Department of Humanities &Sciences

Chemistry Important Questions (R-18)

1. Write the molecular orbital energy level
diagram of 02 & N2
2. Write Crystal field splitting of d-orbital in Octahedral & tetrahe dral
geometry.
3. Explain n molecular orbitals of Butadiene.
4 Whatare the salient features of Crystal field theory.
S What is doping. What are the types of doping.
6. Write a note on lon -exchange process.
7. Describe Calgon conditioning. What is hardness .What are types of hardness.

8. Explain the disinfection of water by Chlorination.

9.What is corosion? Explain the theory of chemical corosion.
10. What is Electrochemical Series., Give its applica tions.
11. Explain the principle and working of Lead add storage battery.
12. Describe the construction &working of calomel electrode.
13. Explain the mechanism for the ca rbonyl compounds to alcohols using LiAIH4.
14 Describe the conformational isomers of n-butane.
15. Explain the mechanism of Dehydrohaloginationofakylhalides.
16. Explain Markonikoff's rule with suitable example. Why it is failed during the
addition of HBr in the presence of a
peroxide
17. Discuss oxida tion mechanism of alcohols using KMn04.
18 What are SIN1 &SN2 reacions. Write the mechanism with suitable example
19. Write a note on Chemical shift.
20. How UV Visible spectros copy is used in quantitative analysis. What are different
electronic exdtations in UV spectroscopy?
21. Explain the principle of NMR spectroscopy.
22. What is meant by shielding and deshielding of a proton nudeus.
23. What is principle involved in Nudear ma gnetic resonance spectroscopy. Write
about MRI.

24. EXxplain the applications of IR spectros copy. Write the selection rules of IR
spectroscoPy
1.10
Q21. Draw the molecular orbital energy diagram ofN, explainung the bond ordar and magnete characte

Mede Paan4,
Answer
Molecular Orbital Energy Diagram
Figure below illustrates the molecular orbital energy diagram or N, moecule (Electronic configuraticm -J 2 2t

N (ABMO)
N

O 00 00D
2p 2p
AO
AO

T (BMO)

0 (ABMO)
28

2s 2s
AO AO

o2 (BMO0)
Figure: MOED of N, Molecule

Bond Order

The expression used for calculating bond order of a molecule is given by,
Bond order=Number ofelectronsin BMOs -Number of electrons in ABMOs)

-8-2
-1
=3

Bond order=3
Fhus, the two nitrogen molecules are bonded a triple bond i.e., one o(Sigma) bond and two Pi(T) bonds.

Stability
bond stable molecule: Moreover, the number of electrons in BMO is
As the order of N, is equal to itis relatively
3, a
greater than the number of electrons in ABMO, the molecule is stable in nature.

Magnetic Behavior
As there are no unpaired electrons in any orbital, N, is a diamagnetic molecule.
 AA 1.11
4Molecular Structure and Theories dt Bonding
UNIT-1
order and magneic character.
Draw the molecular orbital díagram of O, molecule. Explain its bond
A n s w e r :

MOEDofO , Molecule

the molecular orbital energy diagram ofO, moiecule,

which has eiecunic onfigratisn of i
Figure below illustrates

ABMO)

2
(AS

BMMOj

O-(ABMO)
2
(A)
o(BMO)

Figure: MOED of 0, Meleeue

Bond Order
The expression used for calculating the bond
order of a molecule is given by,

Bond order=[Number of electrons in BMOs - Number ofelectrons in ABM0s)

-4
, 2
Bondorder 2
bond and one r bond.
Thus, the oxygen molecule is bonded by a double bond i.e., one o
Stability
As the O, molecule has 4 antibonding electrons, it is relatively less stable.

Magnetic Behavior
As there are two unpaired electrons in the 0, molecule, ie is paramagnetic in nature:

0g Molecule
In Oz molecule, one electron is additionally added to O, molecule.
17
Number of electrons =16+1 =

Thus, the bond order of Oz molecule is given by,

Bondorder18-5]-3)-1
c v ENaixEEpIMG TUDEKTS SIA GROUP
raw the molecular orbital diagram of O, motecule, Explain its bond order and magnetic character. .

A n s w e r
Model Paper-1, a20)
Molecule
MOED of O,
Pigure below illustrates the molecular orbital energy diagram of O, molecule, which has electronic configuration of L
2 2p
O,
O
o (ABMO)

00 O00
2p 2p
(AO)
(AO)

(BMO)

ABMo)
2s

P
(AO) .
(AO)

os(BM0)
Figure: MOED of 0,Molecule
.

Bond Order
The expression used for calculating the bond orderof a molecule is given by,

Bond order= [Number ofelectrons in BMOs-Number ofelectrons

. .
.
:
.

-18-4
.

2
Bond order =2
Thus, the oxygen molecule is bonded by a double bondi.e., one o bond and one n bond.

Stability
As the O, molecule has 4 antibonding electrons, it is relatively less stable.
Magnetic Behavior
As there are two unpaired electrons in the O, molecule, it is paramagnetic in nature:

0 Molecule
In 0 molecule, one electron is additionally added to O, molecule.
Number of electrons 16+1 1 7
Thus, the bond order of 0z molecule is given by,

Bond order8-5)-12
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 a note on crystal field theory.
a26. rite
Wri

Bethe and Vanvleck in 1930 to expBain the colour and magnetic

Cevstal field theory was proposed and discovered by Hans
A n s w e r

applied to ionic crystals. Later in 19Si many other chemist used this theory
eties of coordination compounds. It is mainly
clements.
spectra of complexes of d-block
propei
the
nterpret of electron density
d-orbitals three orbitals namely d d,, and d, resemble each other in producing regions
out of five
these three orbitals and also between thenm
cartesian axis. The other two orbitals d,2 2 and d,2 differ from
heween three
Z-axis and has annufus
A has the electron density along the x and y axis and d,2 has most of its electron density along a

plane.
in the xy
group of and da is reterred as ,
The group of three d dand d orbitals are referred as
t,, orbitals where as d
of five d-orbitals is shown in figure.
orbitals. The structure
Shapes of d-orbitals

refer Unit-1, Q16, Topic: d-orbitals.

For answer

crystal field theory and its limitations.

Q27. Discuss the salient features of
Model Paper-2, aqa)
Answer
Features
The salient features of crystal field theory are,
In a complex, the ligands around a central metal ion represent a point charge (or) point dipole.
ionic character. Thus the electrostatic attraction
(i) As per this theory the bond between metal and ligand has 100% pure
between the ligands and metal ion form a pure ionic bond.
in the repulsion of charges. Due to this repulsive forces,
(ii) The interaction of ligands with the electrons of the cation results
the d-orbitals of the metal cation gets splitted.
(iv) In general, this theory neglects metal orbitals and ligand orbitals overlapping.
when ligands are combined to the metal ion the degeneracy of the d orbitals of a free metal
(v) During complex formation,
ion is lost.
Limitations
For answer refer Unit-1, Q6, Topic: Demerits of Crystal Field Theory.
228. Explain the spliing of 'd' drbitals in tetrahedral complexes.
Answer
Consider, a tetrahedron placed inside a cube as shown in figure (i).

O central metal ion

o ligands

Tetrahedron Inside a Cube

Figure ti: CROUJP 4