ABK –SSJ Class X

Ch-4 Carbon and its Compounds

PYQs (Last 10 Years ) Class 10 Science
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1. The electron dot structure of chlorine molecule is:

Ans.(c)
2.What are covalent compounds ? Why are they different from ionic compounds ? List their three characteristics
properties .
Ans. Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons. They are different from ionic compounds as ionic
compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons.
Characteristics of covalent compounds :
(i) They generally have low melting and boiling points.
(ii) They are generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
(iii) They do not conduct electricity.
3.State the reason why carbon can neither form C4+ cations nor C4− anions but forms covalent compounds. Also,
state reasons to explain why covalent compounds:
(i) are bad conductors of electricity? (ii) have low melting and boiling points?
Ans. In the case of carbon, it has four electrons in its outermost shell and needs to gain or lose four electrons to
attain noble gas configuration.
It could gain four electrons forming C4– anion. But it would be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold on to
ten electrons, that is, four extra electrons.
It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cation. But it would require a large amount of energy to remove four
electrons leaving behind a carbon cation with six protons in its nucleus holding on to just two electrons.
They are generally poor conductor of electricity as electrons are shared between atoms and no charged particles are
formed.
Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points as they have weak intermolecular force.
4.What is methane ?Draw its electron dot structure .Name the type of bonds formed in this compound .Why are
such compounds
(i)poor conductors of electricity? and
(ii)have low melting and boiling points? What happens when this compound burns in oxygen?
Ans. Methane is a hydrocarbon formed by the combination of carbon with hydrogen. Its molecular
formula is CH4 .Covalent bond is formed in this compound.
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They are generally poor conductor of electricity as electrons are shared between atoms and no charged particles are
formed.
They have low melting and boiling points as they have weak intermolecular force.
5.List two reasons for carbon forming a large number of compounds .Name the type of bonding formed in most of its
compounds.
Ans.The two characteristic properties of carbon element which lead to the formation of large number of compounds:

(i)Catenation : Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon, giving rise to large
molecules. This property is called catenation.
(ii) Tetravalency : Carbon has a valency of four, it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of
some other mono- valent element.
6.Write the electron dot structure of ethene molecule C2H4 , ethane molecule ,C2H6.
Ans.

7.Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of ethane ,propane and butane.
Ans.Number of covalent bonds are as follows :
Ethane 7
Propane 10
Butane 13
8.Select saturated hydrocarbons from the following :
C3H6;C5H10; C4H10 ;C6H14 ;C2H4
Ans. C4H10 , C6H14
9.What are hydrocarbons ? Write the name and general formula of
(i)saturated hydrocarbons
(ii)unsaturated hydrocarbons ,and draw the structure of one hydrocarbon of each type .
Ans.Hydrocarbons :A compound made up of hydrogen and carbon only is called hydrocarbon.
10.(a)Differentiate between alkanes and alkenes .Name and draw the structure of one member of each .
(b)Alkanes generally burn with clean flame .Why ?

Alkanes Alkenes

(i)An alkane is a hydrocarbon in which all the (i)An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon in which
carbon atoms are bonded by only single bond. the two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond.

(ii)General formula of alkane is CnH2n+2. (ii) General formula of alkane is CnH2.

(iii)Alkanes generally burn in air with a blue and (iii)Alkenes burn in air with a yellow and sooty flame.
non–sooty flame.
(iv)Alkanes do not undergo addition reaction. (iv)Alkenes undergo addition reaction.

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(b)The saturated hydrocarbon (alkanes) generally burn in air with a blue non sooty (clean) flame. This is because the
percentage of carbon in the saturated hydrocarbon is comparatively low which gets oxidized completely by oxygen
present in air.
11.Draw the electron dot structure for ethyne .A mixture of ethyne and oxygen is burnt for welding .In You opinion
,why cannot we use a mixture of ethyne and air for this purpose ?
Ans.

In pure oxygen ,ethyne undergoes complete combustion and high temperature suitable for welding is
attained.Whereas air contains less percentage /amount of oxygen which results in incomplete combustion of ethyne
and the temperature required for the welding is not attained .Hence we cannot use a mixture of ethyne and air for
this purpose.
2C2H2 + 5O2 → 4CO2 + 2H2O +Heat and light
12.Write the name and structure of a saturated compound in which atoms are arranged in a ring .Give the number
of single bonds present in this compound.
Ans.15 single bonds

13.What are isomers and what is isomerism ?Draw the structures of two isomers of butane ,C4H10 .Why can we not
have isomers of first three members of alkane series ?
Ans.Isomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures and this phenomenon is
known as isomerism. Since branching is not possible, isomers are not possible for the first three members of alkanes
series.
14.State any four characteristics of isomers .Draw the structures of two isomers of pentane ,C5H12.
Ans.(i)They possess same molecular formula but different structural formula.
(ii) In Isomerism, the two or more different compounds can be represented with the same molecular formula.
(iii) They differ in melting and boiling point.
(iv) The phenomena of Isomerism occurs only when the hydrocarbons contains four or more than 4 carbon atoms.
15.(a)Draw two possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula C3H6O and write their names .
(b)Give the electron dot structure of the above two compounds.
Ans.(a) (b)Electron dot structure

16.An aldehyde as well as ketone can be represented by the same molecula formula ,say C3H6O .Write their
structures and name them .State the relation between the two in the language of science .
Ans.They are called isomers because both have same molecular formula but different structural formula .

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17.Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of homologous series having general formula CnH2n
Ans.CnH2n :Alkene Name :Propene (2nd member ) Formula :C3H6
18.Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of homologous series having general formula CnH2n+2.
Ans.CnH2n+2 :Alkane Name :Ethane (2nd member ) Formula :C2H6
19.Write the next homologue of each of the following :
(i)C2H4 (ii)C4H6
Ans.(i)Next homologue of C2H4 is C3H6 .
(ii) Next homologue of C4H6 is C5H10 .
20.What are homologous series of carbon compounds ?Write the molecular formula of two consecutive members of
homologous series of aldehydes .State which part of these compounds determines their (i)physical and (ii)chemical
properties .
Ans. It is a series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain.
Two consecutive members of homologous series of aldehydes:
H-CHO Methanal
CH3-CHO Ethanal
C2H5-CHO Propanal
(i)The carbon chain attached to aldehyde group ,i.e., (H - ,CH3-,C2H5- ) determines the physical properties.
(ii)The functional group attached to all aldehydes (-CHO ) determines the chemical properties.
21.What is meant by homologous series of carbon compounds ?Classify the carbon compounds in two homologous
series and name them.C3H4, C3H6 ,C4H6,C4H8, C5H8 ,C5H10
Ans. It is a series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain.
Alkenes CnH2n C3H6 (Propene ) , C4H8 (butene ) , C5H10(Pentene )

Alkynes CnH2n-2 C3H4 (Propyne ), C4H6 (Butyne ), C5H8(Pentyne )

22.Draw the structure for ethanoic acid molecule and Hexanal molecule .
Ans.

23.Name the functional group present in each of the following organic compounds :
(i)CH3COCH3
(ii)C2H5COOH
Ans.(i)ketone
(ii)Carboxylic acids
24.(i)Write the name and formula of second member of the carbon compounds having functional group –OH.
(ii)Write the name and formula of the first member of the carbon compounds having functional group –COOH .
(iii)Write the name and formula of the first member of the carbon compounds having functional group –CHO .
Ans.(i)Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
(ii)Methanoic acid (HCOOH)
(iii)Methanal (HCHO)

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25.Name the functional group present in each of the following conpounds :
(i) HCOOH (ii) C2H5CHO
Ans.Carboxylic acids ,Aldehyde
26.Name the following compounds :
(i) CH3-CH2-OH
(ii) CH3CHO
Ans.(i)Ethanol
(ii)Ethanal
27.(i)Write the name and structure of an alcohol with three atoms in its molecule .
(ii)Write the name and structure of an alcohol with four carbon atoms in its molecule .
(iii)Write the name and structure of an aldehyde with four carbon atoms in its molecule .
Ans.(i)Propanol (ii)Butanol (iii)Butanal

28.Write the name and general formula of a chain of hydrocarbons in which and addition reaction with hydrogen
can take place .Stating the essential conditions required for an addition reaction to occur .Write the chemical
equation giving the name of the reactant and the product of such a reaction.
Ans. General formula
Alkene : CnH2n ,Alkyne : CnH2n-2
Essential conditions for the reaction are :
(i) Presence of an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
(ii) Presence of a catalyst such as nickel (Ni) or palladium.

29.With the help of an example ,explain the process of hydrogenation. Mention the essential condition for the
reaction and state the change in physical property with the formation of the product .
Ans.The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called
hydrogenation.
Essential conditions for the reaction are :
(i) Presence of an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
(ii) Presence of a catalyst such as nickel (Ni) or palladium.
Changes observed:
(i)Change observed in the physical property is the change of unsaturated compound from the liquid state to
saturated compound in solid state.
(ii)The boiling or melting points of a product is increased.
30.What is an oxidising agent ?What happens when an oxidising agent is added to propanol ?Explain with the help
of a chemical equation.Or,
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What happens when 5 % alkaline potassium permanganate solution is added drop by drop to warm propyl alcohol
(propanol ) taken in a test tube .Explain with the help of a chemical equation .
Ans. The substance that supplies oxygen in a reaction for oxidation is called an oxidising agent. Examples of
oxidising agents are potassium permanganate(KMnO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)etc.

During this reaction the alcohols are converted into carboxylic acids as carbon compounds can be easily oxidised.
Therefore, when propanol is heated with alkaline potassium permanganate solution (or acidified potassium
dichromate solution), it gets oxidised to propionic acid. The colour of the potassium permanganate will disappear as
it is used to oxidise alcohol to acids.
31.(a)Give a chemical test to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon .
Ans.The chemical test that can distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is Combustion or
Addition reaction.
Saturated hydrocarbons will generally give a clean flame while unsaturated carbon compounds will give a yellow
flame with lots of black smoke.
(b)Name the products formed when ethane burns in air .Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction
showing the different types of energies liberated .
Ans. On burning ethane in air, the products obtained are carbon dioxide and water, along with heat and light.
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O (l)+Heat + Light
(c)Why is reaction between methane and chlorine in the presence of sunlight considered a substitution reaction?
Ans. It is because 'Cl' atom substitures 'H' atom of methane to from chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.

32.State the meaning of functional group in a carbon compound. Write the functional group present in:
(i) ethanol and (ii) ethanoic acid and also draw their structures.
Ans.An atom or a group of atoms/heteroatoms which substitutes one or more hydrogen atom from the hydrocarbon
chain and determine the chemical properties of an organic a compound is called a functional group.

33.3 mL of ethanol is taken in a test tube and warmed gently in a water bath. A 5% solution of alkaline potassium
permanganate is added first drop by drop to this solution, then in excess.
(i) How is 5% solution of KMnO4 prepared?
Ans. For preparing 5% solution of KMnO4 ,5g of KMnO4 is dissolved into 95 mL of hot water .
(ii) State the role of alkaline potassium permanganate in this reaction. What happens on adding it in excess?
Ans. Alkaline potassium permanganate is adding oxygen to alcohol and converts it to acid. Hence, it acts as
an oxidizing agent. When is KMnO4 is added, initially colour disappears because coloured permanganate ions of
potassium permanganate are consumed to oxidize ethanol. When an excess of KMnO4 is added, colour does not
change because there is no more alcohol left for the reaction.
(iii) Write chemical equation of this reaction.

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34.Write one chemical equation to represent each of the following types of reactions of organic substances:
(i) Esterification (ii) Saponification (iii) Substitution
Ans.

35.What happens when:

(i)ethanol is burnt in air,
(ii)a piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?
Ans.

36.Write the name and the structural formula of the compound formed when ethanol is heated at 443 K with excess
of conc. H2SO4. State the role of conc. H2SO4 in this reaction. Write chemical equation for the reaction. What would
happen if hydrogen is added to the product of this reaction in the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel?
Ans.Ethene

The concentrated sulphuric acid can be regarded as a dehydrating agent which removes water from ethanol.
When hydrogen is added to ethene in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium or nickel ,saturation of the
compound takes place to form ethane.

37.When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of conc. H2SO4, a substance with fruity smell is produced.
Answer the following:
(i) State the class of compounds to which the fruity smelling compounds belong. Write the chemical equation for the
reaction and write the chemical name of the product formed.
(ii) State the role of conc. H2SO4 in this reaction .
Ans(i)Esters

(ii)The concentrated H2SO4 acts as a catalyst and a dehydrating agent and helps in the removal of water formed in
the reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid.
38.Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions with the help of chemical equations for each. State
one use of each: (i) esters and (ii) saponification process.
Ans.Esterification reaction :In such a reaction an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid in the presence of conc.
H2SO4 to form sweet smelling compounds called esters.

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Saponification reaction :In such a reaction an ester reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium salt of an acid
and alcohol. It is a saponification reaction.

39.A compound 'X' on heating with excess conc. sulphuric acid at 443 K gives an unsaturated compound 'Y'. 'X' also
reacts with sodium metal to evolve a colourless gas 'Z'. Identify 'X', 'Y' and 'Z'. Write the equation of the chemical
reaction of formation of 'Y' and also write the role of sulphuric acid in the reaction
Ans.X –Ethanol ,Y –Ethene ,Z –H2

40.A carboxylic acid C2H4O2 reacts with an alcohol in the presence of H2SO4 to form a compound 'X'. The alcohol on
oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 followed by acidification gives the same carboxylic acid, C2H4O2. Write the name
and structure of: (i) Carboxylic acid, (ii) alcohol and (iii) the compound 'X'.
Ans.(i)Ethanoic acid (ii) Ethanol (iii) Esters

41.What is a soap? Why are soaps not suitable for washing clothes when the water is hard?
Ans.A soap is the sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. Soaps are not suitable for washing
clothes when the water is hard.
The formation of lather is necessary for removing dirt from clothes during the washing of clothes.
Soap does not give lather with hard water as it reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water to
form insoluble substance (scum)
The scum (or precipitate) formed by the action of hard water on soap sticks to the clothes being washed and it
interferes with the cleaning ability of soap. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.
42.Are soap molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.
Ans.A soap molecule is made up of two parts-a long hydrocarbon part and a short ionic part. The long hydrocarbon
chain is hydrophobic in nature but the ionic part is hydrophilic in nature.
Hydrophobic part of soap is dissolved with dirt and hydrophilic remains suspended in water.
Thus more molecules of soaps are attached to dirt having their one end suspended in water to form a micelle.
43.Explain the cleansing action of soaps.
Ans.Most dirt is oily in nature and as you know, oil does not dissolve in water. The molecules of soap are sodium or
potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. The ionic-end of soap interacts with water while the
carbon chain interacts with oil. The soap molecules, thus form structures called micelles where one
end of the molecules is towards the oil droplet while the ionic-end faces outside. This forms an
emulsion in water. The soap micelle thus helps in pulling out the dirt in water and we can wash our
clothes clean.

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44.What is the difference between the molecules of soaps and detergents, chemically? Explain the cleansing action of
soaps.

Soaps Detergents

(i)Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long (i) Detergents are generally sodium salts of sulphonic
chain carboxylic acids. acids.

(ii)Soaps do not form foam with hard water. (ii)Detergents form foam even with hard water.

(iii)Soaps are biodegradable substances . (iii)Detergents are non –biodegradable substances.

45.Both soap and detergent are some type of salts. What is the difference between them? List two problems that
arise due to the use of detergents instead of soaps.
Ans.(i)Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
(i)Detergents are generally sodium salts of sulphonic acids or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
Problems that arise due to the use of detergents instead of soaps.
(i)Detergents are non-biodegradable and cause soil and water pollution.
(ii)Detergents are non-biodegradable, i.e., they cannot be decomposed by micro-organisms and hence cause water
pollution in lakes and rivers.
46.(i)Identify hetero atom(s) in the following compounds
(ii)Why is glacial acetic acid called so?
(a) CH3CH2-C-CH3
O
(b)CH3CH2Cl
Ans.(i)Oxygen ,Chlorine
(ii)The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K and hence it often freezes during winter in cold climates. This
gave rise to its name glacial acetic acid.

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