Hemet High  Chemistry Name: Pd:

Chapter 22 Homework Packet

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All Chapter 22 Notes Completed ____/10pts

Ch 22.1 pg 714 #1-3, 5

Worksheet #1

Naming Alkanes

Worksheet #2

Drawing Alkanes

Worksheet #3

Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

Ch 22.3 pg 734 #1, 3-5

Ch 22 Review Worksheet

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Final Packet ___/70

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Hemet High  Chemistry
22  Organic Chemistry
Chapter Notes
Section 1: Organic Compounds
 : covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding
and .
 is unique in that its electronic structure allows it:
o to bind to itself to form and
o to bind covalently to other elements
o to bind to itself and other elements in different .
 : the covalent bonding of an element to itself to form chains or rings.
o Can be linked by , , or covalent bonds.
 : composed of only carbon and hydrogen; they are the
simplest organic compounds.
o Other organic compounds have hydrocarbon backbones with elements like O, N, S,
and the halogens attached.
 : compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
Structural Formulas
 : indicates the number and types of atoms present in a
molecule and shows the bonding of the atoms.
o A structural formula is when the bond between Carbon
and is not shown.
Butane can also be CH3—CH2—CH2—CH3
Geometric Isomers
 Isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the same but the of
atoms in space is different.
o : on the same side.
o : on opposite sides.
Structural Isomers
 Also called “ ”, are isomers in which the atoms are bonded
together in different orders.
o Ex: Both are C4H10

 Structural Isomers can have different or properties.

o Ex: Different melting points, boiling points, and density.

Section 2: Hydrocarbons
 Remember, these contain only and .
 Hydrocarbons are grouped by the of bonding between the carbon atoms.
 are when each carbon atom in the molecule
forms single covalent bonds with other atoms.
Alkanes
 : hydrocarbons with only single bonds.
o Formula for finding molecular formula for alkanes:
 Examples: Find the molecular formula for the following n values.
o n=5

o n=12

o n=30

 Only Alkanes with or more carbon atoms have structural isomers because they
can be straight or .
 The number of structural isomers increases greatly as the number of
atoms in alkanes increases.
Systematic Naming of Alkanes
Unbranched-Chain Alkane Nomenclature
 Find the that corresponds to the number of atoms in the chain
of the hydrocarbon.
 Then add the suffix –ane to the prefix.
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

7 Carbons is hept- and add –ane to make .

Branched-Chain Alkane Nomenclature

 Alkyl Groups are groups of atoms that are formed when hydrogen atom is removed
from an alkane molecule.
 Alkyl groups are named by the suffix –ane with –yl.
Alkane Nomenclature
1. Name the parent hydrocarbon: find the longest continuous chain of carbons that have
straight-chain branches.
“Prefix for number of carbons” + “-ane”
2. Add the names of the alkyl groups: add them in alphabetical order and if there is more
than one of the same group present, attach the appropriate numerical prefix to the name.
3. Number the carbon atoms in the parent hydrocarbon: Number them carbon atoms in the
chain to give the lowest numbers possible in the name. If there are two equal lowest
positions with two different alkyl groups, give the lowest number to the alkyl group that
comes first alphabetically, before prefixes are added.
4. Insert Position Numbers: put position numbers of each alkyl group in front of the name of
that group. We do not use the number 1.
5. Punctuate the name: Use hyphens to separate the position numbers from the names. If
there is more than one number if front of a name, use commas to separate the numbers.
 Examples:
o Name the following simple branched-chain alkanes:
1.
CH3—CH—CH2—CH—CH—CH3
| | |
CH3 CH3 CH3
2.
CH3—CH—CH2—CH3
|
CH3
Drawing Alkanes
1. Draw the hydrocarbon chain: Looking at the prefix, determine how many carbons in the
parent chain. Leave room to add in hydrogens.
2. Add Alkyl Groups: Using the numbers in the name, determine the locations of any alkyl
groups.
3. Correct Alkyl Groups: Using the prefixes, make sure the alkyl groups are correct using the
alkyl name. ex. Methyl is CH3 , Ethyl is CH2—CH3
 Examples:
o Draw the condensed structural formula for each of the following:
1. 2,4-dimethylpentane
2. 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane

3. methylpropane

Cycloalkanes
 Cycloalkanes are alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a , or cyclic
structure.
 Structural Formula for .
 Formula for finding molecular formula for cycloalkanes: CnH2n

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
 : are hydrocarbons in which not all carbon atoms
have single covalent bonds.
 They have one or more bonds or bonds.
 Carbon atoms easily form double and triple bonds to other atoms, so
multiple bonds between carbon atoms are common in organic compounds.
Alkenes
 : hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds
 Formula for finding molecular formula for noncyclic alkenes with one double bond:
 Because alkenes have a double bond, they can have .
Systematic Naming of Alkenes
 Rules are similar to those for naming an alkane.
 The parent hydrocarbon is the continuous chain of carbon atoms that
contains the double bond.
 The carbon atoms are numbered so that the first carbon atom in the bond has
the number.
 If there is more than one double bond, the suffix is changed to indicate the
of double bonds. Ex: 2 = -adiene 3 = atriene
Alkene Nomenclature
1. Name the parent hydrocarbon: find the longest continuous chain of carbons that
contains the double bond(s).
“Prefix for number of carbons” + “-ene”
If more than one double bond, modify the suffix.
2. Add the names of the alkyl groups: add them in alphabetical order and if there is more
than one of the same group present, attach the appropriate numerical prefix to the
name.
3. Number the carbon atoms in the parent hydrocarbon: Number them carbon atoms in
the chain so that the first carbon atom in the double bond nearest the end of the chain
has the lowest number. If numbering from both ends gives the same numbers, then
number from the end nearest the first alkyl group.
4. Insert Position Numbers: place double-bond position numbers before the name of the
parent hydrocarbon and the alkyl group position numbers before the name of the
corresponding alkyl group.
5. Punctuate the name: Use hyphens to separate the position numbers from the names. If
there is more than one number if front of a name, use commas to separate the
numbers.
 Examples:
o Name the following alkenes:
CH3
1. |
CH3—CH—C=CH2
|
CH2—CH3

2. CH3—CH2—CH2—CH=CH—CH3
Alkynes
 : hydrocarbons that contain triple covalent bonds
 Formula for finding molecular formula for noncyclic alkanes with one triple bond: CnH2n-2
Systematic Naming of Alkynes
 Rules are similar to those for naming an alkene.
 If there is more than one bond, the suffix is changed to indicate the number of
triple bonds. Ex: 2 = -adiyne 3 = atriyne
Alkyne Nomenclature
1. Name the parent hydrocarbon: find the longest continuous chain of carbons that contains
the triple bond(s).
“Prefix for number of carbons” + “-yne”
If more than one triple bond, modify the suffix.
2. Add the names of the alkyl groups: add them in alphabetical order and if there is more
than one of the same group present, attach the appropriate numerical prefix to the name.
3. Number the carbon atoms in the parent hydrocarbon: Number them carbon atoms in the
chain so that the first carbon atom in the triple bond nearest the end of the chain has the
lowest number. If numbering from both ends gives the same numbers, then number from
the end nearest the first alkyl group.
4. Insert Position Numbers: place triple-bond position numbers before the name of the
parent hydrocarbon and the alkyl group position numbers before the name of the
corresponding alkyl group.
5. Punctuate the name: Use hyphens to separate the position numbers from the names. If
there is more than one number if front of a name, use commas to separate the numbers.
 Examples:
o Name the following alkenes:
1. CH≡C—CH—CH3
|
CH3
2. CH3—CH2—CH2—C≡CH
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: have -membered carbon rings and delocalized electrons.
 : is the primary aromatic hydrocarbon. C6H6 It is a six carbon atom
ring with double bonds.
Section 3: Functional Groups
 : is an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the
specific properties of an organic compound.
 Compounds that contain the same functional group can be together
because they will undergo the same types of chemical .
Classes of Organic Compounds
 Alcohols: are organic compounds that contain or more hydroxyl groups.
o Functional Group: —OH
 Alkyl Halides: are organic compounds in which one or more atoms—fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, or iodine—are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms.
o Functional Group: —X (X= F, Cl, Br, or I)
 Ether: are organic compounds in which hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the
same atom of oxygen.
o Functional Group: —O—
 Aldehydes: are organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon
atom at the of a carbon-atom chain.
O
||
o Functional Group: —C—H
 Ketone: are organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms
the chain.
O
||
o Functional Group: —C—
 Amine: are organic compounds that can be considered to be derivatives of , NH3.
o Functional Group: —N—
|
 Carboxylic Acids: are organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group.
O
||
o Functional Group: —C—OH
 Ester: are organic compounds that have carboxylic acid groups in which the
of the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an alkyl group.
O
||
o Functional Group: —C—O—