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INTRODUCTION
 The term ‘hydrocarbon’ is self-explanatory which means compounds of carbon and hydrogen only.
Hydrocarbons play a key role in our daily life. You must be familiar with the terms ‘LPG’ and ‘CNG’ used as
fuels.
 LPG is the abbreviated form of liquified petrolieum gas whereas CNG stands for compressed natural gas.
Another term ‘LNG’(liquified natural gas) is also in news these days. This is also a fuel and is obtained by
liquifaction of natural gas. Petrol, diesel and kerosene oil are obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum
found under the earth’s crust. Coal gas is obtained by the destructive distillation of coal.
 Natural gas is found in upper strata during drilling of oil wells. The gas after compression is known as compressed
natural gas. LPG is used as a domestic fuel with the least pollution. Kerosene oil is also used as a domestic
fuel but it causes some pollution.Automobiles need fuels like petrol, diesel and CNG. Petrol and CNG operated
automobiles cause less pollution. All these fuels contain mixture of hydrocarbons, which are sources of energy.
Hydrocarbons are also used for the manufacture of polymers like polythene, polypropene, polysterene etc.
 Higher hydrocarbons are used as solvents for paints. They are also used as the starting materials for manufacture
of many dyes and drugs. Thus, you can well understand the importance of hydrocarbons in your daily life. In
this unit, you will learn more about hydrocarbons.
CLASSIFICATION
 Hydrocarbons are of different types. Depending upon the type of carbon-carbon bonds present, they can be
classified into three main categories - (i) saturated (ii) unsaturated and (iii) aromatic hydrocarbons.
 Saturated hydrocarbons contain carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds. If different carbon atoms
are joined together to form open chain of carbon atoms with single bonds, they are termed as alkanes.
 On the other hand, if carbon atoms form a closed chain or a ring, they are termed as cycloalkanes. Unsaturated
hydrocarbons contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds - double bonds, triple bonds or both. Aromatic
hydrocarbons are a special type of cyclic compounds.
HYDROCARBON

Open Chain Closed Chain

(Aliphatic) (Cyclic)

Saturated Unsaturated Alicyclic Aromatic

ALKANES:
 Alkanes are saturated open chain hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon single bonds. Methane(CH4) is
the first member of this family. Methane is a gas found in coal mines and marshy places. If you replace one
hydrogen atom of methane by carbon and join the required number of hydrogens to satisfy the tetravalence of
the other carbon atom, what do you get? you get C2H6. This hydrocarbon with molecular formula C2 H 6 is
known as ethane.
 Thus you can consider C2 H 6 as derived from CH 4 by replacing one hydrogen atom by - CH 3 group. Go on
constructing CH 3 group. The next molecules will be C3 H 8 , C4 H10 ....
 These hydrocarbons are inert under normal conditions as they do not react with acids, bases and other
reagents. Hence, they were earlier known as paraffins(latin:parum,little;affinis,affinity).
 The general formula for alkanes is Cn H 2 n 2 , where n stands for number of carbon atoms and 2n+2 for
number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule. Methane has a tetrahedral structure which is multiplanar, in which
carbon atom lies at the center and the four hydrogen atoms lie at the four corners of a regular tetrahedron. All

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H-C-H bond angles are of 109.50. As per hybridasation and 109.281 as per V.B.T.

C
H H

In alkanes, tetrahedra are joined together in which C-C and C-H bond lengths are 154 pm and 112 pm
respectively. The C-C and C-H  bonds are formed by head - on overlapping of sp 3 hybrid orbitals of
carbon and 1s orbitals of hydrogen atoms.
Occurrence ( Natural Sources)
 Petroleum = presence of large quantities of liquid hydrocarbons
 Natural gas = presence of mainly lower alkanes
= contains 80% CH4, 10% C2H6, 10% mixture of higher alkanes and traces of H2, N2, CO2
etc.
 Bee’s wax (Myricyl palmitate) = also contains small quantities of C27H56 and C31H64
 Fuel gas = Obtained from coal contains about 32 % CH4
General Methods of Preparation of Alkanes
1. Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids ( Laboratory preparation)
An alkane is prepared by heating strongly the anhydrous sodium or potassium salt of a carboxylic acid
contain C-atoms 1 more than the number of C-atom required with sodalime (NaOH + CaO).

R – COONa + NaOH  R – H + Na2CO3
CaO


Ex. CH 3CH 2COONa + NaOH  CH3CH3 + Na2CO3
Sodium propionate CaO Ethane

N.B. : (i) The alkane prepared contains one carbon atom less than that of the original acid.
(ii) CaO increases the porosity of the mixture and acts as a dehydrating agent and catalyst.
2. Sabatier-Senderen’s Reaction
Alkane may be obtained by the catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes or alkynes in presence of Ni catalyst at
200oC – 300o C.
Ni
R  CH  CH 2  H 2  R  CH 2CH 3
Alkene  Alkane

Ni/
Ex. (a) CH 3  CH  CH 2  H 2  CH 3CH 2CH 3
Pr opene Pr opane

Ni / 
(b) CH 3C  CH  2 H 2  CH 3CH 2CH 3
Pr opyne Pr opane

N.B. : (i) Platinum or Palladium may also be used as catalyst at ordinary temperature.
(ii) Methane cannot be prepared by this method.
3. Sabatier Method :
Catalytic reaction of hydrogen with oxides of carbon ( like CO and CO2) in the presence of Nickel at
300o– 350oC, produces methane

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CO  3H 2 
Ni
 CH 4  H 2 O
 Methane

CO2  4H 2 
Ni
 CH 4  2H 2 O
 Methane

N.B.: Only for the preparation of methane, it is not used for preparation of higher alkanes like, Ethane,
Propane, Butane, etc...
4. By the Reduction of Alkyl Halides :
Alkyl halides are directly reduced by nascent hydrogen (H) to form alkanes. Nascent hydrogen is obtained
from any of the following reagents.
(a) Zn/Cu + (C2H5OH) (b) Al-Mg + C2H5OH
(c) Zn + HCl (d) Zn + Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
(e) LiAlH4 -ether ( except 30 R-X) (f) Red phosphorous and hydrogen iodide
(g) H2 + nickel or palladium or platinum (h) TPH (Triphenyltin hydride, Ph3SnH)
Zn  Cu
RX  2H   RH  HX
Alkyl C 2 H 5OH (i) NaBH 4 ( except 10 R-X)
halide

Ex. CH 3CH 2 Br  2H 

Zn  Cu
 CH 3CH 3  HBr
Ethanol Ethane

5. Wurtz Reaction :
An etherial solution of alkyl halide when treated with sodium metal forms alkane.
R  X  2Na  X  R 
dry Ether
 R-R  2NaX


CH 3 Br  2Na  BrCH 3 

dry ether
 CH 3CH 3  2 NaBr
Methyl Bromide  Ethane

N.B. :(i) Wurtz Reaction is useful only for the preparation of symmetrical alkanes containing even
number of carbon atoms.
(ii) When a mixture of two different alkyl halides are used a mixture of three alkanes are obtained.
Example : (a) CH3Cl  2Na  ClC2 H5 
Ether
 CH3  C2 H5  2NaCl
Chlorormethane Chloroethane Propane

(b) CH3Cl  2Na  Cl  CH 3 

Ether
 CH 3  CH 3  2NaCl
Ethane

(c) C2 H 5Cl  2 Na  ClC2 H5 

Ether
 C2 H5  C2 H 5  2 NaCl
Butane

It is difficult to separate the three alkanes (C2H6, C3H8 and C4H10) from the mixture as they are in
gaseous state, their boiling points are very close to each other.
(iii) Methane cannot be prepared
(iv) This reaction fails when tertiary alkyl halides are used. 30 R-X  Alkene
Mechanism
Two mechanisms have been proposed
I. Free-Radical Mechanism
Step 1 : Generation of free-Radical __  R   NaBr
R Br + Na 
Step 2 : Coupling between two free Radicals R  R 
R  R
Side Reaction :

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. .CH
CH2 – CH2 – H +.CH2 – CH3 2 . 2
– CH CH2 = CH2 + CH3 – CH3

II. Ionic Mechanism :

 Na   e 
Na 
+ –
R – Br Na Na+ R– + Br


–
e
+ –
NaR + R – Br R – R + NaBr
6. Kolbe’s Electrolytic Method:
 By the electrolysis of a concentrated aqueous solution of an alkali (Na or K) salt of a saturated monocarboxylic
acid using Pt electrodes alkanes can be prepared.
 Alkanes with even number of carbons are obtained at anode.
2RCOONa + 2H 2 O  R  R  2 CO2  2 NaOH  H 2
 Mechanism
At Cathode :
1
H 2O  e   H 2  OH 
2
Na   OH  NaOH
At Anode :
2e 
2CH 3COO  2 CH 3CO O  2 e 
 
2 CH 3CO O 
 2 C H 3  2 CO 2
.  C 2 H 6 (Major)
2 C H 3 
Bi Products:
CH 3COO   CH 3  CH 3COOCH 3
CH3COO  OOCCH3  CH3CO  O  O  OCH3
It is free radical reaction.
N.B: Methane cannot be prepared by this method. In this method alkanes of even no. of carbon atoms
can be prepared.
Conformations:
 Alkanes contain carbon-carbon sigma(  ) bonds. Electron distribution of the sigma molecular orbital is
symmetrical around the internuclear axis of the C-C bond which is not disturbed due to rotation about its axis.
This permits free rotation about C-C single spatial arrangements of atoms in space which can change into one
another. Such spatial arrangements of atoms which can be converted into one another by rotation around a
C-C single bond are called conformations or conformers or rotamers. Alkanes can thus have infinite number
of conformations by rotation around C-C single bonds. However it may be remembered that rotation around
a C-C single bond is not completely free. It is hindered by a small energy barrier of 1-20 kJ mol 1 due to
weak repulsive interaction between the adjacent bonds. Such interaction between the adjacent bonds. Such
a type of repulsive interaction is called torsional strain.

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 Conformation of ethane: Ethane molecule( C2 H 6 ) contains a carbon - carbon single bond with each carbon
atom attached to three hydrogen atoms. Considering the ball and stick model to ethane, keep one carbon
atom stationary and rotate the other carbon atom around the C-C axis. This rotation results into infinite
number of spatial arrangements of hydrogen atoms attached to other carbon atom. These are called
conformational isomers(conformers). Thus there are infinite number of conformations of ethane. However,
there are two extreme cases. One such conformation in which hydrogen atoms attached to two carbons are
as closed together as possible is called eclipsed conformation and the other in which hydrogens are as far
apart as possible is known as the staggered conformation. Any other intermediate conformation is called a
skew conformation. It may be remembered that in all the conformations, the bond angles and the bond lengths
remain the same. Eclipsed and the staggered conformations can be represented by Sawhorse and Newman
projections.
1. Sawhorse projections:
 In this projection, the molecule is viewed along the molecular axis. It is then projected on paper by drawing
the central C-C bond as a somewhat longer straight line. Upper end of the line is slightly tilted towards right
or left hand side.The front carbon is shown at the lower end of the line, whereas the rear carbon is shown at
the upper end. Each carbon has three lines attached to it corresponding to three hydrogen atoms. The lines
are inclined at an angle of 1200 to each other. Sawhorse projections of eclipsed and staggered conformations
of ethane are depicted in Fig.
2. Newman projections:
 In this projection, the molecule is viewed at the C-C bond head on. The carbon atom nearer to the eye is
represented by a point. Three hydrogen atoms attached to the front carbon atom are shown by three lines
drawn at an angle of 1200 to each other. The rear carbon atom ( the carbon atom away from the eye) is
represented by a circle and the three hydrogen atoms are shown attached to it by the shorter lines drawn at an
angle of 1200 to each other. The Newman’s projections are depicted in Fig.
 Relative stability of conformations: As mentioned earlier, in staggered form of ethane, the electron clouds of
carbon-hydrogen bonds are as far apart as possible. Thus, there are minimum repulsive forces, minimum
energy and maximum stability of the molecule. On the other hand, when the staggered form changes into the
eclipsed form, the electron clouds of the carbon-hydrogen bonds come closer to each other resulting in
increase in electron cloud repulsions. To check the increased repulsive forces, molecule will have to possess
more energy and thus has lesser stability. As already mentioned, the repulsive interaction between the electron
clouds, which affects stability of a conformation, is called torsional strain. Magnitude of torsional strain depends
upon the angle of rotation about C-C bond. This angle is also called dihedral angle or torsional angle. Of all
the conformations of ethane, the staggered form has the least torsional strain and the eclipsed form, the
maximum torsional strain. Thus it may be inferred that rotation around C-C bond in ethane is not completely
free.
 The energy difference between the two extreme forms is of the order of 12.5kJ mol 1 , which is very small.
Even at ordinary temperatures, the ethane molecule gains thermal or kinetic energy sufficient enough to overcome
this energy barrier of 12.5kJ mol 1 through intermolecular collisions. Thus, it can be said that rotation about
carbon-carbon single bond in ethane is almost free for all practical purposes. It has not been possible to
separate and isolate different conformational isomers of ethane.

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Ethane Conformations
Potential Energy

12.6 kJ/mol
(3.0 kcal/mol)


0 60 120 180

0 Dihedral angle

HH H 60 HH H
120
H H H H
180
H H H H
H H H H H H H H
H H
Eclipsed Staggered Eclipsed Staggered

The torsional energy of ethane is lowest in the staggered conformation. The eclipsed confirmation is about 3.0
kcal/mol (12.5kj/mol) higher in energy. At room temperature. This barrier is easily overcome, and the molecules
rotate constatntly

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OH H
H H H H

H H H OH
OH OH
Staggered, anti Staggered, Gauch
In above forms gauche is more stable than staggered because of intramolecular hydrogen
bonding of gauche form.

A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :
 First four members are gases, next 13 members are colourless liquids and rest are solids.
 The alkanes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like ether, carbon tetrachloride, benzene
etc.
 The density and boiling points increase with the increase of molecular weights. The boiling points of
isomeric branched chain alkanes, are generally lower than those of straight chain alkanes.
 Boiling point(b.p.)of different alkanes are given in Table from which it is clear that there is a steady increase in
boiling point with increase in molecular mass. This is due to the fact that the intermolecular van der Waals
forces increase with increase of the molecular size or the surface area of the molecule.
 You can make an interesting observation by having a look on the boiling points of three isomeric pentanes
viz.,(pentane, 2-methylbutane and 2,2-dimethylpropane). It is observed that pentane having a continuous
chain of five carbon atoms has the highest boiling point(309.1K) whereas 2,2-dimethylpropane boils at 282.5K.
With increase in number of branched chains, the molecule attains the shape of a sphere. This results in smaller
area of contact and therefore weak intermolecular forces between molecule attains the shape of a sphere.
This result in smaller area of contact and therefore weak intermolecular forces between spherical molecules,
which are overcome at relatively lower temperatures.
* Table : Variation of Melting Point and Boiling Point in Alkanes

M o le cu la r Nam e M o le cu la r b .p ./ (K ) m .p ./ (K )
fo rm u la m a ss/ u
CH4 M ethan e 16 11 1.0 9 0.5
C 2H 6 E tha n e 30 18 4.4 1 01 .0
C 3H 8 P ro p an e 44 23 0.9 8 5.3
C 4H 10 B utan e 58 27 2.4 1 34 .6
C 4H 10 2 -M eth ylp ro p an e 58 26 1.0 1 14 .7
C 5H 12 P en tan e 72 30 9.1 1 43 .3
C 5H 12 2 -M eth ylb u tan e 72 30 0.9 1 13 .1
C 5H 12 2 ,2-D im ethylp rop an e 72 28 2.5 2 56 .4
C 6H 14 H e xan e 86 34 1.9 1 78 .5
C 7H 16 H e p tan e 1 00 37 1.4 1 82 .4
C 8H 18 O cta n e 1 14 39 8.7 2 16 .2
C 9H 20 N o n an e 1 28 42 3.8 2 22 .0
C 10H 22 D eca n e 1 42 44 7.1 2 43 .3

B. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 Alkanes are generally stable and chemically inert.
 The C — H and C — C bonds in alkanes are almost non-polar, attacking reagents find no reaction sites to
which they could be attacked.

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 Under suitable conditions the alkanes undergo two types of reactions –

(a)Substitution Reaction
(b) Thermal and Catalytic Reaction
*(a) Substitution reaction
1. Halogenation : In presence of diffused sunlight or in ultra violet light or at relatively high temperature
(300oC – 500oC) the H-atoms (1o, 2o, 3o H) of alkanes are replaced by equal number of halogen atoms
yielding a mixture of halogenated alkanes.
Chlorination : (Free Radical Substitution)

CH 4  Cl2 
hv
 CH 3Cl  HCl
CH 3Cl  Cl2 
hv
 CH 2Cl2  HCl
CH 2Cl2  Cl2 
hv
 CHCl3  HCl
CHCl3  Cl2 
hv
 CCl4  HCl

CH 3  CH 3  Cl2 
hv
 CH 3  CH 2Cl  HCl
It is found that the rate of reaction of alkanes with halogens is F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2. Rate of replacement of
hydrogens of alkanes is : 3° > 2° > 1°.
N.B.: Methyl Chloride is the major product if an excess of methane is used.
Halogenation is supposed to proceed via free radical chain mechanism involving three steps namely initiation,
propagation and termination as given below:
Mechanism
(i) Initiation : The reaction is initiated by homolysis of chlorine molecule in the presence of light or heat. The
Cl–Cl bond is weaker than the C–C and C–H bond and hence, is easiest to break.
 
Cl  Cl hv
homolysis
C l  Cl
Chlorine free radicals
(ii) Propagation : Chlorine free radical attacks the methane molecule and takes the reaction in the forward
direction by breaking the C-H bond to generate methyl free radical with the formation of H-Cl.
 
(a) CH 4  C l 
hv
 C H 3  H  Cl
The methyl radical thus obtained attacks the second molecule of chlorine to form CH3 – Cl with the
liberation of another chlorine free radical by homolysis of chlorine molecule.
 
C H 3  Cl  Cl 
hv
 CH 3  Cl  C l
(b)
Chlorine free radical
The chlorine and methyl free radicals generated above repeat steps (a) and (b) respectively and thereby
setup a chain of reactions. The propagation steps (a) and (b) are those which directly give principal
products, but many other propagation steps are possible and may occur. Two such steps given below
explain how more highly halogenated products are formed.
 
CH 3Cl  C l  C H 2Cl  HCl
 
C H 2Cl  Cl  Cl  CH 2Cl2  C l
(iii)Termination: The reaction stops after some time due to consumption of reactants and / or due to the
following side reactions :

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The possible chain terminating steps are :
 
(a) C l  C l  Cl  Cl
 
(b) H 3 C  C H 3  H 3C  CH 3
 
(c) H 3 C  C l  H 3C  Cl
Though in (c), CH3 – Cl, the one of the products is formed but free radicals are consumed and the chain is
terminated. The above mechanism helps us to understand the reason for the formation of ethane as a
byproduct during chlorination of methane.
Bromination : Bromine reacts with alkanes in a similar manner but less vigorously.
Iodination : The reaction between iodine and alkane is reversible. Iodination can be done in the presence
of an oxidising agent such as HIO3 (or HNO3) which removes the hydroiodic acid (HI).
CH 4  I 2  
 CH 3 I  HI
HIO3  5HI  3I 2  3H 2O
Fluorination : Fluorine reacts with alkanes at ordinary temperature explosively. So fluorination can be
done by diluting fluorine with an inert gas or indirectly.
2C 2 H 5 Br  HgF2 
 2C 2 H 5 F  HgBr2
2. Nitration : A mixture of an alkane and nitric acid vapours is heated at 400°C –500oC, one hydrogen atom
of the alkane is replaced by a nitro group. This reaction is also free radical substitution.
R  H  HO  NO 2 
 R  NO 2  H 2 O
Nitric Acid Nitroalkane

o o
C 500 C
CH 4  HNO3 400
  CH 3  NO 2  H 2O
Vapour phase Nitration  Nitromethane

N.B.:This temperature (400°C-500°C) is sufficient to break C–H as well as C–C bond homolytically and
thus mixture of products are obtained.
o o
C 500 C
CH 3CH 3  HONO2 400
  CH 3CH 2 NO 2  CH 3 NO 2  H 2O
Nitroethan e Nitrometha ne

3. Sulphonation : Sulphonation is carried out with fuming H2SO4.


R  H  HO  SO 3H 
 R - SO3H  H 2O
Fuming Alkane Sulphonic
Acid

N.B. R  C 6 H13 or larger alkyl group

4. Oxidation :
(i) Complete Combustion : In the presence of excess oxygen alkane burn to form carbon dioxide and
water.
CH4  2O2 
CO2  2H2O  212.8Kcal/ mole
Methane

3n  1
N.B.: Cn H 2n  2  O 2 
Flame
 nCO 2   n  1 H 2 O  Heat
2
2CH 3CH 3  7 O 2 
 4CO 2  6 H 2O  745 .6Kcal / mole
(ii) Incomplete Combustion :
2CH4 + 3O2  2CO + 4H2O

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CH 4  O 2 
 C  2H 2 O
Carbon black

(iii) Controlled oxidation (Catalytic Oxidation :)

Alkanes on heating with a regulated supply of dioxygen or air at high pressure and in the presence of suitable
catalysts give a variety of oxidation products.
2CH 4  O2 
Cu /523 K /100 atm
 2CH 3OH
Methanol
CH 4  O2  HCHO  H 2O
Mo2 O3


Methanal
CH COO  Mn
2CH 3CH 3  3O2 
3

2
 2CH 3COOH  2 H 2O
Ethanoic acid
Ordinarily alkanes resist oxidation but alkanes having tertiary H atom can be oxidized to corresponding
alcohols by potassium permanganate
 CH 3 3 CH 
KMnO
Oxidation
  CH 3 3 COH
4

2-Methylpropane 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
5. Isomerisation : Normal alkanes are converted to their branched chain isomers in the presence of aluminium
chloride and HCl at 25oC.
Ex.
CH3
AlCl3
a) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 HCl
CH3 – CH – CH3
n – Butane Isobutane
(2 – Mehtypropane)

b) n-pentane   isopentane + neopentane

c) n-Hexane   mixture of isomeric hexanes
6. Pyrolysis (Cracking) : Decomposition of higher alkane into a mixture of lower alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen
on heating at high temperature in the absence of air.
o
500 C
a) 3CH 3CH 3  2CH 2  CH 2  2CH 4  H 2
Ethane Absence of air Ethylene Methane

b)

c) C12 H 26 
Pt / Pd / Ni
973 K
 C7 H16  C5 H10  Other products
Dodecane Heptane Pentene
N.B.: In the presence of finely divided silica-alumina as catalyst, this reaction can be carried at less high
temperature. This is called catalytic cracking.
7. Aromatisation : n-Alkanes having six or more carbon atoms on heating to 773K at 10-20 atmospheric
pressure in the presence of oxides of vanadium, molybdenum or chromium supported over alumina get
dehydrogenated and cyclised to benzene and its homologues. This reaction is known as aromatization or
reforming.

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a) to the correct carbon atoms and finally valence of

each carbon atom is satisfied by putting the correct
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Cr2O3 + Al2O3
+ 4H2 number of hydrogen atoms of 3-ethyl-2, 2-
600C, 10 atm
n – Hexane dimethylpentane in the following steps:
b) i) Draw the chain of five carbon atoms:
C-C-C-C-C
CH3
ii) Give number to carbon atoms:
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Pt – Al2O3
600C,10 atm + 4H2 C1  C 2  C 3  C 4  C 5
iii) Attach ethyl group at carbon 3 and two methyl
n-Heptane groups at carbon 2
Toluene iv) Satisfy the valence of each carbon atom by putting
Ni on alumina requisite number of hydrogen atoms:
8. CH 4  H 2O     CO  3H 2
Steam  1000 o C  Thus we arrived at the correct structure. If you have
synthesis gas
understood writing of structure from the given name,
ZnO  Cr O
CO  2H 2    CH 3OH
2 3 attempt the following problems.
Methanol EXERCISE-I (C.W)
9. Reaction with Alkenes NOMENCLATURE, ISOMERISM,
CH3 CH3 H PREPARATION & PROPERTIES OF
CH3 – CH + CH2 = C – CH3 CH3 – C – CH2 – C – CH3 ALKANES
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 1. A hydrocarbon with formula C 8 H18 gives one
Iso - octane
monochloro derivative. The hydrocarbon is
Uses : (1) n-octane
 C1 to C4 alkanes are used as domestic fuels. (2) 2-methylheptane
 In the manufacture of fuels. (3) 2, 2, 4-trimethyl pentane
 Gasoline (petrol) is a mixture of alkanes, alkenes (4) 2, 2, 3, 3 - tetramethyl butane.
and aromatic hydrocarbons. The quality of 2. The major product obtained when-Butane is
gasoline is determined by the amount of iso- treated with bromine in the presence of light
octane (2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) present in it. is
 Methane is used in the manufacture of carbon
black used in printer’s ink, black paints etc.
W.E-1: Write IUPAC names of the following
compounds
(i) (CH 3 )3 CCH 2C (CH 3 )3

(ii) (CH 3 ) 2 C  C2 H 5 2
(iii) tetra - tert - butylmethane
Solution
(i) 2,2,4,4 -Tetramethylpentane
(ii) 3, 3 - Dimethyl pentane
(iii) 3,3-Di-tert-butyl -2,2,4,4- tetra methylpentane.
If it is important to write the correct IUPAC name
for a given structure, it is equally important to write
the correct structures from the given IUPAC name.
To do this, first of all, the longest chain of carbon
atoms corresponding to the parent alkane is written.
Then after numbering it, the substituents are attached

134 NARAYANAGROUP
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3. The I.U.P.A.C. name of neopentane is 4) Conc.H 2 SO4

1) 2-methyl butane 2) 2,2- dimethyl propane
13. Conversion of high molecular weight
3) 2-methyl propane 4) 2,2-dimethyl butane
hydrocarbons into low molecular weight
4. IUPAC name of the following compound hydrocarbons in the absence of air is known
CH 3  CH 2  CH  CH 2  CH  CH 2  CH 3 as
| | 1) Polymerisation 2) Hydrolysis
CH 3 C2H 5 3) Pyrolysis 4) Isomerisation
1) 3- Ethyl- 5-methyl heptane 14. Arrange the following in the decreasing order
2) 5- Ethyl- 3-methyl heptane of their boiling points
3) 2- Ethyl- 5-methyl heptane i) n-butane ii) 2-methylbutane
4) 4- Ethyl- 5-methyl heptane iii) n-pentane iv) 2,2-dimethylpropane
5. The fully eclipsed conformation of n-butane is 1) i > ii > iii > iv 2) ii > iii > iv > i
least stable due to the presence of 3) iv > iii > ii > i 4) iii > ii > iv > i
1) Bond opposition strain only 15. 2–methyl propane on oxidation with KMnO4
2) Steric strain only gives
3) Bond opposition strain as well as steric strain 1) 2- methyl propan - 2 - ol
4) No strain is present in the molecule. 2) 2- methyl propan - 1 - ol
6. In which of the following preparation of ethane 3) butane
a new C-C bond is formed 4) butanol - 1
1) Sabatier-Senderson’s reaction 16. In aromatisation of n-hexane, the catalyst used
2) Reduction of ethyl iodide is
3) Decarboxylation 1) Cr2O3 2)V2O5 3) Mo2O3 4) All
4)Kolbe’s electrolysis 17. Which reagent is suitable for the preparation
7. The number of sigma bonds formed in ethane of formaldehyde from Methane
by the overlapping of sp3 – sp3 orbitals 1) Mo2O3 /  2) Cu / 523K
1) 7 2) 5 3) 1 4) 4 3) (CH3COO)2Mn 4) All the above
8. Energy barrier between staggered and 18. Which of the following Halogenation of alkane
eclipsed form in ethane is is reversible reaction
1) 0.6 kcal / mole 2) 2.9 kcal / mole 1) Fluorination 2) Chlorination
3) 12 kcal / mole 4) 14 cal / mole 3) Bromination 4) Iodination
9. The dihedral angle between the hydrogen 19. Preparation of oil gas or petrol gas from
atoms of 2 methyl groups in staggered kerosene oil or petrol involves the principle
conformation of ethane is of
1) 00 2) 600 3) 1200 4) 2400 1) Isomerisation 2) Aromatisation
10. When sodium acetate is heated with sodalime 3) Pyrolysis 4) All the above
the reaction is called 20. When methane is made to react with a halogen
1) Dehydration 2) Decarboxylation (X 2 ), halides are formed, the order of
3) Dehydrogenation 4)Dehydrohalogenation reactivity is:
11. The solvent used in Wurtz reaction is (1) F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 (2) Cl2 > F2 > Br2 > I2
1) C2H5OH(aq) 2) CH3COOH (3) I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2 (4) Cl2 > F2 > I2 > Br2
3) H2O 4) C2H5OC2H5(dry) 21. An alkane of mol. weight 72 gives on
12. Isomerisation in alkane can be brought by monochlorination only one product. Name the
using alkane:
1) Al 2O3 2) Fe2O3 (1) 2-methylbutane (2) n-pentane
(3) 2, 2-dimethylpropane (4) none of these
3) Anh. AlCl3 / HCl at 2000 C

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22. The substance that would not at all be formed * *

during the reaction of methane and chlorine in 4) C l  C l  Cl2
the presence of sunlight is 30. How many products are possible for
(1) CH3Cl (2) CHCl3 monochlorination of propane
(3) CH3CH3 (4) CH3CH2CH3 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
23. Photochemical chlorination of alkane is 31. Which of the following compounds is not
initiated by a process of formed in the pyrolysis of Hexane
(1) pyrolysis (2) substitution 1) C6 H12 2) C3 H 6 3) C2 H 4 4) C2 H 2
(3) homolysis (4) peroxidation
24. Natural gas is a mixture of 32. What is the bye product during chlorination of
methane
(1) CO + CO2 (2) CO + N2
(3) CO + H2 + CH4 (4) CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 1) Ethane 2) Methane
3) Acetylene 4) All of the above
25. In the following reaction sequences,
 
KEY
Cl  Cl 
 Cl  Cl ...(1) 1) 4 2) 2 3) 2 4) 1 5) 3 6) 4 7) 3
  8) 2 9) 2 10) 2 11) 4 12) 3 13) 3 14) 4
Cl  CH 4 
 CH 3  HCl ...(2)
15) 1 16) 4 17) 1 18) 4 19) 3 20) 1 21) 3
  
...(3) 22) 4 23) 3 24) 4 25) 4 26) 2 27) 3 28) 3
CH 3  C l 2 
 CH 3Cl  C l
29) 2 30) 2 31) 4 32) 1
 
CH 3  C H 3 
 CH 3  CH 3 ...(4) HINTS & SOLUTIONS
the termination step is CH 3 CH 3
(1) reaction 1 (2) reaction 2
(3) reaction 3 (4) reaction 4 CH 3  C  C  CH 3
26. Product [P] in the reactioni is 1. all  CH 3 groups are same type
CH 3 CH
CH 3  CH 2  Mg  Cl 
C 6 H 5 OH
[P] 3

(1) Benzene (2) Ethane 2.

(3) Methane (4) Napthalene 
CH 3  CH  CH  CH  B r2  h 
27. Gas liberated at cathode during Kolbe’s 2 2 3
.
electrolysis is CH 3  CH 2  CHBr  CH 3  HBr
(1) Hydrocarbon (2) CO2 20 - H is more reactive than 10 - H.
(3) H2 (4) N2
28. In order to get propane gas, which of the CH 3
following should be subjected to sodalime
3. CH 3  C  CH 3 2, 2 - Dimethyl propane
decarboxylation?
1) Sodium formate CH 3
2) Mixture of sodium acetate and sodium ethanoate
3) Sodium butyrate 7 6 5 3 2
4 1
4) Sodium propionate 4. CH 3  CH 2  CH  CH 2  CH  CH 2  CH 3
29. Identify the chain propagation of chlorination
of methane CH 3 C2 H 5
* *
1) C H 3  C l  CH 3Cl 3-Ethyl-5-methylheptane
5. Fully eclipsed conformation of n-butane has bond
* *
2) CH 3Cl  C l  C H 2Cl  HCl opposition strain as well as steric strain.
6. In kolbe’s electrolysis a new C-C bond is formed
* *
3) Cl  Cl h
C l  C l 7. one sigma sp 3  sp3 between C-C in ethane
hom olysis

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8. 2.9 Kcal/Mole EXERCISE-1 (H.W)

9. Staggered conformation form at 600 ,1800 and NOMENCLATURE, ISOMERISM, PREPARATION &
PROPERTIES OFALKANES
3000 1. 4-Ethyl -3, 3-di methyl hexane is
10. Sodalime is a decarboxy lating agent
11. In Wurtz reaction diethyl ether is used as solvent
12. In isomerisation Anhy. AlCl3 / HCl at 2000 is
1) 3)
used
13. Pyrolysis
14. B.P depend on mol. wt. and surface area
15. 2-Methylpropane KMnO4
 2-Methylpropane-2-
2) 4)
ol
16. In aromatisation Cr2O3 , V2O5 , Mo2O3 like catalysts
are used 2. Select the correct statement
Mo2O3 , 
1) Eclipsed and staggered ethanes give different
17. CH 4   HCHO products on reaction with chlorine in presence of
18. Iodination of alkanes is reversible reaction light
19. In pyrolysis higher membered hydrocarbons 2) The conformational isomers can be isolated at
converted to lower hydrocarbons room temperature
20. Order of reactivity of halogens with methane is 3) Torsional strain is minimum in ethane at dihedral
F2  Cl2  Br2  I 2 angles 600, 1800 and 3000
4) Steric strain is minimum in gauche form of n-
21. 2,2-dimethyl propane gives one
butane
monochloroderivative (M.W = 72)
3. The number of possible theoretical
22. Propane can not be formed in chlorination of
conformations of ethane is
methane
1) Two 2) Three 3) Four 4) Infinite
23. Photochemical chlorination of alkane, homolysis
takes place 4. The spatial arrangement of atoms that
characterises a particular stereoisomers is
24. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons like
called
CH 4  C2 H 6  C3 H 8 . 1) Configuration 2) Conformation
25. In chain termination step neutral molecule is formed 3) Tautomer 4) Metamer
26. CH 3CH 2 MgCl  C6 H 5OH 
 CH 3  CH 3  C6 H 5OMgCl 5. The pair of structures given below represent
27. In Kolbe electrolysis H 2 liberated at cathode CH3 CH3
28. CH CH CH COONa  NaOH   CH CH CH  Na CO
CaO H Cl H H
2 2 2  3 2 3 2 3

29. In chain propagation step another free radical is

formed H H H H
30. CH  CH  CH  Cl  CH3 CH2Cl
3 2  CH CH CH Cl  CH CHClCH
3 2 3 2 2 3 3

1) Enantiomers
31. C2 H 2 can not be formed in pyrolysis of Hexane.
2) Diastereomers
32. Byeproduct in the chlorination of methane is ethane 3) Structural isomers
4) Two molecules of the same compound

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6. Wet ether is not used as a solvent in Wurtz

3) CH3CH2 Br   CH3 2 CuLi 
Et2O

reaction because the water present in it,
1) Hydrolyses RX  ROH 4) CH 3CH 2CH 2COONa 
NaOH
CaO.

2) Reduces RX  RH 14. An alkane cannot be chlorinated by using
3) Oxidise RX  RH which of the following reagents?
4) Reacts with R-R
7. Both methane and ethane may be obtained by 1) Cl2 / hv 2) HCl
suitable one step reaction from 3) SO2Cl2 4) t  Bu  O  Cl
1) Ethyl iodide 2) Methyl iodide 15. Ethane cannot be obtained by the following
3) Formaldehyde 4) Acetaldehyde 1) Heating methyl iodide with sodium metal in ether
8. What is the reactivity order of halogens 2) Hydrogenation of ethene
towards substitution in alkanes? 3) Sodium acetate on Kolbe’s electrolysis
1) F2 < Cl2 < Br2 < I2 2) F2 = Cl2 = Br2 = I2 4) Hydrolysis of Al4C3
3) F2 < Cl2 < Br2 = I2 4) F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 16. Substance which forms isomeric products on
9. The radical halogenation of 2-methyl propane mono substitution is/are
gives two products (CH3)2CHCH2X(minor) and
(CH3)3CX (major). Chlorination gives larger 1) CH 4 2) C2 H 6 3) C3 H 8 4) All
amount of the minor product than the 17. Which statement is not correct in the case of
bromination because ethane
1) Bromine is more reactive than chlorine and is 1) It can be catalytically hydrogenated
able to attack the less reactive 30 C-H 2) When burnt produces CO2 and H2O
2) Bromine atoms are less reactive (more selective) 3) It is a homologue of propane
than chlorine and preferentially attack the weaker 4) It can be chlorinated with chlorine
30 C-H bond. 0
18. CH 4  O2 
Cu / 250 C
X
3) The methyl groups are more hindered to attack
by the larger bromine atom CH 4  O2 
Mo2O3
 Y  H 2O X and Y aree
350  5000 C
4) Bromination is reversible and more stable 30-
respectively
alkyl bromide is formed exclusively.
1) Methanol, methanol 2) Methanal, methanol
10. Which of the following compounds are not
3) Methanol, methanal 4) Methanal, methanal
formed in the catalytic cracking of octane
19. Which of the following is a controlled oxidation
1) Pentane 2) Butene 3) Propene 4) Nonane
reaction?
11. The order of reactivity of hydrogens in
isopentane is: A : CH 4( g )  2O2( g )  CO2( g )  2 H 2O( l )
1) 1° = 2° > 3° 2) 1° > 2° > 3° B : CH 4( g )  O2( g )  C( s )  2 H 2O(l )
3) 3° > 1° > 2° 4) 3° > 2° > 1°
Mo2O3
12. The reagents and conditions to convert methyl C : CH 4( g )  O2 ( g )   HCHO  H 2O(l )
iodide to methane are
Cu / 523 K /100 atm
D : CH 4( g )  O2( g )   2CH 3OH (l )
1) Action of dry Ag 2 O
2) KCN followed by refluxing with dil. HCl 1) Only D 2) Both A & B
3) aqueous NaOH followed by boiling Al2O3 at 3) B,C,D only 4) Both C & D
640 K 20. Al4C3 
Hydrolysis
 A 
0
400  475 C 0
 B . A and B
HNO3  vapour 
4) Mg in dry ether followed by boiling with water
are
13. Propane can be best prepared by the reaction:
1) C2 H 2 & C2 H 3 NO2 2) CH 4 & CH 3 NO2
1) CH 3CH 2 I  CH 3 I  Na 
E2 O

3) CH 4 & CH 3 NO3 4) C2 H 2 & CH 3CN
2 CH 3CH 2COONa  CH 3COONa H O 2
Electrolysis


138 NARAYANAGROUP
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21. How many chiral compounds are possible on of ‘A’ is (The relative reactivities of 10 , 20 ,30 -
monochlorination of 2-methyl butane
hydrogens are 1 : 3.8 : 5)
1) 8 2) 3 3) 4 4) 6
1) 36% 2) 64% 3) 72% 4) 28%
Na NaOH CaO
X 
1  Y   Z, CH3
22.  H2  if Z is the first
2
homologue of alkane series, then X 28. X NaOH + CaO CH3 – C – CH3
1) Methanoic acid 2) Bromo ethane CH3
3) Ethyl alcohol 4) Ethanoic acid
23. The volume of CH4 at NTP is formed when X 
Kolbe's electrolysis
 y ‘y’ is
20.5 g of CH3COONa is treated with soda lime
1) CH3 CH3
1) 4.4 l 2) 2.2 l
3) 3.2 l 4) 5.6 l CH3 – C – CH2 – C – CH3
24. For the given reaction how many products will CH3 CH3
obtain (all isomers on monobromination)?
2) CH3 CH3
Br2/hv
Products CH – C – CH – CH – C – CH
3 2 2 3

1) 1 2) 6 CH3 CH3
3) 4 4) 3
25. Which of the following reactions has zero 3) CH3CH3 4) CH3
activation energy?
CH3 – C – C – CH3 CH3 – C – CH3

1) CH 4  Cl   C H 3  HCl CH3CH3 CH3
2) Cl  Cl 
hv
 2Cl  29. 2-Methylbutane on reacting with Br 2 in
presence of sunlight mainly gives:
3) CH 3  CH 3  CH 3  CH 3 1) 1-bromo-2-methylbutane

4) CH 3  Cl  Cl  CH 3  Cl  Cl  2) 2-bromo-2-methylbutane
26. Which of the following can produce a racemic 3) 2-bromo-3-methylbutane
mixture on monobromination? 4) 1-bromo-3-methylbutane
30. Which of the following is not obtained when
propyl chloride and methyl chloride react with
1) 3) sodium in dry ether?
1) C2 H 6 2) C4 H10 3) C3 H 8 4) C6 H14
31. The volume of methane at N.T.P formed from
3) 4) CH3 CH3 8.2g of sodium acetate by fusion with soda
lime is
1) 10 l 2)11.2 l 3) 5.6 l 4) 2.24 l
CH3 CH3 – Br
27. 32. Reaction of ROH with R ' MgX produces
CH3 – C – CH3 + CH3 – CH – CH3 '
1) RH 2) R H 3) R-R 4) R '  R '
Br 33. In Wurtz reaction, n-hexane is obtained from
(A) (B) 1) n- propyl chloride 2) n-butyl chloride
CH3 3) Ethyl chloride 4) Isopropyl chloride
Br2
CH3 – CH – CH3 the percentage yeild

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34. The increasing order of reduction of alkyl chain alkanes are:

halides with zinc and dilute HCl is 1) Lower 2) Higher
1) R  Cl  R  I  R  Br 3) Same 4) Not depend upon branching
2) R  Cl  R  Br  R  I 44. Hydrocarbon (A) reacts with Bormine by
substitution to form an alkyl Bromide which
3) R  I  R  Br  R  Cl
by wurtz reaction is converted to Gaseous
4) R  Br  R  I  R  Cl Hydrocarbon contining less than four carbon
35. Nitroethane can be obtained from ethane by atoms (A) is (NEET-2018)
following
1) CH 3  CH 3 2) CH 2  CH 2
1) Action with HNO3 concentrated at 100oC
2) Action with dil HNO3 at 200oC 3) CH  CH 4) CH 4
3) Action with HNO3 (concentrated) at 4750 C KEY
4) Action with HNO3(Concentrated at 0oC) 1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 1
36. The following substance reacts with water to 5) 3 6) 1 7) 2 8) 4
give ethane 9) 2 10) 4 11) 4 12) 4
1) CH4 2) C2H5MgBr 13) 3 14) 2 15) 4 16) 3
3) C2H4OH 4) C2H5OC2H5 17) 1 18) 3 19) 3 20) 2
37. (CH3)3C–MgCl on reaction with D2O produces 21) 3 22) 4 23) 4 24) 2
1) (CH3)3 CD 2) (CH3)3 COD 25) 3 26) 3 27) 1 28) 2
3) (CH3)3 CH 4) (CD3)3 COD 29) 2 30) 3 31) 4 32) 2
38. The ratio of products, 1-chloropropane to 2- 33) 1 34) 2 35) 3 36) 2
chloropropane respectively formed in the 37) 1 38) 3 39) 2 40) 3
chlorination of propane if all the hydrogens are 41) 3 42) 3 43) 1 44) 4
abstracted at equal rates is HINTS & EXPLANATIONS
1) 50 : 50 2) 25 : 75 3) 75 : 25 4)12.5:87.5
39. Of the five isomeric hexanes, the isomer which 2 4
can give two monochlorinated compounds is 3 6 4-Ethyl-3,3-dimethyl hexane
1. 1
(AIEEE - 05)
5
1) n - hexane 2) 2,3 - dimethyl butane
3) 2,2 - dimethyl butane 4) 2 - methyl pentane 2. Torsional strain
40. Alkyl halides react with dialkyl copper 3. Infinite number
reagents to give (AIEEE -2005) 4. Configurational isomerism
1) Alkenes 2) Alkyl copper halide 5. They are structural isomers
3) Alkanes 4) Alkenyl halides 6. Wet ether makes RX   ROH
41. 2.84 g of methyl iodide was completely 7. Methyl iodide on Wurtz reaction gives ethane and
converted into methyl magnesium iodide and on reduction gives methane
was decomposed by excess of ethanol. The
8. F2 is more reactive
volume of the gaseous hydrocarbon produced
at NTP will be 9. Chlorine is more reactive, less selective
1) 22.4 litre 2) 224 mL Bromine is less reactive, more selective.
3) 0.448 litre 4) 0.224 litre 10. Nonane is higher carbon chain
42. Which liberate methane gas on treatment with 11. Tertiary free radical more stable.
water? 12. CH 3 I  Mg 
 CH 3 MgI 
H 2O
 CH 4
1) Silicon carbide 2) Calcium carbide 13. Corey house synthesis
3) Aluminium carbide 4) Iron carbide 14. HCl can not acts as chlorinating agent
43. As compared to melting points of even carbon
chain isomers, the melting points of odd carbon 15. Al4C3 on hydrolysis liberate methane

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16. Propane has two different types of hydrogen 39. (CH3 )2 CH - CH (CH3 )2
17. Unsaturated compounds can be hydrogenated 40. Corey-House synthesis
18. CH3OH , HCHO 41. CH 3I ¾ Mg
¾ ® CH 3 MgI ¾ EtOH
¾ ¾® CH 4
19. Complete oxidation gives CO2 , H2O one mole one mole one mole
0
400  475 C 0 42. Hydrolysis
20. Al4C3 
Hydrolysis
 CH 4   CH 3 NO2
HNO 3
43. Even number of carbon atom pack closely
21. It has two chiral carbons h
44. CH 4  Br
/  2
 CH 3 Br  w 
Na / dry ether
urtz reaction
 CH 3  CH 3
CH 3COOH  Na  CH 3COONa
22. NaoH

CaO / 
 CH 4  Na2CO3 EXERCISE - II
1. The correct statement regarding the

23.
CH 3COONa  NaOH 
 CaO comparison of staggered and eclipsed
conformations of ethane is:
CH 4  Na2 CO3 1) The staggered conformation of ethane is less
stable than eclipsed conformation, because
staggered conformation has torsional strain.
24. 6 isomers (including optical isomers) 2) The eclipsed conformation of ethane is more
25. Chain termination has zero activation energy. stable than staggered conformation, because
CH3 CH3H eclipsed conformation has no torsional strain.
Br2
3) The eclipsed conformation of ethane is more
26.CH3 – C – CH2 – CH3 CCl4
CH3 – C – C– CH3 stable than staggered conformation even though the
CH3 CH3Br eclipsed conformation has torsional strain.
4) The staggered conformation of ethane is more
1 5 stable than eclipsed conformation, because
27. % of A = 1 5  9 1 100  36%
    staggered conformation has no torsional strain.
2. Arrange the following in decreasing order of
28. x = (CH3 )3 C - CH 2 - COONa their boiling points
29. Brominations is highly selective (A) n - butane (B) 2 - methylbutane
30. Crossed Wurtz reaction (C) n - pentane (D) 2 , 2-dimethylpropane
(E) Propane
31. 2CH 3COONa ¾ Electrolysis
¾ ¾ ¾ ® CH 3 - CH3
1) A  B  C  D > E 2) B  C  D  A > E
32. ROH + R 'MgX ® R 'H + Mg (OR ) X 3) D  C  B  A > E 4) C  B  D  A > E
33. 2C3H7 X ® C6 H14 3. Marsh gas is
34. I is good leaving group 1) CH 4 2) C2 H 6 3) C2 H 2 4) C2 H 4
35. Nitration occurs at high T 4. Less reactivity of alkanes is due to
36. Grignard reagent on decomposition with water or 1) Less bond energy 2) More bond energy
other compounds having active hydrogen give 3) Low activation energy 4) Less availabilities
alkane. 5. Which of the following reactions of methane is
37. Grignard reagent on decomposition with water or incomplete combustion
other compounds having active hydrogen give
1) 2CH 4  O2 
Cu /523 K /100 atm
 2CH 3OH
alkane.
38. CH3 - CH 2 - CH3 2) CH 4  O2 
Mo2O3
 HCHO  H 2O

6 ´ 1 = 6,2 ´ 1 = 2 3) CH 4  O2  C  s   2 H 2O  l 
100 ´ 6 / 8 = 75,100 ´ 2 / 8 = 25
4) CH 4  2O2  CO2  g   2 H 2O  l 

NARAYANAGROUP 141
 HYDROCARBONS - 1 CHEMISTRY NEET -VOL-III
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II

6. Some oxidation reactions of methane are given 2) S-I & II are correct, S-II is not correct
below. Which of them is/are controlled explanation of S-I
oxidation reactions? 3) S-I is true but S-II is false
i) CH 4  g   2O2  g   CO2  g   2 H 2O  l  4) S-I is false but S-II is true
1. Statement-I(S-I) : Iodination of alkane is slow and
ii) CH 4  g   O2  g   C  s   2 H 2O  l  reversible in nature.
Statement-II(S-II) : Iodination of alkane is
iii) CH 4  g   O2  g  
Mo2O3
 HCHO  H 2O performed in presence of strong oxidising agent like
HIO3which consumes the byproduct and recycles
iv) 2CH 4  g   O2  g  
Cu /523/100 atm
 2CH 3OH
into reactants I2 .
1) iii and iv 2) i and ii 2. S-I: When n-butane is heated in presence of
3) ii and iv 4) i and iv
AlCl3 / HCl it will be converted to propane
7. Match the hydrocarbons in Column I with the
boiling points given in Column II. S-II: In presence of AlCl3 / HCl if any alkane
Column I Column II having four carbon is heated, it under goes
i) n–Pentane (a) 282.5 K isomerisation to give isomer of reactant alkane
ii) iso-Pentane (b) 309 K 3. S-I: Branched alkanes have lower boiling point than
iii) neo-Pentane (c) 301 K their unbranched isomers
1) i-b, ii-c, iii-a 2) i-a, ii-b, iii-c S-II: Branched chain alkanes have relatively small
3) i-c, ii-a, iii-b 4) i-a, ii-c,iii-b surface area , so less london forces operate in
8. The boiling points of four saturated molecules.
hydrocarbons are given below. Which boiling 4. S-I: Alkanes float on surface of water.
point suggests maximum number of carbon S-II: Density of alkanes is in the range of 0.6-0.9
atoms in its molecule? g/ml which is lower than water.
1) -1620C 2) -88.60C 5. S-I: Raney ‘Ni’ is used as catalyst in Sabatier-
3) -0.50C 4) -42.20C Senderen’s reaction.
KEY S-II: Due to large surface area Raney ‘Ni’ has high
1) 4 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2 catalytic activity.
5) 3 6) 1 7) 1 8) 3 6. S-I: CH3I and C2H5I with ‘Na’ in presence of dry
ether forms three types of alkanes.
HINTS & EXPLANATIONS
S-II: In wurtz reaction ‘Na’ is reducing agent.
1. Stability of conformation of ethane : staggered >
7. S-I: Chlorination in alkane is more reactive than
Eclipsed
selective.
2. B.P of alkane depends on mol.wt. and surface area
S-II: Bromination is more selective and less
3. CH 4 is known as marsh gas reactive.
4. Less reactivity of alkane is due to more bond energy 8. S-I: Methane is called Marsh gas.
5. Incomplete combustion of methane gives C, CO.... S-II: Methane is bubbled from marshy places.
6. Controlled oxidation of methane gives HCHO, 9. S-I: During free radical chlorination of butane, some
CH3OH ethane is also formed as by product.
7. B. P of n - pentane > isopentane > neo-pentane S-II: Disproportionation is a characteristic of a free
8. The heavier the molecule, greater is the boiling point. radical intermediate.
So molecule with boiling point -0.50C will have EXERCISE - III-KEY
maximum number of carbon atoms. 01) 2 02) 4 03) 1
EXERCISE - III 04) 1 05) 1 06) 2
Statement Type Questions 07) 2 08) 1 09) 4
1) S-I & II are correct, S-II is correct explanation
of S-I

142 NARAYANAGROUP