Organic Chemistry

Fuels and Crude Oil

Hydrocarbons
Alcohols
Organic Acids
Plastics
made from products obtained from crude
oil
plastics are used in making:
bottles
containers
cars
mobile phones
computers
large amounts of plastic products is thrown
away everyday
Fuels and Crude Oil
Learning Objectives:
Name natural gas and petroleum as sources
of energy
Describe petroleum as a mixture of
substances and its separation into useful
fractions by fractional distillation
State that the naphtha fraction from crude oil
is the main source of hydrocarbons used for
the production of a wide range of organic
products
Fuels and Crude Oil
Petroleum (Crude Oil)
a fuel extracted from rock strata
thick black liquid also know as black gold
a mixture of compounds
large amounts are used today
Reserves may soon run out
Fuel
substance that is burn to produce heat
energy
Importance of Fuels
Used to run vehicles/for transport
Used for warmth
Used to cook food
Used in factories
Used to generate electricity

petroleum (crude oil), coal & natural gas are

the main sources of fuels
coal, petroleum & natural gas are called
fossil fuels
Formation of Petroleum and Natural
Gas
Oil (petroleum) and natural gas were formed
from the remains of prehistoric plants and
animalsthat's why they're called fossil fuels.
Hundreds of millions of years ago, prehistoric
plant and animal remains settled into the seas
along with sand, silt and rocks.
Petroleum and natural gas contain
hydrocarbons.
Natural gas is mainly made up of hydrocarbon
methane, CH4.
Extraction of Petroleum and Natural Gas
To extract petroleum and natural gas, an oil rig is
used to drill a hole through the rock layers.
The petroleum is transported by tankers or
pipelines to an oil refinery.
Natural gas is cooled to -162 o C, so that it
condenses into a liquid.
The liquefied natural gas (LNG) is then
transported around the world in refrigerated
tankers or overland through insulated pipeline.
Fractional Distillation
Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbon
molecules. These molecules have different sizes
and numbers of carbon atoms.
It must be refined to make useful products and
fuels.
Fractional distillation the separation of a mixture
into its component parts, or fractions, separating
chemical compounds by their boiling point by
heating them to a temperature at which one or
more fractions of the compound will vaporize. It
uses distillation to fractionate.
Properties and Uses of Fractions
All the fractions are insoluble in water and burn
in air.
The following properties of fractions vary with
increasing number of carbon atoms per
molecule:
The boiling point increases
The liquid flow less easily. (They become more
viscous).
The liquids burn less easily.
When the liquids burn, they burn with a more
smoky flame.
u
Exercise
1. Name the three types of fossil fuels.
2. How are fuels brought to different places.
3. Petroleum and natural gas were formed under the sea. Today a lot
of petroleum and natural gas are found under the land. Give a
reason for this.
4. Construct the equation, with state symbols, for the complete
combustion of methane in the air.
5. What physical property of liquids makes separation by fractional
distillation possible?
6. Suggest the name of petroleum fraction that would be suitable for
each of the following:
a. seal cracks in the concrete roof of a building;
b. oil the gears of a bicycle;
c. boil a beaker of water in the laboratory; and
d. protect a wooden table.
Organic Chemistry- The study
of carbon & carbon compounds

Organic compounds are the

primary constituents of all living
organisms.
Organic Chemistry- The study
of carbon & carbon compounds

Organic compounds are the

primary constituents of all living
organisms.
Draw an electron dot diagram of carbon.

Carbon is able to form 4 covalent

bonds (4 valence electrons) with
other carbon or other elements.
 II. Characteristics of Organic
Compounds
They are nonpolar compounds they
do not dissolve in polar solvents like Water.
O-

H+ +H

*remember the rule

likes dissolve likes
4) They have low melting points due
to weak intermolecular forces.
C-C C-C
STRONG STRONG
weak

5) They react slower than ionic

compounds due to strong
covalent bonds between atoms.
Structural Formulas
A 2D model shows bonding patterns and
shapes of molecules

Carbon is found in the center H

H C H
The short line represents a
H
pair of electrons.
Draw the structures for each
organic
H
1. Methane: CH4
H C H

H H
2. Chloroform: CHCl3
Cl C Cl

3. Ethane: C2 H6 Cl H H

Remember : Carbon H C C H
has 4 bonding sites. H H
 Types Of Bonds
Single Bond single covalent bond in
which they share 1 pair of electrons. (2 e-)

C C C C


Double Bond carbon atoms may
share 2 pairs of electrons to form a
double bond.


C C
C C

Triple Bond carbon atoms may share
3 pairs of electrons to form a triple bond.

C C
C C

 Types Of Compounds
Saturated Compound organic
compounds in which carbon atoms
are bonded by SINGLE bonds.
ex. Methane: CH4
H
H C H
H
 Types Of Compounds
Unsaturated Compound compounds
where carbon atoms have double or
triple bonds.

ex. ethene: C2H4

H H
H C C H
Representing Organic Molecules
Classification of Organic Compounds
Alkanes
Contain single
covalent bonds, C-C

Alkenes
Contain only carbon
and hydrogen Contain double
(Hydrocarbon) covalent bonds,
C=C

Alkynes
Contain triple
Organic covalent bonds,
compounds C=C

Alcohols
Contain hydroxyl
group, -OH
Contain carbon,
hydrogen and
oxygen
Organic acids
Contain carboxyl
group, -COOH
 A series of organic compounds that have similar structural features
but differ from adjacent members by (-CH2) group is referred to as
homologous series. Each member of homologous series is called
homolog.

Examples:
1. CH3-OH, CH3-CH2-OH, C3H7-OH are the members of a
homologous series called "Alcohols".
2. CH3-COOH, CH3-CH2-COOH, C3H7-COOH are the members of
homologous series called "Carboxylic acids".
3. CH3-O-CH3, C2H5-O-CH3, C3H7-O-CH3 are the members of
homologous series called "Ethers".
4. CH3CH3, CH3CH2CH3, CH3CH2CH2CH3 are the members of a
homologous series called Alkanes.
 Characteristics of Homologous Series
1. STRUCTURAL FORMULA
All the members of a homologous series have same structural
formula.
2. MOLECULAR FORMULA
Molecular formula of different members of a homologous series
differs from previous and next member by CH2.
3. NATURE OF ELEMENT
All the members of series have same type of elements.
4. FUNCTIONAL GROUP
All the members of homologous series contain same functional
group.
5. GENERAL FORMULA
Members of a homologous series can be represented by a
general formula.
 FOR EXAMPLE:
ALKANE : CnH2n+2
ALKENE : CnH2n
ALKYNE : CnH2n-2
ALCOHOL : CnH2n+1 OH
ETHERS : CnH2nO
Where n = number of carbon atoms.
6. MOLECULAR MASS
Molecular mass of any two consecutive members differ by 14 units
7. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
All the members of a homologous series have same chemical
properties due to same functional group.
8. METHODS OF PREPARATION
Generally all the members of a series can be prepared by using
same method.
9. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical properties of the members of a homologous series vary
with the increase in atomic weight.
 Functional Groups
are specific groups of atoms or bonds within molecules that are
responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those
molecules.
The same functional group will undergo the same or similar
chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a
part of. However, its relative reactivity can be modified by other
functional groups nearby.
The atoms of functional groups are linked to each other and to
the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds.
Types of Isomerism
An isomer of a molecule is a molecule with the same molecular formula but a
different structural or spatial arrangement of atoms. This variation can lead to a
difference in physical or chemical properties.
 Structural Isomerism
a. Chain

DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF A MOLECULES CARBON SKELETON

The positions of the carbon atoms in the molecule can be rearranged to give
branched carbon chains coming off the main chain. The name of the
molecule changes to reflect this, but the molecular formula is still the same.
 Structural Isomerism
b. Position

THE DIFFERING POSITION OF THE SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUP IN THE

MOLECULE
The molecular formula remains the same; the type of functional group
also remains the same, but its position in the molecule changes. The
name of the molecule changes to reflect the new position of the
functional group.
 Structural Isomerism
c. Functional

DIFFERING POSITIONS OF ATOMS GIVE A DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Also referred to as functional group isomerism, these isomers have the
same molecular formula but the atoms are rearranged to give a
different functional group. The name of the molecule changes to
reflect the new functional group.
 Stereoisomerism
a. Geometric

DIFFERENT SUBSTITUENTS AROUND A BOND WITH RESTRICTED ROTATION

Commonly exhibited by alkenes, the presence of two different
substituents on both carbon atoms at either end of the double bond
can give rise to two different, non-superimposable isomers due to the
restricted rotation of the bond.
Stereoisomerism
b. Optical

NON-SUPERIMPOSABLE
MIRROR IMAGES OF THE SAME
MOLECULE

Optical isomers differ by the

placement of different
substituents, around one or
more atoms in a molecule.
Different arrangements of
these substituents can be
impossible to superimpose -
these are optical isomers.