Solution

REVISION TEST

Class 10 - Science
1. i. Carbon forms large no. of compounds due to the following reasons:
Catenation: The property of an element to combine with itself to form long chain is called catenation.
Atoms of same element combine through covalent bonds and form long chains and structures. Carbon
exhibit this property of catenation. Due to which we see such a large variety of organic compounds in
nature.
Tetravalency: Carbon has a valency of four. So, it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon
or atoms of some other element. Compounds of carbon are formed with oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen,
sulphur, chlorine and many other elements, which may act as functional groups with specific properties
which depend on the elements other than the carbon present in the molecule.
ii. Some compounds are called saturated because they contain single bond only between two carbon atoms
but some are unsaturated because in these hydrocarbons, valence of carbon is satisfied by double or triple
bond.
iii. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive because of the presence of double and triple bonds between
them, which are weaker compared to single bond.
2. Two carbon atoms cannot be linked to each other by more than three covalent bonds. If two carbon atoms
were to be linked by four covalent bonds, their nuclei would come so close to each other that the force of
repulsion between them will push the two atoms apart. As a result, a stable molecule would not be formed.
3. The properties of carbon which lead to a huge number of carbon compounds are as follows:-
(i) Self linking property of carbon called catenation. Carbon can combine with other carbon atoms and form
long chains. The long chain forms the backbone to which other atoms can attach in a number of ways.
(ii) Carbon has an atomic number of 6. It is tetravalent. It can neither gain 4 electrons nor lose 4 electrons to
achieve noble gas configuration. It therefore readily unites with atoms like hydrogen, oxygen etc by sharing
of electrons.
4. i) Methanol (CH3OH)
ii) Propan -1- ol (CH3-CH2-CH2-OH)

5. Name of the compound Electron dot structure of the compound

(a) Ethanoic acid

(b) H2S

(c) Propanone

(d) F2

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 6. Carbon exhibits catenation much more than silicon or any other element due to the relatively smaller size of
its atom. Catenation is the ability (self linking property) of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the
same element. The smaller size of a carbon atom makes the C-C bonds stronger and hence stable. On the
other hand, the Si-Si bonds are comparatively weaker due to the large size of silicon atom.
7. i. CH3-C H2 − C H2 - COOH
Bu tan oic acid

ii. H3 C − C ≡ CH
Propyne

iii. H3 C − OH
M ethanol

8. Most of the carbon compounds give a lot of heat and light when burnt in air. Saturated hydrocarbons burn
with a clean flame and no smoke is produced. The carbon compounds, used as a fuel, have high calorific
values. Therefore, carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most applications.
9. Pentane has three structural isomers.
These are
n-Pentane

Isopentane

and Neopentane

H O

| ||

i. Structure of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) H − C − C − OH

|

10. H

ii. Structure of bromopentane (C5H11Br) C H3 − C H2 − C H2 − C H2 − C H2 − Br

iii. Structure of butanone (CH3COC2H5) ||

H3 C − C − C H2 − C H3

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11. Alcohols are obtained by replacing hydrogen atom of alkanes with the functional group OH.
−H

RH −−−→ R − OH
alkane alcohol
+OH

(where R is an alkyl group)

12. Ehene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon as it contains a double covalent bond between two carbon atoms.
Presence of un-saturation or double covalent bond can be distinguished with the help of bromine solution in
CCl4. It is an orange colour solution which shows colour change after addition in ethene solution. The orange
colour disappears because of formation of the colourless ethylene dibromide (CH2Br ─ CH2Br).

CH2=CH2 + Br2 → CH2Br─CH2Br

Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon and cannot show this test. It burns with a clear flame whereas
unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with yellow flame and lots of black smoke.
13. Ethene is more reactive because ethene has double carbon bonds whereas ethane consists of only single
carbon bond. The pi bonds are unsaturated. Hence the compounds consisting of pi bonds are more ready to
react in order to break these pi bonds to form new bond in order to achieve higher stability.
14. Ethanoic acid :

15. The element is silicon (Si). It belongs to group 14 of modern periodic table and shows catenation property as
carbon shows but as its size is bigger than that of carbon, Si - Si bonds are comparatively weaker than C-C
bonds.
Upto seven to eight, silicon atoms can be linked ( Si-Si-Si-Si-Si-Si-Si) to form different compounds but the
stability of these compounds decreases gradually . Thus, we can say catenation in Si ,is not as good as in C.

16. Name of organic compound Structure of organic compound

i. Ethanoic acid

ii. Hexanal ||

C H3 − C H2 − C H2 − C H2 − C H2 − C − H

17. Formula of ethyne is C2H2.

K
Electronic configuration of Hydrogen(H) is
1

Valence electrons = 1
KL
Electronic configuration of Carbon(C) is
2, 4

Valence electrons = 4
Ethyne consists 1 Triple bond between C and C atom.
Electron dot structure of Ethyne is

Structural formula is H − C ≡ C − H
Ethyne

18. The electrons shared during the formation of:

i) A double bond - Two pairs of electron in which each atom contributes two electrons.
ii) A triple bond - Three pairs of electrons in which each atom contributes three electrons.

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19. i. CH3-CH2 -Br : Bromoethane
ii. Methanal:

iii. Hex-1-yne:

20. The atomic number (Z) of sulphur is sixteen and its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 6. The sulphur atom has
six valence electrons. The chemical formula of sulphur molecule is S8. Each sulphur atom is linked to similar
atoms on either side by single covalent bonds and thus, completes its octet. The molecule is in the form of a
ring also represented by crown shape.

21. Propanone :

22. i. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points because they have weak bonds.
ii. Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity because they don't have free ions.
23. Electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur (S8)
Atomic number of Sulphur is 16 and the electronic configuration is 2, 8, 6. The number of valence electrons is
6 and a sulphur atom requires 2 more electrons to complete an octet. A sulphur atom achieves the octet by
sharing one electron each with two other sulphur atoms. Thus, 8 sulphur atoms form a cyclic octa-atomic
molecule with formula S8.

24. Characteristic properties of covalent compounds.

i) Covalent compounds exist as single molecules which are mostly in gaseous state(hydrogen,oxygen,
ammonia).Some of them may be liquid(bromine) and few as solids(iodine, phosphorus)
ii) Covalent compounds have usually low melting and boiling point.Since no ions are present in the covalent
molecules.
iii) Covalent compounds are poor conductors of electricity because the current is carried by the movement of
ions.
iv) Covalent compounds generally react in molecular form.
v) Covalent compounds are not soluble in water.They dissolve in covalent solvent like carbon
tetrachloride,benzene etc. (any three)

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25. Cyclo-pentane is a cyclic compound with the formula C5H10 . The structure of the compound is represented as
follows:-

26. Difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons:

Saturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Only single bond is present in between carbon- Double or triple bond is present in between carbon-
carbon atoms. carbon atoms.

Substitution reaction occurs. Addition reaction occurs.

They burn with blue flame. They burn with sooty flame.

These are Less reactive. These are Highly reactive.

27. A belongs to the homologous series of alkynes having tripple bonds between C-C and its general formula is
CnH2n-2 (n=10) and B belongs to the homologous series of alkenes having double bonds between C-C bonds its
general formula is CnH2n. (where, n=18).
28. Ethyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Since it has high carbon content, it burns in air with a sooty flame due
to the presence of unburnt carbon in it. Due to its incomplete combustion, heat produced is not sufficient to
attain the high temperature needed for welding. In order to ensure complete combustion and to obtain a high
temperature needed for welding, a mixture of ethyne and oxygen is used.
29. In diamond, all the four valence electrons of carbon are involved in the formation of covalent bonds. Thus,
no free electrons are available to conduct electricity. Whereas, in graphite, three electrons in the valence shell
of carbon are involved in the formation of covalent bond. The fourth electron is free to move. So,it conducts
electricity.
30. The compound is ethylene, C2H4 and its structural formula is
H H

| |

H − C = C − H

31. Ethyne is converted into ethene, when a molecule of hydrogen is added to it in the presence of a catalyst Ni or
Pd.
Ni/pd

H − C ≡ C − H(s) + H2(g) −−−→

Ethyne Heat

The reaction stops here, i.e. the obtained alkene does not react with hydrogen again because only a one
molecule of hydrogen is taken. If one more molecule of hydrogen is taken to react with ethene then C2H4 will
convert into C2H6(ethane) in presence of Ni/Pd catalyst
32. i. Hydration of ethene with water to form ethanol.
O
H3 P O4, 300 C

H2 C = C H2 + H2 O(g) −−−−−−−−→ C H3 − C H2 − OH

ii. Addition reaction of bromine with ethyne to form tetra-bromo ethane.

Br Br

| |

HC ≡ C H + 2Br2 → H − C − C − H
| |
Br Br

iii. Reaction of ethanol with sodium metal to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
2C2 H5 OH + 2N a → 2C2 H5 ON a + H2 ↑

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33. When an ester is treated with an alkali, the reaction gives ethanol and sodium ethanoate. This reaction is
called a saponification reaction because this reaction forms the basis of the preparation of soap. The equation
can be represented by
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH ⟶ CH3COONa + C2H5OH

(a) An aldehyde derived from ethane (a) Ethanal (CH3CHO)

34.
(b) Ketone derived from butane (b) Butanone (CH3COCH2CH3)

(c) Compound obtained by the

(c) Ethanal (CH3CHO)
oxidation of ethanol by chromic anhydride
35. Ethanol is converted to ethanoic acid in the presence of alkaline potassium permanganate solution.
alkaline

C2 H5 OH + 2[O] −−−−−→ C H3 C OOH + H2 O

K M nO4

Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) has one oxygen atom more, and two hydrogen atoms less then ethanol (C2H5OH).
Thus, conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid leads to gain of oxygen atom, and loss of hydrogen atoms. Gain
of oxygen is known as oxidation. Loss of hydrogen is also known as oxidation. Therefore, conversion of
ethanol into ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction.
36. A series of compounds having similar structural formulae, same functional group and hence similar chemical
properties is called a homologous series. In the homologous series any two adjacent members differ by CH2
unit in their molecular formulae.
For example homologous series of aldehydes (of alkanals) can be represented as:
– CHOH Methanal
CH3 - CHO Ethanal

CH3 - CH2 - CHO Propanal

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CHO Butanal

CH3 - CH2 - CH2- CH2- CHO Pentanal and so on.

37. By using reagent Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) and NaBrH4 too. Both of them can reduce ethanoic acid
to ethanol. But LiAlH4 is more good. It can reduce all types of carboxylic acid .
LiAlH4

CH3COOH −−−−−−→ CH3CH2OH

Reduction

38. Alcohols: - OH
Carboxylic acids:
− C = O or - COOH
|
OH

39. i. The name of the given compound is Bromoethane.

ii. The name of the given compound is Methanal.
iii. The name of the given compound is Hex-1-yne or hexyne.
40. Compounds in a homologous series have different molecular masses, so a gradation in their physical
properties like boiling points, melting points, solubility etc., can be seen with increasing molecular masses.
But, the chemical properties, which are decided exclusively by the functional group, remain similar in a
homologous series.
41. Saturated hydrocarbons like methane, ethane and propane etc undergoes complete combustion due to their
high hydrogen content then carbon content and hence, these saturated compounds burn with a blue flame as
in LPG.
In case of unsaturated hydrocarbons like ethene, propene, ethyne etc, due to their low hydrogen content,
there is incomplete combustion takes place. So, unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a sooty flame and
saturated hydrocarbons burns with blue flame.
42. i. For compound H2O, Valency of Y is 2.It is a non-metal which shows that it belongs to oxygen family.
K L

Thus, outer electronic configuration of Y is 2 6

ii. Valency of Y is 2.

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 iii. The bonding in H2Y is covalent.
43. The following two tests are used:
1) Litmus test: Treat the given compound with blue litmus solutions. If the blue litmus solution turns red, it
is a carboxylic acid and if does not turn red, it is an alcohol.
2) Sodium bicarbonate test: Add some sodium bicarbonate solution to the given compound. If there is a
brick evolution of a colourless and odourless gas (CO2 ) which turns freshly prepared lime water milk, it is
carboxylic acid and if there is no effervescence, it is an alcohol.
K L

44. i. Electronic configuration of carbon, C(6) is 2, 4

K L M

Electronic configuration of chlorine, Cl (17) is 2 , 8, 7

To attain octet configuration, carbon needs 4 electron and chlorine needs 1 electron.
So,carbon forms carbon tetra chloride(CCl4)

ii. The reaction of an ester in the presence of base to give sodium salt of carboxylic acid and alcohol is known
as saponification and this process is used in the preparation of soap
NaOH
− +
C H3 C OOC2 H5 −−−−→ C H3 C OO Na + C2 H5 OH
Ester Sodium ethanoate Alcohol

45. Electron dot structure of carbon dioxide (CO2):

Carbon (C) is less electronegative than oxygen (O). Therefore, carbon is placed at the center of the Lewis
structure. The structure for CO2 has a total of 16 valence electrons. Two pairs of electrons are shared between
the carbon atom and each oxygen atom in order to complete the octets. Thus, two double bonds are formed
between carbon and oxygen atoms in the structure.

46. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. The action of soap is based on the presence of
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups in a soap molecule. This emulsifies the oily dirt and helps in its
removal.
The two ends of a soap molecule have different properties. When soap is added to water, the ionic,
hydrophilic end of soap molecule dissolves in water. The hydrocarbon chain of soap molecule is hydrophobic
and it dissolves in hydrocarbons i.e. links with oily dirt. The hydrocarbon chain of soap molecule orients
towards the oil droplet while the ionic end orients towards water (polar solvent). This is how, soap molecules
form structures called micelles where the oily dirt is collected in the centre of a micelle. Thus, soap micelles
help in dissolving dirt in water.
Micelles stay in solution as colloids and the dirt suspended in the micelles is easily rinsed away. When flushed
with excess water, the micelle containing the dirt is removed, thus cleaning the clothes.
47. H : Cl :
The hydrogen and chlorine atoms are linked by covalent bond formed [HCl] by the sharing of two electrons
between the two atoms.
48. i. Compound X is ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and compound Y is ethyl ethanoate (CH3COOCH2CH3).
Conc. H2 S O4

ii. CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH −−−−−−−−→CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

49. When oxygen is added to alcohol to make carboxylic acid, this is called an oxidation reaction. An example of
oxidation of alcohol is given as
dil K M nO4 /acidf ied K2 C r2 O7

CH3CH2CH2OH −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ CH3CH2COOH

50. The two features of carbon that give rise to a large number of compounds are as follows:
(i) Catenation − It is the ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon.

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 (ii) Tetravalency − With the valency of four, carbon is capable of bonding with four other atoms.
51. Hexanal :

52. Bromopentane.
There are eight structural isomers possible for bromopentane

1- Bromopentane

2-Bromopentane

3-Bromopentane

1-Bromo-2-methylbutane

1 - Bromo-3-methylbutane

2-Bromo-2-methylbutane

2-Bromo-3-methylbutane

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 1-Bromo-2, 2-dimethyl propane
53. Methanol, which is highly poisonous, is added to make ethanol unfit for drinking purpose. The mixture is
called methylated spirit or denatured alcohol.
Addition of small amount of copper sulphate is added to impart a blue colour to denatured spirit so that it can
be identified easily.
54. Carbon is found in the atmosphere and the earth's crust.
i. The percentage of carbon in the air is (0.03%) and in earth's crust (0.02%).
ii. In atmosphere, carbon is present in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas and in earth's crust it is available
in the form of minerals.
55. i. The atomic number of chlorine is 17.
K L M
Electronic configuration of Cl (17) is
2, 8, 7

ii. Electron dot structure of chlorine molecule,

56. The intermolecular forces are small in the covalent compounds.So, These bonds break easily. Hence, covalent
compounds have low melting and boiling point.The intermolecular forces are small in the covalent
compounds. These bonds break easily. Hence, covalent compounds have low melting and boiling point.
Sodium chloride (Na+Cl-) is an ionic compound, therefore it's melting and boiling points are higher than
methyl chloride (CH3Cl) which is a covalent compound.
57. Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive. But in the presence of sunlight, chlorine substitutes hydrogen
one by one.
CH4 + Cl2 ⟶ CH3Cl + HCl (in the presence of sunlight)
This substitution will remain to continue till carbon tetrachloride is obtained.
58. Soaps are chemically sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. In contrast, detergents are
ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids. Both soaps and detergents are used as
cleansing agents.
Soaps are used for washing clothes only in soft water. i.e. water which does not contain Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions,
while detergents are used to make shampoos and products for cleaning clothes even in hard water.
59. i. CH3COOCH2CH3
ii. Ethyl ethanoate which is a ester of ethanoic acid and ethanol.
Conc. H2 S O4

+
C H3 C OOH C H2 C H3 OH −−−−−−−−→C H 3
C OOC H2 C H3 + H2O.
Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate

The process is called esterification.

iii. Sulphuric acid acts as dehydrating agent, i.e. it removes water formed, otherwise ester formed will get
hydrolysed and get converted into acid.
60. CH3CH2CHO : Propanal
CH3COCH3 : Propanone

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