Formula

Functional group
Class Functional group/name Suffix Examples

alkane C-C ane ethane CnH2n+2 H H H H

‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
alkene C=C Alkenyl ene ethene CnH2n H - C – C – C – C – O-H
‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
alkyne C≡C Alkynyl yne ethyne CnH2n-2
H H H H
alcohol O-H Hydroxyl ol ethanol CnH2n+1OH
Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp

ether C–O-C Ether oxyalkane methoxymethane R –O -R

IUPAC nomenclature
ketone O Carbonyl one propanone CnH2nO
or Systematic naming organic molecules
‖
C–C-C R-CO-R H CI O
‫׀‬ ‫‖ ׀‬
aldehyde C=O Aldehyde anal ethanal CnH2nO
or
H - C3– C2– C1- OH
‫׀‬
R -CHO ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H
H H C1 – functional gp
Carboxylic acid O Carboxyl oic acid ethanoic acid CnH2n+1COOH
C2 – substituent gp - CI
‖
C–OH 2 – chloropropanoic acid
ester O Ester oate ethyl ethanoate R – COO-R
‖ Prefix Stem Suffix
C – O –C
Position and Longest carbon Functional
amide CONH2 Amide anamide propanamide substituent chain gp

amine NH2 Amine amine ethanamine

nitrile C≡N Nitrile nitrile propanenitrile

halogenoalkane F, Br, CI, I Halogeno chloroethane R - CI

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 Organic Chemistry Functional group

Hydrocarbon H H H H
‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
no aromatic ring Aliphatic Aromatic H - C – C – C – C – O-H
‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H H H
Saturated Ring form Unsaturated benzene ring
inside Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
Alkane Cycloalkane Cycloalkene Alkene
H H H H IUPAC nomenclature
‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ Systematic naming organic molecules
H-C–C–H C=C H CI O
‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H ‫׀‬ ‫‖ ׀‬
H H
H - C3– C2– C1- OH
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
benzene alkylbenzene H H C1 – functional gp

C2 – substituent gp - CI

2 – chloropropanoic acid
Prefix Stem Suffix

Position and Longest carbon Functional

substituent chain gp

Structural formula

Use of parenthesis
Compound Ethane Ethanoic acid

Empirical formula CH3 CH2O

H H H H H H CH3 H H H H CH3 H CH3 H
Molecular formula C2H6 C2H4O2 ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬
Full SF H H H O H-C-C–C–C–C–H H-C-C–C–C–C–H H-C-C–C–C–C–H
‫׀ ׀‬ ‫‖ ׀‬
‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬
H-C–C–H H - C - C - OH
‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
Condensed SF CH3CH3 CH3COOH CH3(CH2)3CH3 CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH3 CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3
Stereochemical
formula Repeat CH2 x 3 CH3 branch Repeat CH2 x 2 CH3 branch
(3D)
 Use of parenthesis
IUPAC nomenclature
Systematic naming organic molecules
H H H H H H CH3 H H H H CH3 H CH3 H
H CI O ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‖ H-C-C–C–C–C–H H-C-C–C–C–C–H H-C-C–C–C–C–H
‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀ ׀‬
H - C – C – C - OH
3 2 1 H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H C1 – functional gp
CH3(CH2)3CH3 CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH3 CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3
C2 – substituent gp - CI

2 – chloropropanoic acid Repeat CH2 x 3 CH3 branch Repeat CH2 x 2 CH3 branch

Prefix Stem Suffix

substituents – attached to main carbon chain
Position and Longest carbon Functional
substituent chain gp H CH3 H H H H H C2H5
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
Number Alkyl Structure formula
H - C 1– C 2– C – C – H H - C 1– C 2– C – H C2H5 - C3 – H
carbon gp ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H H H CI Br H C2H5
1 Methyl CH3 - 3 - ethylpentane
2 -methylbutane 1 - chloro-2-bromopropane
2 Ethyl CH3CH2 -
3 Propyl CH3CH2CH2 - H C2H5 H H H H H H H H H H
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
4 Butyl CH3(CH2)2CH2 - H - C1– C 2– C 3– C4– C5- H H - C 1– C – C –H H- C – C – C –C-H
2 3 1 2 3 4
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
5 Pentyl CH3(CH2)3CH2 - H OH H H
H H H H H CI CI H
6 Hexyl CH3(CH2)4CH2 - 2 - ethylpentane 1, 2 - dichloropropane butan – 2- ol
Start with smallest number
7 Heptyl CH3(CH2)5CH2 -
8 Octyl CH3(CH2)6CH2 - H CH3 CH3 H H H H H H H H
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
R Alkyl R- H-C– C – C –C–H H - C 1– C 2– C 3 – H H- C – C – C = C-H
4 3 2 1
‫׀‬1 ‫׀‬2 ‫ ׀‬3 ‫׀‬4 ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
Substituents - Gp attach to main carbon chain H H H H CI CH3 H H H H H
R - Alkyl gp (carbon branches)
2, 3- dimethylbutane 1-chloro-2-methylpropane but – 1- ene
Start with smallest number

Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number

 Nomenclature for Organic Molecules

1 Name the parent (longest unbranched carbon chain) Name the parent (longest unbranched carbon chain)

C – C – C – C – C – C – C C – C – C – C – C – C – C
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ wrong ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
7 carbon - heptane
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 7 carbon - heptane CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
CH3 CH3

2 Choose chain which has more alkyl groups attached Choose chain which has more alkyl groups attached
C – C – C – C – C – C – C C – C – C – C – C – C – C
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
wrong
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ 3 alkyl gps
CH3 4 alkyl gps
CH3

3 Number from end giving substituent lowest possible number

C – C – C – C – C – C – C C – C – C – C – C – C – C
1 wrong 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
‫׀‬2 ‫׀‬3 ‫׀‬4 ‫׀‬5 6 7
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 2, 4, 5 trimethyl CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
3, 4, 6 trimethyl
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
3 - ethyl
CH3 CH3 5 - ethyl

2 or more identical substituent present

2, 4, 5 -trimethyl-3-ethylheptane
4
2 - di , 3- tri , 4 - tetra .
C – C – C – C – C – C – C
1
‫׀‬2 ‫׀‬3 ‫׀‬4 ‫׀‬5 6 7

CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3

‫׀‬
CH3
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3 -ethyl-2, 4, 5-trimethylheptane

Use comma, to separate numbers

Use hyphen – to separate number and word
Write prefix and parent as one word
Arrange substituents according alphabetical order
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 Homologous Series

Class Functional gp Suffix Example Formula Class Functional Suffix Example Formula

Alkane C-C - ane ethane CnH2n+2 Alkene Alkenyl - ene ethene CnH2n

• member differ by CH2 gp • member differ by CH2 gp

• same functional group • same functional group
• similar chemical properties • similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+2 • chemical formula CnH2n
• end with ane • end with ene

Saturated hydrocarbon (C – C single bond) Unsaturated hydrocarbon (C = C double bond)

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬
H-C– H H-C–C–H H-C–C–C–H H-C–C–C–C–H C=C C=C–C-H C=C–C–C-H C=C–C–C–C-H
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
methane ethane propane butane
ethene propene butene pentene

Number Word IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
carbon formula carbon formula

1 Meth Methane CH4 CH4 2 Ethene CH2CH2 C2H4

2 Eth Ethane CH3CH3 C2H6 3 Propene CH2=CHCH3 C3H6
3 Prop Propane CH3CH2CH3 C3H8 4 Butene CH2=CHCH2CH3 C4H8
4 But Butane CH3(CH2)2CH3 C4H10 5 Pentene CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3 C5H10
5 Pent Pentane CH3(CH2)3CH3 C5H12 6 Hexene CH2=CH(CH2)3CH3 C6H12
6 Hex Hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3 C6H14 7 Heptene CH2=CH(CH2)4CH3 C7H14
7 Hept Heptane CH3(CH2)5CH3 C7H16 8 Octene CH2=CH(CH2)5CH3 C8H16
8 Oct Octane CH3(CH2)6CH3 C8H18 9 Nonene CH2=CH(CH2)6CH3 C9H18
9 Non Nonane CH3(CH2)7CH3 C9H20 10 Decene CH2=CH(CH2)7CH3 C10H20
10 Dec Decane CH3(CH2)8CH3 C10H22
 Homologous Series Homologous Series

Class Functional gp Suffix Example Formula Class Functional group/name Examples

Alkane C-C - ane ethane CnH2n+2 alkene C=C Alkenyl ethene

alkyne C≡ C Alkynyl ethyne

carbon IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular Boiling alcohol OH Hydroxyl ethanol
formula point
ether C–O-C Ether methoxymethane
1 Methane CH4 CH4 Gas
ketone O Carbonyl propanone
2 Ethane CH3CH3 C2H6 Gas ‖
C–C-C
3 Propane CH3CH2CH3 C3H8 Gas
aldehyde CHO Aldehyde ethanal
4 Butane CH3(CH2)2CH3 C4H10 Gas Carboxylic acid COOH Carboxyl ethanoic acid
5 Pentane CH3(CH2)3CH3 C5H12 Liquid
ester O Ester ethyl ethanoate
6 Hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3 C6H14 Liquid ‖
C – O -R
amide O Amide propanamide
Physical properties m/p+ b/p ‖
• Increase RMM / molecular size increase ↑ C – NH2
•RMM increase ↑ - Van Der Waals forces stronger ↑
amine NH2 Amine ethanamine
↓
Melting /boiling point increases ↑
nitrile C≡ N Nitrile propanenitrile
(Increasing polarisability ↑)
London dispersion forces/temporary dipole ↑
boiling point increase with increase carbon atoms

boiling point boiling point carboxylic acid

H2 bonding
150 alcohol
alkane
100 alkene
liquid
alkyne
50
room temp
London dispersion force
0 (temporary dipole)

-50

-100 gas carboxylic acid > alkane/alkene/alkyne

alcohol
-150

-200 number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Carbons / RMM ↑
number carbons – RMM ↑
 Homologous Series

Class Functional gp Suffix Example Formula Class Functional Suffix Example Formula

Alkane C-C - ane ethane CnH2n+2 Alkene C=C - ene ethene CnH2n

• member differ by CH2 gp • member differ by CH2 gp

• same functional group • same functional group
• similar chemical properties • similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+2 • chemical formula CnH2n
• end with ane • end with ene

Saturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬
H-C– H H-C–C–H H-C–C–C–H H-C–C–C–C–H C=C C=C–C-H C=C–C–C-H C=C–C–C–C-H
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
methane ethane propane butane ethene propene butene pentene

Number Word IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
carbon formula carbon formula

1 Meth Methane CH4 CH4 2 Ethene CH2=CH2 C2H4

2 Eth Ethane CH3CH3 C2H6 3 Propene CH2=CHCH3 C3H6

3 Prop Propane CH3CH2CH3 C3H8 4 Butene CH2=CHCH2CH3 C4H8

4 But Butane CH3(CH2)2CH3 C4H10 5 Pentene CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3 C5H10

5 Pent Pentane CH3(CH2)3CH3 C5H12 6 Hexene CH2=CH(CH2)3CH3 C6H12

Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule

Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
H H H H H
‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬
H-C–C–H CH3CH3 C=C–C-H CH2=CHCH3
‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H H H

ethane propene
 Homologous Series

Class Functional gp Suffix Example Formula Class Functional Suffix Example Formula

Alkyne C≡C - yne ethyne CnH2n-2 Alcohol Hydroxyl - ol methanol CnH2n+1OH

• member differ by CH2 gp • member differ by CH2 gp

• same functional group • same functional group
• similar chemical properties • similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n-2 • chemical formula CnH2n+1OH
• end with yne • end with ol

Functional gp Hydrocarbon skeleton Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp

H H H H H H H H H H H H H
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H-C≡C–H H-C≡C–C–H H - C ≡ C – C – C- H H - C – OH H - C – C – OH H - C – C – C – OH H - C – C – C – C – OH
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H H H H H H H H H H H H
ethyne propyne butyne methanol ethanol propanol butanol

Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular formula Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
carbon carbon formula

2 Ethyne CH≡CH C2H2 1 Methanol CH3OH CH3OH

3 Propyne H-C≡C-CH3 C3H4 2 Ethanol CH3CH2OH C2H5OH
4 Butyne H-C≡C-CH2CH3 C4H6 3 Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH C3H7OH
5 Pentyne H-C≡C-(CH2)2CH3 C5H8 4 Butanol CH3(CH2)2CH2OH C4H9OH
6 Hexyne H-C≡C-(CH2)3CH3 C6H10 5 Pentanol CH3(CH2)3CH2OH C5H11OH

Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule

Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
H H H
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬
H-C≡C–C–H CH≡C-CH3 H - C – C – OH CH3CH2OH
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬
H H H

propyne ethanol
 Homologous Series

Class Functional gp Suffix Example Formula Class Fumctional Suffix Example Formula

Ketone Carbonyl (C=O) - one propanone CnH2nO Aldeyde Aldeyde - al methanal CnH2nO

• member differ by CH2 gp • member differ by CH2 gp

• same functional group • same functional group
• similar chemical properties • similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2nO • chemical formula CnH2nO
• end with one • end with al

Functional gp Hydrocarbon skeleton Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp

H O H H O H H H O H H H H H H H H H
‫‖ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫‖ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫‖ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬
H-C–C– C–H H-C–C– C–C-H H-C–C– C–C–C-H H-C=O H-C–C=O H-C–C–C=O H-C–C–C–C=O
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

propanone butanone pentanone methanal ethanal propanal butanal

Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
carbon formula carbon formula

3 Propanone CH3COCH3 C3H6O 1 Methanal HCHO CH2O

4 Butanone CH3COCH2CH3 C4H8O 2 Ethanal CH3CHO C2H4O
5 Pentanone CH3CH2COCH2CH3 C5H10O 3 Propanal CH3CH2CHO C3H6O
6 Hexanone CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3 C6H12O 4 Butanal CH3(CH2)2CHO C4H8O
7 Heptanone CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH2CH3 C7H14O 5 Pentanal CH3(CH2)3CHO C5H10O

Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule

Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
H O H H
‫‖ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H-C–C– C–H CH3COCH3 H-C–C=O CH3CHO
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬
H H H H

propanone ethanal
 Homologous Series

Class Functional Suffix Example Formula Class Functional Suffix Formula

Carboxylic acid Carboxyl - oic acid ethanoic acid CnH2n+1COOH Ester Ester - oate R –COO-R

• member differ by CH2 gp • member differ by CH2 gp

• same functional group • same functional group
• similar chemical properties • similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+1COOH • chemical formula CnH2nO2
• end with oic acid • end with oate

Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp

O H H O H H H O H
O H O H H O
‖ ‫׀‬ ‫‖ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫‖ ׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬
‖ ‫‖ ׀‬ ‫‖ ׀ ׀‬
H-C–O–C-H H-C-C–O-C-H H-C–C–C–O-C-H
H-C-OH H - C - C - OH H - C – C – C - OH
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬
H H H H H H
H H H
methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acid methyl methanoate methyl ethanoate methyl propanoate

Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular formula Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
carbon carbon formula

1 Methanoic acid HCOOH HCOOH 1 Methyl methanoate HCOOCH3 R–COO-R

2 Ethanoic acid CH3COOH CH3COOH 2 Methyl ethanoate CH3COOCH3 R–COO-R

3 Propanoic acid CH3CH2COOH C2H5COOH 3 Methyl propanoate CH3CH2COOCH3 R–COO-R

4 Butanoic acid CH3(CH2)2COOH C3H7COOH 4 Methyl butanoate CH3CH2CH2COOCH3 R–COO-R
5 Pentanoic acid CH3(CH2)3COOH C4H9COOH

Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule

Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
O O H
‖ ‖ ‫׀‬
H-C–O–C-H HCOOCH3
H-C-OH HCOOH
‫׀‬
H

methanoic acid Methyl methanoate

 Homologous Series

Class Functional Suffix Example Formula Class Functional Suffix Example Formula

Amine NH2 - amine ethanamine CnH2n+1NH2 Amide Amide - amide ethanamide CnH2n+1CONH2

• member differ by CH2 gp • member differ by CH2 gp

• same functional group • same functional group
• similar chemical properties • similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+1NH2 • chemical formula CnH2n+1CONH2
• end with amine • end with amide

Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp

H H H H H H H H H H O H H H O H
O H
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ‖ ׀‬ ‫‖ ׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬
‖ ‫׀‬
H-C– N-H H-C–C–N-H H-C–C–C–N-H H-C–C–N-H H-C–C–C–N-H
H-C– N-H
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H H H H H H H H
methanamine ethanamine propanamine methanamide ethanamide propanamide

Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular formula Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular formula
carbon carbon

1 Methanamine CH3NH2 CH3NH2 1 Methanamide HCONH2 HCONH2

2 Ethanamine CH3CH2NH2 C2H5NH2 2 Ethanamide CH3CONH2 CH3CONH2

3 Propanamine CH3CH2CH2NH2 C3H7NH2 3 Propanamide CH3CH2CONH2 C3H7CONH2

4 Butanamine CH3(CH2)2CH2NH2 C4H9NH2 4 Butanamide CH3(CH2)2CONH2 C4H9CONH2

5 Pentanamine CH3(CH2)3CH3NH2 C5H11NH2 5 Pentanamide CH3(CH2)3CONH2 C5H11CONH2

Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule

Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
H H O H
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‖ ‫׀‬
H-C– N-H CH3NH2 HCONH2
H-C– N-H
‫׀‬
H
methanamine methanamide
 Homologous Series

Class Functional Suffix Example Formula Class Functional Suffix Example

Nitrile C≡N - nitrile ethanenitrile CnH2n+1CN Ether Ether -oxyalkane methoxymethane

• member differ by CH2 gp • member differ by CH2 gp

• same functional group • same functional group
• similar chemical properties • similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+1CN • chemical formula R – O - R
• end with nitrile • end with oxyalkane

Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H-C≡N H-C–C≡N H-C–C–C≡N H-C–C–C–C≡N H-C–O–C-H H-C-C–O-C-H H-C–C–C–O-C-H
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
methanenitrile ethanenitrile propanenitrile butanenitrile methoxymethane methoxyethane methoxypropane

Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular formula Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
carbon carbon formula

1 Methanenitrile HCN HCN 1 Methoxymethane CH3 - O – CH3 R –O -R

2 Ethanenitrile CH3CN CH3CN 2 Methoxyethane CH3CH2 - O – CH3 R –O -R
3 Propanenitrile CH3CH2CN C2H5CN 3 Methoxypropane CH3CH2CH2 - O –CH3 R –O -R
4 Butanenitrile CH3(CH2)2CN C3H7CN 4 Methoxybutane CH3(CH2 )3 - O –CH3 R –O -R
5 Pentanenitrile CH3(CH2)3CN C4H9CN 5 Methoxypentane CH3(CH2 )4 - O –CH3 R –O -R

Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule

Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
H H H
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H-C–C≡N CH3CN H-C–O–C-H CH3–O– CH3
‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H H

ethanenitrile methoxymethane
 Homologous Series

Class Functional Prefix Example Class Functional Suffix Example Formula

Halogenoalkane F, CI, Br, I - chloro chloroethane Alcohol Hydroxyl - ol methanol CnH2n+1OH

• member differ by CH2 gp • member differ by CH2 gp

• same functional group • same functional group
• similar chemical properties • similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n-1 X • chemical formula CnH2n+1OH
• end with ol

Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H - C – CI H - C – C – CI H - C – C – C – CI H - C – OH H - C – C – OH H - C – C – C – OH H - C – C – C – C – OH
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬ ‫׀‬ ‫׀‬
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
chloromethane chloroethane chloropropane methanol ethanol propanol butanol

Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular Number IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
carbon formula carbon formula

1 chloromethane CH3CI CH3CI 1 Methanol CH3OH CH3OH

2 chloroethane CH3CH2CI C2H5CI 2 Ethanol CH3CH2OH C2H5OH

3 chloropropane CH3CH2CH2CI C3H7CI 3 Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH C3H7OH

4 chlorobutane CH3(CH2)2CH2CI C4H9CI 4 Butanol CH3(CH2)2CH2OH C4H9OH

5 chloropentane CH3(CH2)3CH2CI C5H11CI 5 Pentanol CH3(CH2)3CH2OH C5H11OH

Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule

Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
H H H
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬
H - C – CI CH3CI
H - C – C – OH CH3CH2OH
‫׀‬ ‫׀ ׀‬
H H H

chloromethane ethanol