Hydrocarbons

✓Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen

I
Electronegativity differences of Carbon and hydrogen atoms is 0.4, which means it is a
covalent bond

Hydrocarbons are not soluble in polar solvents

✓ CH4 is the simplest hydrocarbon

✓ The Carbon skeleton is aliphatic (straight chain, branched chain or cyclic structure) and
aromatic hydrocarbons

✓ There are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

1. Linear chain carbon skeleton:

Ella EH EH,
"

CH, -
-

,
-
Butane

2. Branched chain

H, É Ctb
z

Isobutane 2- methyl propane

fH3

Butane and isobutane are structural isomers

↳ Same molecular formula, different structure.

3. Cyclic structure
Derivatives of hydrocarbons
Atoms that have similar electronegativity to carbon atom

For example, an alkyl group which is formed by removing 1 hydrogen from the alkaline chain. For
examples butane:

cuz CHA CHA CH ,

-
- -

CH , CHA-CHA-CHA
-
.

Butane Butyl
S
R H
-

R -
←
O

N
a
1. Hydroxyl group:

R- OH

CH } Methyl

CHSOH Methyl alcohol (methanol)

2. Thiol group

R-SH Thioalcohol

ctbstl Methantiol

3. Addition of O-R

O
Ether

R R
1

Cats O Cats-
-

Diethyl ether

4. Addition of carbonyl groups C- 0

O % Dimethyl ketone (acetone)

c
Ketone C

Hzc
R 2
R
Ctb
 O
O
Aldehyde H .
Carboxylic acid

carboxyl group
R H R OH
→

ra
C
→ Triacyglycerol, triglyceride
n
R OR’

B Ester bond. O

→ Amide

R NH
2
5. Addition of N

Amine

Organic base ( Lewis base)

6. Addition of halogens:

✓ Organohalogen

✓ R-X (F, Cl, Br, I)

✓ CH3 Cl Chloromethane
 Hydrocarbons

Aliphatic
Aromatic hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons
(Unsaturated) '

Unsaturated
Saturated

I Alkenes
(Oleffins)
Benzene and derivatives

Alkan'e (Cn Han ) -

ene
(Paraffins)
(C H2h -12 )
n

-
one

Alkynes
(Acetylenes)
Cycloalkenes (Cn H2h -2) Fused-ring aromatic
(Cn H 2h ) hydrocarbon

Alnylformuta.cn/lan+1wM
 Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

Saturated:

Carbon skeleton, C-Csingle bond

Linear, linear branched and cyclo structure

Alkane'S and cycloalkenes

Alkanes have title affinity. They are

homologous series and only differ by a
-CH2- group

Melting point: The higher amount of carbons the

higher the melting point. Methane has a - 183
degrees melting point but pentane is - 130
degrees

Same applies for boiling point

Naming:

Nomenclature system, IUPAC

Linear C skeleton
i. the # of C atoms in the chain, name of alkyl
ii. ends with -ane
Branched-chain alkane •
•
Find and name the longest continous chain of carbon atoms from the end that will give
the lower prefix numbers •

•
Add the prefixes alphabetically
Alkanes are hydrophobic in nature, insoluble and immiscible in polar solvent. They don't react
with acids nor bases and they don't have functional groups. They are non-reactive: “Laxative”
Reaction of alkanes

1. Combustion reactions: Alkanes react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

2. Desaturation reactions:

3. Halogenation reactions:

Radical chain reactions

Organohologen compounds, halogenated hydrocarbon:

As a reagent, synthesis of organic compounds

Solvents

Naturally occurring compounds are rare "

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Toxic for liver and some of them carcinogen

CHCl3 - trichlorometane chloroform

↳ Anesthetic, toxic and carcinogen

CCl4 - Carbon tetrachloride

↳ Toxic and carcinogen

Fasciola hepatica (trematode)

→
Bile ducts and gall bladder.

Fasciolasis: bile duct and liver Ca

Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Alkenes

Alkynes (acetylenes)

Aromatic compounds

The site of reactivity in the molecule.

Unsaturation in organic compounds D

have triple
Alkynes
bonds
Physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons:.

1. Insoluble in water. Non-polar

2. Low melting and boiling point

↳ When the number of carbon decreases so does the boiling point. Hence alkynes
have a higher boiling point than alkenes.

3. No free rotation. Pi bonds prevent rotation of sigma bonds.

4. Acetylenes have linear geometry, but alkenes and cyclic systems have geometric
isomers
Naming

✓Define the location of double and triple bonds

✓ Number the chain starting from the end closer to the double or triple bond

Molecules having two or more double or triple bonds in its hydrocarbon chain
 Dienes are compounds containing two double bonds in their structures.

Reactions of alkenes
1. Combustion (oxidation) reactions

2. Addition reactions

Addition through double bond

: Double bond - single bond
Polymerization
Polymers are monomers, repeating units in structure. Some natural polymers are
polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, RNA and a synthetic polymer is alkenes

Specific unsaturated compounds:

• Terpenes: constructed from 5- carbon isoprene units
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: simplest aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene which is toxic,
volatile, and water insoluble

Each carbon- carbon bond is half single and half

double bond in character
I
In aromatic compounds the total of electrons is: 4n+2.

Benzene: 6= 4n+2 = 1