake well to get a clear
Pink colour appears when warm and
1 solution. To this add 2 drops of phenolphthalein
disappears when cold
solution. Now add 2-3 drops of Glycerol to this
shake well. Warm and cool.

To 1ml of glycerol solution in a clean test tube,

add 4-5 drops of phenol followed by 2-3 drops
2 of concentrated sulphuric acid. Heat the mixture. Red colour appears
Cool and dilute with water and add aqueous
ammonium hydroxide.

To 1ml of glycerol solution add 1 ml of copper

3 sulphate solution and then 1ml of sodium No Change in colour
hydroxide solution.

To about 2ml of Tollen’s reagent in a clean test

A silver mirror is formed on the walls
4 tube, add about 4-5 drops of glycerol and heat
of the test tube
the contents on a water bath for five minutes.

Take 2 ml of glycerol in a test tube and add 500

Pungent, offensive vapours are
5 mg of potassium bisulphate. Heat the contents
evolved of acrolin
gently with Cuperous oxide

Result: Given Organic compound is glycerol

 ORGANIC ANALYSIS II
[IDENTIFICATION OF GLUCOSE]
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Soluble in water, sweet taste, viscous

Experiment Observation

Take 2ml of glucose solution and add few drops

1 of caustic soda (NaOH) solution and heat to Red colouration
boil.

Take 2ml of glucose solution and add 2ml of

2 Reddish brown ppt. is obtained
Fehling’s solution and heat strongly

Take 2ml of glucose solution and add 2ml of Silver mirror is formed on the walls of
3
Tollen’s reagent and heat strongly the test tube

Take 1ml of glucose solution and add few drops

of alcoholic α-naphthol solution and then 1ml of Voilet coloured ring is formed at the
4
conc. H2SO4 carefully to the side of the test junction of the two liquids
tube.

To 2ml of glucose solution and add 0.5g solid

lead acetate. Now add 5ml of ammonium White ppt. is obtained which turns
5
hydroxide solution. Heat the mixture to boiling Salmon pink colour on heating
for two minutes

Result: Given Organic compound is glucose

 ORGANIC ANALYSIS III
[IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEIN (Powered milk]

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Soluble in water, white colour, coarse powder

Experiment Observation

Take 5g sample of the sample and dissolve in

10ml distilled water. Shake the contents well.
1 Take 1ml of the above solution and add 1ml of Bluish violet color appears
copper sulphate solution and shake. Now add
3ml of caustic soda solution

Take 1ml of the sample solution and add 1ml of

conc. nitric acid. Boil the contents. Now add
2 Yellow colour deepens into orange
5ml of
ammonium hydroxide solution

Take 1ml of the sample solution and add few

3 drops of Millon’s reagent to it. Warm the Red colouration appears
contents.

Result: Given Organic compound is Protein.

 ORGANIC ANALYSIS IV
[IDENTIFICATION OF ACETONE]
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Soluble in water, sweet taste, colourless, irritating fruity pungent
odour.

Experiment Observation

Take 2ml of the sample in a test tube. To this,

add a few crystals of iodine followed by a few
1 drops of sodium hydroxide solution till the Yellow precipitate is obtained
colour disappears. Warm the contents gently and
cool.

Take 1ml of the sample in a test tube and add

1ml of freshly prepared sodium nitroprusside
2 Red colouration appears
solution; followed by 4-5 drops of dilute sodium
hydroxide solution

Take 2ml of saturated solution of sodium

bisulphite (NaHSO3) in test tube. To this, add a White crystalline precipitate is
3
few drops of the sample. Shake well and gently formed.
warm the contents.

Take a small quantity of the given compound in

a clean test tube and add about 0.1g of finely
Violet colour is formed which slowly
4 powdered m-dinitrobenzene. Now add about 1
fades away.
ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution and
shake it well.

Result: Given Organic compound is Acetone

 ORGANIC ANALYSIS V
[IDENTIFICATION OF FORMALDEHYDE]
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Soluble in water, colourless, suffocating pungent odour.

Experiment Observation

Take 2 ml of sample in a test tube and add a few

crystals of resorcinol. Shake the contents. Red violet coloured ring formed at the
1
Slowly add 1ml of concentrated sulphuric acid junction of the two liquids
along the side of the test tube

Take 2ml of the sample in a test tube and add

2ml of Tollen’s reagent and warm the contents
2 Silver layer observed
in a
water bath.

Take 2ml of the sample in a test tube and add

2ml of Fehling’s solution and warm the contents
3 Blue color convert to red color
in a
water bath.

Take 1ml of the sample in a test tube and add a

4 A deep violet colouration
few drops of Schiff’s reagent.

Result: Given Organic compound is Formaldehyde.

 ORGANIC ANALYSIS VI
[IDENTIFICATION OF ANILINE]
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: sparingly soluble in water, colorless to yellow liquid, when
exposed to air it darkens and becomes black.

Experiment Observation

Take 1ml of the sample in a test tube and add a

few drops of dilute sulphuric acid. Now add 1ml a green blue or black ppt. is
1
of potassium dichromate solution. Shake and formed
warm the contents.

Take 1ml of the sample in a test tube and add

1ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid to it. Now
2 pale green colouration
add a few drops of neutral ferric chloride
solution and dilute the contents with water.

Take 1ml of the sample in a test tube and add a

a purple colour
3 few drops of water. Add 2-3 drops of sodium
is formed which soon turns brown
hypochlorite solution and shake the contents.

Take 1ml of the sample in a dry test tube and

add a pinch of solid sodium nitrite to it followed
by
3-4 drops of concentrated H2SO4. Shake the
4 a scarlet ppt. is obtained
contents of the test tube. Note the colour. Add
3-4 drops of water to this followed by aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution till it becomes
alkaline.

Result: Given Organic compound is Aniline.

 ORGANIC ANALYSIS VII
[IDENTIFICATION OF BENZOIC ACID]
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: white crystalline solid, mp. 121°C, insoluble in cold water but
soluble by boiling and re precipitated by cooling, soluble readily in alcohol.

Experiment Observation

Take 2ml of the sample in a test tube and add a

1 Brisk effervescence evolved
few drops of sodium bicarbonate solution.

Take 2ml of the sample in a test tube and add

2 buff ppt obtained
neutral ferric chloride solution.

Take 2ml of the sample in a test tube and add a

few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid
3 Fruity smell of esters evolved
followed by 5ml of ethanol and heat the contents
in water bath

Result: Given Organic compound is Benzoic acid.

 SALT ANALYSIS I
AIM: To analyse one cation and one anion in the given salt
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Boiling tubes, test tubes, holder, reagents, burner, distilled water
etc.

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility Dissolves in water Salt is water soluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White anions absent
3 Odour Ammoniacal Pungent smell NH4+ can be present
Ba+2, Ca+2 and Sr+2
4 Flame test No Flame colour absent

Test for Acid Radical (Anions)

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a pinch of salt in a

clean and dry test tube No Brisk effervescence
1 CO32- ion is Absent
and add Dil. H2SO4 or observed
Dil. HCl to it

Take a pinch of salt in a

No pungent smell or
2 clean and dry test tube Cl- and Br- ions Absent
reddish-brown gas observed
and add conc. H2SO4

No reddish-brown fumes
Warm the above test tube
3 with irritating pungent odour NO3- ion absent
and add Cu chips
is seen
Take small amount of
salt solution and add
4 White ppt obtained SO4-2 ion is present
Barium chloride solution
to it

Confirmatory test for Sulphate ion

Experiment Observation Inference

Take 2 ml of salt solution

1 and add few drops Lead White ppt. is obtained SO4-2 ion is confirmed
acetate solution
 Test for Basic Radical (Cations)
Preparation of Original solution
Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve 1 gm of salt in
1 clear solution is obtained Salt is water soluble
10 ml of distilled water

Take a pinch of salt in a

2 test tube and add 2 ml of Ammoniacal smell obtained NH4+ ion may be present
NaOH solution

Confirmatory test for NH4+ ion

Experiment Observation Inference
Bring a glass rod dipped
3 in conc. HCl near the Dense white fumes obtained NH4+ ion is present
mouth of the test tube

Pass the evolved gas

4 Brown ppt. obtained NH4+ ion is Confirmed
through Nessler's reagent

Result: The Given salt has cation NH4+ and anion SO4-2
The formula of the salt is (NH4)2SO4
 SALT ANALYSIS II
AIM: To analyse one cation and one anion in the given salt
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Boiling tubes, test tubes, holder, reagents, burner, distilled water
etc.

Prelimnary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility Dissolves in water Salt is water soluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White crystalline anions absent
3 Odour Ammoniacal Pungent smell NH4+ can be present
Ba+2, Ca+2 and Sr+2
4 Flame test No Flame colour absent

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility Dissolves in water Salt is water soluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White anions absent
3 Odour Ammoniacal Pungent smell NH4+ can be present
Ba+2, Ca+2 and Sr+2
4 Flame test No Flame colour absent

Test for Acid Radical (Anions)

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a pinch of salt in a

clean and dry test tube No Brisk effervescence
1 CO32- ion is Absent
and add Dil. H2SO4 or observed
Dil. HCl to it

Take a pinch of salt in a

Colourless gas with pungent
2 clean and dry test tube Cl- ion is Present
smell is evolved
and add conc. H2SO4

Confirmatory test for Chloride ion

Experiment Observation Inference
 Bring a glass rod dipped
1 in ammonia solution near Dense white fumes obtained Cl- ion confirmed
the mouth of the test tube

Take a pinch of salt and

add a pinch of MnO2 Greenish yellow gas is
2 Cl- ion confirmed
with few drops of conc. evolved
H2SO4. Heat the mixture

Test for Basic Radical (Cations)

Preparation of Original solution
Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve 1 gm of salt in
1 clear solution is obtained Salt is water soluble
10 ml of distilled water

Take a pinch of salt in a

2 test tube and add 2 ml of Ammoniacal smell obtained NH4+ ion may be present
NaOH solution

Confirmatory test for NH4+ ion

Experiment Observation Inference
Bring a glass rod dipped
3 in conc. HCl near the Dense white fumes obtained NH4+ ion is present
mouth of the test tube

Pass the evolved gas

4 Brown ppt. obtained NH4+ ion is Confirmed
through Nessler's reagent

Result: The Given salt has cation NH4+ and anion Cl-
The formula of the salt is NH4Cl
 SALT ANALYSIS III
AIM: To analyse one cation and one anion in the given salt
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Boiling tubes, test tubes, holder, reagents, burner, distilled water
etc.

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility Dissolves in normal water Salt is water soluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White anions absent
3 Odour Ammoniacal Pungent smell NH4+ can be present
Ba+2, Ca+2 and Sr+2
4 Flame test No Flame colour absent

Test for Acid Radical (Anions)

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a pinch of salt in a

clean and dry test tube Brisk effervescence CO32- ion may be
1
and add Dil. H2SO4 or observed present
Dil. HCl to it

Pass the evolved gas CO32- ion may be

2 Lime water turns milky
through lime water present

Confirmatory test for Carbonate ion

Experiment Observation Inference

Pass the gas for some

1 Milkiness disappears CO32- ion is confirmed
more time

Test for Basic Radical (Cations)

Preparation of Original solution
Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve 1 gm of salt in
1 clear solution is obtained Salt is water soluble
10 ml of distilled water
 Take a pinch of salt in a
2 test tube and add 2 ml of Ammoniacal smell obtained NH4+ ion may be present
NaOH solution

Confirmatory test for NH4+ ion

Experiment Observation Inference
Bring a glass rod dipped
3 in conc. HCl near the Dense white fumes obtained NH4+ ion is present
mouth of the test tube

Pass the evolved gas

4 Brown ppt. obtained NH4+ ion is Confirmed
through Nessler's reagent

Result: The Given salt has cation NH4+ and anion CO32-
The formula of the salt is (NH4)2CO3
 SALT ANALYSIS IV
AIM: To analyse one cation and one anion in the given salt
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Boiling tubes, test tubes, holder, reagents, burner, distilled water
etc.

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Salt is sparingly water
1 Solubility Sparingly dissolves in water soluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White crystalline anions absent
NH4+ & CH3COO- ion
3 Odour No specific odour absent
Ba+2, Ca+2 and Sr+2
4 Flame test No Flame colour absent

Test for Acid Radical (Anions)

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a pinch of salt in a

clean and dry test tube No Brisk effervescence
1 CO32- ion is Absent
and add Dil. H2SO4 or observed
Dil. HCl to it

Take a pinch of salt in a

No pungent smell or
2 clean and dry test tube Cl- and Br- ions Absent
reddish-brown gas observed
and add conc. H2SO4

No reddish-brown fumes
Warm the above test tube
3 with irritating pungent odour NO3- ion absent
and add Cu chips
is seen
Take small amount of
salt solution and add
4 White ppt obtained SO4-2 ion is present
Barium chloride solution
to it
 Confirmatory test for Sulphate ion
Experiment Observation Inference

Take 2 ml of salt solution

1 and add few drops Lead White ppt. is obtained SO4-2 ion is confirmed
acetate solution

Test for Basic Radical (Cations)

Preparation of Original solution
Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve 1 gm of salt in
1 clear solution is obtained Salt is water soluble
10 ml of distilled water

Take a pinch of salt in a

No Ammoniacal smell
2 test tube and add 2 ml of NH4+ ion absent
obtained
NaOH solution

Experiment Observation Inference

Take small amount of OS
3 No ppt. obtained Group I cations absent
and add 2 ml of dil. HCl

To the above solution

4 No ppt. obtained Group II cations absent
pass H2S gas

Take OS and add a pinch

of solid Ammonium
Group III cation present
5 chloride and excess of White ppt obtained
ammonium hydroxide
solution
Confirmatory test for Al+3 ion
Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve the above ppt in
dil. HCl and divide it into
Gelatinous white ppt
6 2 parts Al+3 ion is confirmed
obtained
To one part add NaOH
solution and warm
4 Lake test: A floating mass on the Al+3 ion is confirmed
To second part add 2 surface of clear solution is
drops of blue litmus obtained
solution and add
ammonium hydroxide
drop wise along the side
 of the test tube

Result: The Given salt has cation Al+3 and anion SO42-
The formula of the salt is Al2(SO4)3

SALT ANALYSIS V
AIM: To analyse one cation and one anion in the given salt
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Boiling tubes, test tubes, holder, reagents, burner, distilled water
etc.

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility Dissolves in normal water Salt is water soluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White anions absent
NH4+ & CH3COOH- is
3 Odour Odourless absent
Ba+2, Ca+2 and Sr+2
4 Flame test No Flame colour absent

Test for Acid Radical (Anions)

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a pinch of salt in a

clean and dry test tube Brisk effervescence
1 CO32- ion may be present
and add Dil. H2SO4 or observed
Dil. HCl to it

Pass the evolved gas

2 Lime water turns milky CO32- ion may be present
through lime water

Confirmatory test for Carbonate ion

Experiment Observation Inference

Pass the gas for some

1 Milkiness disappears CO32- ion is confirmed
more time
 Test for Basic Radical (Cations)
Preparation of Original solution
Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve 1 gm of salt in
1 clear solution is obtained Salt is water soluble
10 ml of distilled water

Take a pinch of salt in a

No Ammoniacal smell
2 test tube and add 2 ml of NH4+ ion absent
obtained
NaOH solution

Experiment Observation Inference

Take small amount of OS
3 No ppt. obtained Group I cations absent
and add 2 ml of dil. HCl

To the above solution

4 No ppt. obtained Group II cations absent
pass H2S gas

Take OS and add a pinch

of solid Ammonium
Group III cation absent
5 chloride and excess of No ppt. obtained
ammonium hydroxide
solution

To the above solution Group IV cation present

6 Dull white ppt obtained
pass H2S gas
To the dull white
The precipitate dissolves
precipitate, add some dil.
7 with the evolution of H2S Zn+2 ion is present
HCl and heat the
gas
contents
Confirmatory test for Zn+2 ion
Experiment Observation Inference
Divide the above solution
into 2 parts
To one part of the above
white ppt obtained which
solution in a test tube, Zn+2 ion is confirmed
dissolves in excess
add sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution
dropwise
To the second part add
White or bluish white
potassium ferrocyanide Zn+2 ion is confirmed
precipitate is formed
solution
Result: The Given salt has cation Zn+2 and anion CO32-
The formula of the salt is ZnCO3

SALT ANALYSIS VI
AIM: To analyse one cation and one anion in the given salt
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Boiling tubes, test tubes, holder, reagents, burner, distilled water
etc.

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility Dissolves in normal water Salt is water soluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White Crystalline anions absent
(CH3COOH)- can be
3 Odour Slight smell of vinegar present
Ba+2, Ca+2 and Sr+2
4 Flame test Bluish white flame absent

Test for Acid Radical (Anions)

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a pinch of salt in a

Colourless vapours with
clean and dry test tube CH3COOH- ion is
1 vinegar smell evolved which
and add Dil. H2SO4 and present
turns blue litmus red
warm

Take a small quantity of

salt and add 1 ml of Fruity smell of ester is CH3COOH- ion is
2
ethanol with adding formed confirmed
conc. H2SO4 drop wise

Test for Basic Radical (Cations)

Preparation of Original solution
Experiment Observation Inference
 Dissolve 1 gm of salt in
1 clear solution is obtained Salt is water soluble
10 ml of distilled water

Take a pinch of salt in a

No Ammoniacal smell
2 test tube and add 2 ml of NH4+ ion absent
obtained
NaOH solution

Experiment Observation Inference

Take small amount of OS
3 White ppt. obtained Group I cations present
and add 2 ml of dil. HCl

Confirmatory test for Pb+2 ion

Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve the above ppt in
hot water and divide it
4 into 3 parts Yellow white ppt obtained Pb+2 ion is confirmed
To one part add
potassium iodide solution
To second part add
5 potassium chromate Yellow white ppt obtained Pb+2 ion is confirmed
solution

Result: The Given salt has cation Pb+2 and anion CH3 COOH-
The formula of the salt is (CH3COOH)2 Pb

SALT ANALYSIS VII

AIM: To analyse one cation and one anion in the given salt
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Boiling tubes, test tubes, holder, reagents, burner, distilled water
etc.

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility dissolves in water Salt is water soluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White crystalline anions absent
NH4+ & CH3COO- ion
3 Odour No specific odour absent
Ba+2, Ca+2 and Sr+2
4 Flame test No Flame colour absent

Test for Acid Radical (Anions)

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a pinch of salt in a

clean and dry test tube No Brisk effervescence
1 CO32- ion is Absent
and add Dil. H2SO4 or observed
Dil. HCl to it

Take a pinch of salt in a

No pungent smell or
2 clean and dry test tube Cl- and Br- ions Absent
reddish-brown gas observed
and add conc. H2SO4

No reddish-brown fumes
Warm the above test tube
3 with irritating pungent odour NO3- ion absent
and add Cu chips
is seen
Take small amount of
salt solution and add
4 White ppt obtained SO4-2 ion is present
Barium chloride solution
to it

Confirmatory test for Sulphate ion

Experiment Observation Inference
 Take 2 ml of salt solution
1 and add few drops Lead White ppt. is obtained SO4-2 ion is confirmed
acetate solution

Test for Basic Radical (Cations)

Preparation of Original solution
Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve 1 gm of salt in
1 clear solution is obtained Salt is water soluble
10 ml of distilled water

Take a pinch of salt in a

No Ammoniacal smell
2 test tube and add 2 ml of NH4+ ion absent
obtained
NaOH solution

Experiment Observation Inference

Take small amount of OS
3 No ppt. obtained Group I cations absent
and add 2 ml of dil. HCl

To the above solution

4 No ppt. obtained Group II cations absent
pass H2S gas

Take OS and add a pinch

of solid Ammonium
Group III cation absent
5 chloride and excess of No ppt. obtained
ammonium hydroxide
solution

To the above solution Group IV cation present

6 Dull white ppt obtained
pass H2S gas
To the dull white
The precipitate dissolves
precipitate, add some dil.
7 with the evolution of H2S Zn+2 ion is present
HCl and heat the
gas
contents
Confirmatory test for Zn+2 ion
Experiment Observation Inference
+2
Divide the above solution white ppt obtained which Zn ion is confirmed
into 2 parts dissolves in excess
To one part of the above
solution in a test tube,
add sodium hydroxide
 (NaOH) solution
dropwise
To the second part add
White or bluish white
potassium ferrocyanide Zn+2 ion is confirmed
precipitate is formed
solution

Result: The Given salt has cation Zn+2 and anion SO42-
The formula of the salt is ZnSO4

SALT ANALYSIS VIII

AIM: To analyse one cation and one anion in the given salt
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Boiling tubes, test tubes, holder, reagents, burner, distilled water
etc.

Prelimnary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility Dissolves in normal water Salt is water soluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White amorphous powder anions absent
NH4+ & CH3COOH- ion
3 Odour Odourless absent

4 Flame test Apple green flame colour Ba+2 can be present

Test for Acid Radical (Anions)

Experiment Observation Inference
 Take a pinch of salt in a
clean and dry test tube No Brisk effervescence
1 CO32- ion is Absent
and add Dil. H2SO4 or observed
Dil. HCl to it

Take a pinch of salt in a

Colourless gas with pungent
2 clean and dry test tube Cl- ion is Present
smell is evolved
and add conc. H2SO4

Confirmatory test for Chloride ion

Experiment Observation Inference

Bring a glass rod dipped

1 in ammonia solution near Dense white fumes obtained Cl- ion confirmed
the mouth of the test tube

Take a pinch of salt and

add a pinch of MnO2 Greenish yellow gas is
2 Cl- ion confirmed
with few drops of conc. evolved
H2SO4. Heat the mixture

Test for Basic Radical (Cations)

Preparation of Original solution
Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve 1 gm of salt in
1 clear solution is obtained Salt is water soluble
10 ml of distilled water

Take a pinch of salt in a

No Ammoniacal smell
2 test tube and add 2 ml of NH4+ ion absent
obtained
NaOH solution

Experiment Observation Inference

Take small amount of OS
3 No ppt. obtained Group I cations absent
and add 2 ml of dil. HCl

To the above solution

4 No ppt. obtained Group II cations absent
pass H2S gas
5 Take OS and add a pinch No ppt. obtained
of solid Ammonium
 Group III cation absent
chloride and excess of
ammonium hydroxide
solution

To the above solution Group IV cation absent

6 No ppt. obtained
pass H2S gas
Take OS and add solid
NH4Cl, warm it and
Group V cation present
7 excess ammonium White ppt. is obtained
hydroxide and add solid
ammonium carbonate

Confirmatory test for Ba+2 ion

Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve the white ppt.
boiling with acetic acid
1 Yellow ppt. is obtained Ba+2 ion confirmed
and add potassium
chromate solution

Perform the flame test Apple green flame is

2 Ba+2 ion confirmed
with the salt observed

Result: The Given salt has cation Ba+2 and anion Cl-
The formula of the salt is BaCl2

SALT ANALYSIS IX
AIM: To analyse one cation and one anion in the given salt
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Boiling tubes, test tubes, holder, reagents, burner, distilled water
etc.

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility dissolves in water Salt is water soluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White crystalline anions absent
NH4+ & CH3COO- ion
3 Odour No specific odour absent
Ba+2, Ca+2 and Sr+2
4 Flame test Bluish white flame absent

Test for Acid Radical (Anions)

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a pinch of salt in a

clean and dry test tube No Brisk effervescence
1 CO32- ion is Absent
and add Dil. H2SO4 or observed
Dil. HCl to it

Take a pinch of salt in a

No pungent smell or
2 clean and dry test tube Cl- and Br- ions Absent
reddish-brown gas observed
and add conc. H2SO4

Reddish-brown fumes with

Warm the above test tube
3 irritating pungent odour is NO3- ion is present
and add Cu chips
seen

Confirmatory test for Nitrate ion

Experiment Observation Inference
Brown ring test:
Take salt solution and
add freshly prepared Brown ring appeared at the
1 NO3- ion is confirmed
FeSO4 solution and add junction of the 2 liquids
conc. H2SO4 drop wise
with side of the test tube

Test for Basic Radical (Cations)

Preparation of Original solution
Experiment Observation Inference
 Dissolve 1 gm of salt in
1 clear solution is obtained Salt is water soluble
10 ml of distilled water

Take a pinch of salt in a

No Ammoniacal smell
2 test tube and add 2 ml of NH4+ ion absent
obtained
NaOH solution

Experiment Observation Inference

Take small amount of OS
3 White ppt. obtained Group I cations present
and add 2 ml of dil. HCl

Confirmatory test for Pb+2 ion

Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve the above ppt in
hot water and divide it
4 into 3 parts Yellow white ppt obtained Pb+2 ion is confirmed
To one part add
potassium iodide solution
To second part add
5 potassium chromate Yellow white ppt obtained Pb+2 ion is confirmed
solution

Result: The Given salt has cation Pb+2 and anion NO3-
The formula of the salt is Pb(NO3)2

SALT ANALYSIS X
AIM: To analyse one cation and one anion in the given salt
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Boiling tubes, test tubes, holder, reagents, burner, distilled water
etc.

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility Not easily soluble in water Salt is water insoluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White solid hygroscopic anions absent
NH4+ CH3COOH- are
3 Odour Odourless absent
Ba+2, Ca+2 and Sr+2
4 Flame test No Flame colour absent

Test for Acid Radical (Anions)

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a pinch of salt in a

clean and dry test tube Brisk effervescence CO32- ion may be
1
and add Dil. H2SO4 or observed present
Dil. HCl to it

Pass the evolved gas CO32- ion may be

2 Lime water turns milky
through lime water present

Confirmatory test for Carbonate ion

Experiment Observation Inference

Pass the gas for some

1 Milkiness disappears CO32- ion is confirmed
more time

Test for Basic Radical (Cations)

Preparation of Original solution
Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve 1 gm of salt in
1 clear solution is obtained Salt is water soluble
10 ml of distilled water
 Take a pinch of salt in a
No Ammoniacal smell
2 test tube and add 2 ml of NH4+ ion absent
obtained
NaOH solution

Experiment Observation Inference

Take small amount of OS
3 No ppt. obtained Group I cations absent
and add 2 ml of dil. HCl

To the above solution

4 No ppt. obtained Group II cations absent
pass H2S gas

Take OS and add a pinch

of solid Ammonium
Group III cation absent
5 chloride and excess of No ppt. obtained
ammonium hydroxide
solution

To the above solution Group IV cation absent

6 No ppt. obtained
pass H2S gas
Take OS and add solid
NH4Cl, warm it and
Group V cation absent
7 excess ammonium No ppt. obtained
hydroxide and add solid
ammonium carbonate
Take OS and add
ammonium hydroxide
solution followed by
Disodium hydrogen
8 phosphate or ammonium White ppt. is obtained Mg+2 is confirmed
hydrogen phosphate
solution. Heat and
scratch the walls of the
test tube

Result: The Given salt has cation Mg+2 and anion CO3-2
The formula of the salt is MgCO3

SALT ANALYSIS XI
AIM: To analyse one cation and one anion in the given salt
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Boiling tubes, test tubes, holder, reagents, burner, distilled water
etc.

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility dissolves in water Salt is water soluble
Coloured cations and
2 Colour White crystalline anions absent
NH4+ & CH3COO- ion
3 Odour No specific odour absent
Ba+2, Ca+2 and Sr+2
4 Flame test No Flame colour absent

Test for Acid Radical (Anions)

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a pinch of salt in a

clean and dry test tube No Brisk effervescence
1 CO32- ion is Absent
and add Dil. H2SO4 or observed
Dil. HCl to it

Take a pinch of salt in a

No pungent smell or
2 clean and dry test tube Cl- and Br- ions Absent
reddish-brown gas observed
and add conc. H2SO4

No reddish-brown fumes
Warm the above test tube
3 with irritating pungent odour NO3- ion absent
and add Cu chips
is seen
Take small amount of
salt solution and add
4 White ppt obtained SO4-2 ion is present
Barium chloride solution
to it

Confirmatory test for Sulphate ion

 Experiment Observation Inference

Take 2 ml of salt solution

1 and add few drops Lead White ppt. is obtained SO4-2 ion is confirmed
acetate solution

Test for Basic Radical (Cations)

Preparation of Original solution
Experiment Observation Inference
Dissolve 1 gm of salt in
1 clear solution is obtained Salt is water soluble
10 ml of distilled water

Take a pinch of salt in a

No Ammoniacal smell
2 test tube and add 2 ml of NH4+ ion absent
obtained
NaOH solution

Experiment Observation Inference

Take small amount of OS
3 No ppt. obtained Group I cations absent
and add 2 ml of dil. HCl

To the above solution

4 No ppt. obtained Group II cations absent
pass H2S gas

Take OS and add a pinch

of solid Ammonium
Group III cation absent
5 chloride and excess of No ppt. obtained
ammonium hydroxide
solution

To the above solution Group IV cation absent

6 No ppt. obtained
pass H2S gas
Take OS and add solid
NH4Cl, warm it and
Group V cation absent
7 excess ammonium No ppt. obtained
hydroxide and add solid
ammonium carbonate
8 Take OS and add White ppt. is obtained Mg+2 is confirmed
ammonium hydroxide
solution followed by
Disodium hydrogen
phosphate or ammonium
hydrogen phosphate
solution. Heat and
 scratch the walls of the
test tube

Result: The Given salt has cation Mg+2 and anion SO4-2
The formula of the salt is MgSO4

Quantitative Analysis
 (Titration 1)

AIM: To calculate:
a. The molarity of KMnO4 solution
b. The molarity of FAS solution
c. The strength of FAS solution
d. The percentage purity of FAS solution.

PROVIDED SOLUTIONS:
a. A solution containing _______ gms of potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 per litre.

b. A solution prepared by dissolving _______ gms of impure sample of hydrated

ammonium iron (II) sulphate crystals, (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O per litre.

PROCEDURE:

1. Rinse and fill the burette with the given solution KMnO4. Pipette out 25 ml of FAS
transfer into a clean conical flask.
2. To this, add 20 ml of dilute sulphuric acid specially provided for titration.
3. Titrate the solution in the conical flask with KMnO4 slowly till one drop of this gives a
light permanent pink colour to the solution in the flask. The pink colour should not
disappear on shaking the contents in the conical flask.
4. Repeat the above procedure to get at least two concordant readings.

READINGS:

1. The capacity of the pipette used = ______ ml

2. Titer value = _____.

EQUATIONS:

2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10(NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10(NH4)2SO4 +

5Fe2(SO4)3 + 68H2O

The ionic equation for the reaction is:

2MnO4 − + 10Fe2+ + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ + 8H2O

RESULT:

a. Molarity of KMnO4 = ______

b. Molarity of FAS = ______
c. Strength of FAS = ______
d. Percentage purity of FAS = ______

Quantitative Analysis
(Titration 2)
AIM: To calculate:
a. The molarity of FAS solution
b. The molarity of KMnO4 solution
c. The strength of KMnO4 solution
d. The percentage purity of KMnO4 solution.

PROVIDED SOLUTIONS:
a. A solution containing _______ gms of potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 per litre.

b. A solution prepared by dissolving _______ gms of impure sample of hydrated

ammonium iron (II) sulphate crystals, (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O per litre.

PROCEDURE:

1. Rinse and fill the burette with the given solution KMnO4. Pipette out 25 ml of FAS
transfer into a clean conical flask.
2. To this, add 20 ml of dilute sulphuric acid specially provided for titration.
3. Titrate the solution in the conical flask with KMnO4 slowly till one drop of this gives a
light permanent pink colour to the solution in the flask. The pink colour should not
disappear on shaking the contents in the conical flask.
4. Repeat the above procedure to get at least two concordant readings.

READINGS:

1. The capacity of the pipette used = ______ ml

2. Titer value = _____.

EQUATIONS:

2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10(NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10(NH4)2SO4 +

5Fe2(SO4)3 + 68H2O

The ionic equation for the reaction is:

2MnO4 − + 10Fe2+ + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ + 8H2O

RESULT:

a. Molarity of FAS = ______

b. Molarity of KMnO4 = ______
c. Strength of KMnO4 = ______
d. Percentage purity of KMnO4 =_____

Quantitative Analysis
(Titration 3)
AIM: To calculate:
a. The molarity of KMnO4 solution
b. The molarity of FAS solution
c. The Molecular mass of FAS solution
d. The Water of crystallization of FAS solution.

PROVIDED SOLUTIONS:
a. A solution containing _______ gms of potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 per litre.

b. A solution prepared by dissolving _______ gms of impure sample of hydrated

ammonium iron (II) sulphate crystals, (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O per litre.

PROCEDURE:

1. Rinse and fill the burette with the given solution KMnO4. Pipette out 25 ml of FAS
transfer into a clean conical flask.
2. To this, add 20 ml of dilute sulphuric acid specially provided for titration.
3. Titrate the solution in the conical flask with KMnO4 slowly till one drop of this gives a
light permanent pink colour to the solution in the flask. The pink colour should not
disappear on shaking the contents in the conical flask.
4. Repeat the above procedure to get at least two concordant readings.

READINGS:

1. The capacity of the pipette used = ______ ml

2. Titer value = _____.

EQUATIONS:

2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10(NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10(NH4)2SO4 +

5Fe2(SO4)3 + 68H2O

The ionic equation for the reaction is:

2MnO4 − + 10Fe2+ + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ + 8H2O

RESULT:

e. Molarity of KMnO4 = ______

f. Molarity of FAS = ______
g. Molecular mass of FAS = ______
h. Water of crystallization of FAS = ______

Quantitative Analysis
(Titration 4)

AIM: To calculate:
 a. The molarity of KMnO4 solution
b. The molarity of Oxalic acid solution
c. The strength of Oxalic acid solution
d. The percentage purity of Oxalic acid solution.

PROVIDED SOLUTIONS:
a. A solution containing _______ gms of potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 per litre.

b. A solution prepared by dissolving _______ gms of impure sample of hydrated Oxalic

acid crystals, (H2C2O4·2H2O) per litre

PROCEDURE:

1. Rinse and fill the burette with potassium manganate (VII) solution
2. Pipette out 25 ml of the oxalic acid solution H2C2O4.2H2O in a clean conical flask. To
this, add 20 ml of dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) specially provided for this purpose.
Warm the contents of the flask to 60oC – 70oC.
3. The heating should be continued till the first bubble appears at the bottom of the flask.
Remove the conical flask from fire and titrate this solution by running solution from the
burette.
4. Shake the solution constantly till a permanent pale pink colour is obtained. Ensure that
the pink colour obtained does not disappear on shaking the contents of the conical flask.
5. Repeat the above procedure to get at least two concordant readings.

READINGS:

1. The capacity of the pipette used = ______ ml

2. Titer value = _____.

EQUATIONS:

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4+ 8H2O + 10CO2

2MnO4 −+ 5C2O4 2−+ 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

RESULT:

a. Molarity of KMnO4 = _____

b. Molarity of Oxalic acid = _____
c. Strength of Oxalic acid = ______
d. Percentage purity of Oxalic acid = _____

Quantitative Analysis
(Titration 5)

AIM: To calculate:
 a. The molarity of Oxalic acid solution
b. The molarity of KMnO4 solution
c. The strength of KMnO4solution
d. The percentage purity of KMnO4 solution.

PROVIDED SOLUTIONS:
a. A solution containing _______ gms of potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 per litre.

b. A solution prepared by dissolving _______ gms of impure sample of hydrated Oxalic

acid crystals, (H2C2O4·2H2O) per litre

PROCEDURE:

1. Rinse and fill the burette with potassium manganate (VII) solution
2. Pipette out 25 ml of the oxalic acid solution H2C2O4.2H2O in a clean conical flask. To
this, add 20 ml of dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) specially provided for this purpose.
Warm the contents of the flask to 60oC – 70oC.
3. The heating should be continued till the first bubble appears at the bottom of the flask.
Remove the conical flask from fire and titrate this solution by running solution from the
burette.
4. Shake the solution constantly till a permanent pale pink colour is obtained. Ensure that
the pink colour obtained does not disappear on shaking the contents of the conical flask.
5. Repeat the above procedure to get at least two concordant readings.

READINGS:

1. The capacity of the pipette used = ______ ml

2. Titer value = _____.

EQUATIONS:

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4+ 8H2O + 10CO2

2MnO4 −+ 5C2O4 2−+ 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

RESULT:

a. Molarity of Oxalic acid = _____

b. Molarity of KMnO4 = _____
c. Strength of KMnO4 = ______
d. Percentage purity of KMnO4 = _____

Quantitative Analysis
(Titration 6)

AIM: To calculate:
 a. The molarity of KMnO4 solution
b. The molarity of Oxalic acid solution
c. The Molecular mass of Oxalic acid solution
d. The water of crystallization of Oxalic acid solution.

PROVIDED SOLUTIONS:
a. A solution containing _______ gms of potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 per litre.

b. A solution prepared by dissolving _______ gms of impure sample of hydrated Oxalic

acid crystals, (H2C2O4·2H2O) per litre

PROCEDURE:

1. Rinse and fill the burette with potassium manganate (VII) solution
2. Pipette out 25 ml of the oxalic acid solution H2C2O4.2H2O in a clean conical flask. To
this, add 20 ml of dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) specially provided for this purpose.
Warm the contents of the flask to 60oC – 70oC.
3. The heating should be continued till the first bubble appears at the bottom of the flask.
Remove the conical flask from fire and titrate this solution by running solution from the
burette.
4. Shake the solution constantly till a permanent pale pink colour is obtained. Ensure that
the pink colour obtained does not disappear on shaking the contents of the conical flask.
5. Repeat the above procedure to get at least two concordant readings.

READINGS:

1. The capacity of the pipette used = ______ ml

2. Titer value = _____.

EQUATIONS:

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4+ 8H2O + 10CO2

2MnO4 −+ 5C2O4 2−+ 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

RESULT:

a. Molarity of KMnO4 = _____

b. Molarity of Oxalic acid = _____
c. Molecular mass of Oxalic acid = ______
d. Water of crystallization of Oxalic acid = _____

Quantitative Analysis
(Rate of reaction)

AIM: To find the effect of concentration of the reactants on the rate of a chemical reaction
PROVIDED SOLUTIONS:
a. A solution of sodium thiosulphate crystals (Na2S2O3.5H2O) of strength _____ M.
b. A solution of HCl of strength _____ M.

PROCEDURE:

Take 5 beakers labelled 1 to 5. With the help of a measuring cylinder, put sodium thiosulphate
solution Na2S2O3.5H2O and distilled water according to the table given below:

Beaker no Volume of Volume of distilled Time in seconds

Na2S2O3.5H2O water
1 50 ml 0 ml
2 40 ml 10 ml
3 30 ml 20 ml
4 20 ml 30 ml
5 10 ml 40 ml

1. Place beaker number 1 over a piece of paper with a cross mark on it.
2. Now add 10ml of the solution HCl to this solution and start the stop-watch at the same
time. Swirl the contents of the beaker and return it over the cross mark.
3. Look down vertically on to the cross mark and stop the stop-watch as soon as the cross
on
the paper becomes invisible. Note the time in the stop-watch.
4. The disappearance of the cross mark is due to the formation of colloidal sulphur in the
reaction.
5. Repeat the experiment by adding 10 ml of C-14 to the beakers labelled 2, 3, 4, and 5 and
note the time taken in each case for the cross mark on the paper to become invisible.

EQUATION:

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(aq) + S (colloidal)

RESULT: